Diagnostic accuracy of somatosensory evoked potential and electroencephalography during carotid endarterectomy

Background and Purpose: Perioperative stroke risk following carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is reported to be approximately 2–3%. The diagnostic accuracies of intraoperative EEG and SSEP monitoring during CEA have been studied separately. However, to date, the effectiveness of simultaneous EEG and SSEP monitoring during CEA has only been evaluated in small study populations. This study examined the diagnostic accuracy of combined EEG and SSEP monitoring in a large (N = 1165) patient population.

Methods: This study included 1165 patients who underwent CEA from 2000 to 2012 at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. The sensitivities, specificities, and diagnostic odds ratio of EEG and SSEP monitoring methods were examined separately and together. Receiver operating characteristic curves were plotted to assess sensitivity and specificity of single and combined Intraoperative monitoring (IONM) methods.

Results: Maximum sensitivity was obtained with multimodality monitoring with an IONM change in either EEG or SSEP of 50.00 (95% CI, 30.66–69.34). The specificity of simultaneous EEG and SSEP changes was 93.95 (95% CI, 92.28–95.35%). Maximum area under ROC curve obtained for IONM change in either EEG or SSEP was 0.660 (95% CI, 0.547–0.773, p-value 0.004).

Conclusion: The diagnostic accuracy of multimodality IONM during CEA is higher than an approach using single modality IONM. Simultaneous EEG and SSEP monitoring improves the likelihood of detecting periprocedural strokes after CEA. Neuro protective therapies to prevent periprocedural strokes can be based on changes in SSEP and EEG during CEA.     

Diagnostic accuracy of various EEG changes during carotid endarterectomy to detect 30-day perioperative stroke: A systematic review

ObjectivesWe assessed whether significant intraoperative electroencephalography (EEG) changes have predictive value for perioperative stroke within 30 days after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) procedures for carotid stenosis (CS) patients. We also assessed the diagnostic accuracy of various EEG changes in predicting perioperative stroke.MethodsWe searched databases for reports with outcomes of CS patients who underwent CEA with intraoperative EEG monitoring. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) of EEG changes for predicting perioperative stroke. Sensitivity and specificity were presented with forest plots and a summary receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.ResultsThe meta-analysis included 10,672 patients. Intraoperative EEG changes predicted 30-day stroke with a sensitivity of 46% (95% CI, 38–54%) and specificity of 86% (95% CI, 83–88%). The estimated DOR was 5.79 (95% CI, 3.86–8.69). The estimated DOR for reversible and irreversible EEG changes were 8.25 (95% CI, 3.34–20.34) and 70.84 (95% CI, 36.01–139.37), respectively.ConclusionIntraoperative EEG changes have high specificity but modest sensitivity for predicting perioperative stroke following CEA. Patients with irreversible EEG changes are at high risk for perioperative stroke.SignificanceIntraoperative EEG changes can help surgeons predict the risk of perioperative stroke for CS patients following CEA.     

Diagnostic value of somatosensory evoked potential changes during carotid endarterectomy for 30-day perioperative stroke

Objectives

Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) have proven useful as an intraoperative modality to predict perioperative stroke during carotid endarterectomy (CEA). However, the predictive value of SSEPs for predicting stroke 30?days postoperatively remains unclear. The primary objective is to evaluate the efficacy of intraoperative SSEP change in predicting the risk of stroke in the postoperative period beyond 24?h but within 30?days. Our secondary aim is to evaluate the predictive value of each subcategory of SSEP change.

Cerebral embolism during elective carotid endarterectomy treated with tissue plasminogen activator: Utility of intraoperative EEG monitoring

Electroencephalography (EEG) is routinely used during elective carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for monitoring cerebral perfusion. The period most frequently associated with cerebral hypoperfusion is the one during the clamping of the carotid artery. We present a case whereby acute hypoperfusion, as detected by ipsilateral hemispheric slowing and attenuation of the fast frequencies on EEG, was detected in the period prior to clamping of the carotid artery. The acute changes were caused by a cerebral embolism. Following emergent treatment with intraoperative thrombolytic therapy with intra-arterial tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) the EEG changes reversed fully. We discuss the utility of intraoperative EEG monitoring in the detection and treatment of cerebral embolism. The ability of EEG to intraoperatively measure the function of the at-risk cerebral cortex makes it not only a useful tool in detecting acute changes such as from a large embolism, but also in guiding necessary treatment by offering direct feedback in the absence of reliable imaging and clinical examination.     

三维超声检查在评估CEA后再狭窄中的作用

目的 探讨三维超声在评估颈动脉内膜斑块切除术(CEA)后再狭窄中的价值.方法 回顾性分析2016年3月至2020年2月CEA治疗的272例颈动脉狭窄的临床资料.采用三维超声定量检测术前颈动脉斑块灰阶中位数值(GSM)、总体积(TPV)、GSM/TPV和最大横截面积,以及手术前后残余管腔面积.术后随访6～53个月,中位时...     

颈内动脉内膜剥脱术治疗症状性颈内动脉狭窄临床研究

目的探讨颈内动脉内膜剥脱术在症状性颈内动脉狭窄治疗中的临床应用价值。方法对2012年6月~2014年6月间在我院行颈内动脉内膜剥脱术的症状性颈内动脉狭窄病人的23例临床资料进行回顾性研究并随访。结果术后出现暂时性声音嘶哑1例,术侧多发小梗塞灶1例,颈部血肿保守治疗后恢复2例,未见肢体瘫痪、神志不清等严重并发症;术后CTA、DSA检查示颈动脉通畅;随访6月~2年未见血管再狭窄、严重脑缺血表现。结论颈内动脉内膜剥脱术治疗症状性颈内动脉狭窄是一种简单、安全、有效的治疗方法。     

标准式颈动脉内膜切除术中应用涤纶补片的临床分析

目的 探讨标准式颈动脉内膜切除术(sCEA)中应用Hema涤纶(Dacron)补片对内膜切除后颈动脉成形的影响.方法 山东省聊城市脑科医院神经外科自2006年1月至2009年10月应用单侧sCEA+补片成形术治疗25例颈内动脉硬化性狭窄(直径＜5 mm)患者,单纯sCEA治疗22例,回顾性分析患者的临床资料并比较疗效.结果 围手术期患者无死亡及脑卒中.sCEA治疗组术后发生一过性脑缺血1例,经治疗后缓解.随访2年,sCEA+补片成形术治疗组患者无颈动脉再狭窄,sCEA治疗组出现2例患者颈内动脉再次狭窄.结论 sCEA中对颈内动脉直径＜5mm的患者应用涤纶补片是成功防止CEA术后颈动脉再狭窄的有效方法.     

颈动脉内膜切除术疗效观察

目的探讨颈动脉内膜切除术的适应证及效果。方法18例颈动脉狭窄患者行DSA颈动脉造影证实，其中右侧者9例，左侧者7例；双侧者2例。20侧颈动脉狭窄均程度为：狭窄程度70％～99％者12侧；30％～69％者8侧，其中狭窄程度为40％者1侧。结果18例施行20侧颈动脉内膜切除术中，疗效好者16例，中等者1例，差者1例，其中2例双侧颈动脉内膜切除术患者术后疗效均好。术后经3个月至2．5年的随访，手术后全部患者无脑卒中发生，并且脑缺血表现明显改善。结论颈动脉内膜切除术是治疗颈动脉狭窄的有效方法。     

颈动脉内膜剥脱术治疗中重度颈动脉狭窄的临床研究

目的以颈动脉支架置入术(CAS)为对照,分析颈动脉内膜剥脱术(CEA)在治疗中重度颈动脉狭窄的临床价值。方法将100例颈动脉狭窄患者按手术方法不同分为观察组(CEA)和对照组(CAS),记录2组围术期手术相关并发症;记录手术用时、住院时间、治疗费用;随访12个月,记录2组包括死亡在内的不良反应发生率及改良Rankin评分情况。结果观察组与对照组在围术期手术相关并发症、住院时间、术后6个月不良反应发生率及改良Rankin评分比较均无明显差异(P均0.05)。但观察组治疗经费低于对照组(P0.05)。结论颈动脉支架置入术治疗中重度颈动脉狭窄效果良好,术后近期和远期疗效及治疗安全性与颈动脉内膜剥脱术相当,但颈动脉内膜剥离术费用成本较低,并发症少。     

高龄颈动脉狭窄患者颈动脉内膜切除术和颈动脉支架成形术的安全性比较简

目的回顾接受颈动脉内膜切除术和颈动脉支架成形术的高龄（≥70岁）颈动脉狭窄患者的临床资料,分析手术安全性。方法共691例颈动脉狭窄患者,121例行颈动脉内膜切除术、570例行颈动脉支架成形术,分析两组患者危险因素、临床特征和术后并发症发生率,评价两种手术方法之安全性。结果术后30d时,两组患者病死率（0．83％对1．05％,P=1．000）、脑卒中（4．13％对1．93％,P=0．258）和心肌梗死（0．83％对0,P=0．175）发生率差异均无统计学意义;但颈动脉内膜切除术组患者术后心脏不良事件（8．26％对1．05％,P=0．000）和脑神经损伤（4．96％对0,P=0．000）发生率高于颈动脉支架成形术组,而窦性心动过缓或低血压发生率低于颈动脉支架成形术组（0对7．54％,P=0．002）。结论高龄患者接受颈动脉内膜切除术或颈动脉支架成形术均有较高的安全性,术前应全面评价患者基础情况,以减少术后并发症发生率。     

Considerations after intraoperative monitoring of somatosensory evoked potentials during carotid endarterectomy

Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) following median nerve stimulation were used to monitor cerebral function during 26 carotid endarterectomies. The patients with minor SEP variations had no neurological deficits on regaining consciousness while the one with more serious SEP variations had a transient deficit. The method thus seems useful in the early detection of ischemic brain impairment.

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Sommario I Potenziali Evocati Somatosensoriali (PES) da stimolazione del nervo mediano sono stati usati come metodo per monitorare la funzione cerebrale durante endoarteriectomia carotidea. Sono stati eseguiti 26 interventi di endoarteriectomia carotidea in 23 pazienti. Durante il clampaggio carotideo, più frequentemente si è osservato un aumento della latenza della P25, che in nessun caso è risultato superiore ai 2 msec. In un solo paziente si è registrato un appiattimento monolaterale della traccia con scomparsa delle componenti N20 e P25; tale paziente era l'unico a presentare un deficit neurologico al risveglio. I nostri dati sembrano suggerire l'utilità del monitoraggio intraoperatorio del PES del mediano, al fine di svelare una sofferenza ischemica cerebrale.

     

颈动脉支架置入术与颈动脉内膜切除术治疗颈动脉狭窄的近期疗效及安全性观察

目的分析颈动脉狭窄患者分别行支架置入术及内膜切除术后的安全性及近期临床疗效。方法 80例颈动脉狭窄患者经会诊及患者同意后,按照手术方案不同分为CEA组和CAS组。其中CEA组40例行内膜切除术,CAS组40例行支架置入术。比较2组近期疗效及相关并发症情况。结果 2组治疗前后NIHSS评分比较无明显差异(P0.05),组内治疗后评分(4.1±1.7,3.9±1.8)均较治疗前(6.5±2.4,6.3±3.1)明显降低(P0.05);随访6个月,CEA组颈动脉再狭窄率5.0%,与CAS组的7.5%比较无明显差异(P0.05);不良反应组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论颈动脉支架置入术及内膜切除术治疗颈动脉狭窄疗效无差异。支架置入术患者住院时间短,恢复较快,且术后并发症较少,安全性较高。     

Diagnostic accuracy of somatosensory evoked potential monitoring during scoliosis fusion

The goal of this review was to ascertain the diagnostic accuracy of intraoperative somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) changes to predict perioperative neurological outcome in patients undergoing spinal deformity surgery to correct adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). The authors searched PubMed/MEDLINE and World Science databases to retrieve reports and/or experiments from January 1950 through January 2014 for studies on SSEP use during AIS surgery. All motor and sensory deficits were noted in the neurological examination administered after the procedure which was used to determine the effectiveness of SSEP as an intraoperative monitoring technique. Fifteen studies identified a total of 4763 procedures on idiopathic patients. The observed incidence of neurological deficits was 1.11% (53/4763) of the sample population. Of the patients with new postoperative neurological deficits 75.5% (40/53) showed significant SSEP changes, and 24.5% (13/53) did not show significant change. Pooled analysis using the bivariate model showed SSEP change with pooled sensitivity (average 84%, 95% confidence interval 59–95%) and specificity (average 98%, 95% confidence interval 97–99%). The diagnostic odds ratio of a patient who had a new neurological deficit with SSEP changes was a diagnostic odds ratio of 340 (95% confidence interval 125–926). Overall, detection of SSEP changes had excellent discriminant ability with an area under the curve of 0.99. Our meta-analysis covering 4763 operations on idiopathic patients showed that it is a highly sensitive and specific test and that iatrogenic spinal cord injury resulting in new neurological deficits was 340 times more likely to have changes in SSEP compared to those without any new deficits.     

颈动脉内膜斑块剥脱术治疗颈内动脉狭窄(附16例报告)

目的探讨颈动脉内膜斑块剥脱术的手术适应证、操作要点和麻醉方法。方法回顾性分析2004年11月至2009年12月经颈动脉内膜斑块剥脱术治疗的16例颈内动脉狭窄患者的临床资料。16例患者均有临床症状,其中颈内动脉中度狭窄者2例,重度狭窄者14例。均采用经气管内插管全身麻醉,术中应用诱导性高血压,应用显微外科技术剥除颈动脉内膜斑块,所有病例均未应用术中转流术。结果术后均行多普勒超声检查,结果示颈动脉血流量较术前明显增加。12例反复发作一过性脑缺血的患者术后随访6个月均未再发作。1例糖尿病合并高血压有脑卒中史者死亡,其余患者随访6个月至2年脑缺血症状明显改善。结论颈内动脉内膜斑块剥脱术是颈动脉狭窄安全有效的治疗方法。     

内膜斑块剥脱术治疗颈动脉狭窄的临床分析

目的 探讨颈动脉狭窄的手术治疗方法及疗效。方法 2006年2月至2015年7月采用颈动脉内膜斑块剥脱术（CEA）治疗颈动脉狭窄18例,所有病人均经颅脑多普勒超声检查或MRA筛选,头颈部CTA或DSA确诊,均在全麻下进行CEA。结果 术后临床症状改善17例,1例术后6 d死于大面积脑梗死。术后17例随访1~24个月,2例手术部位再狭窄（其中1例因反复短暂性脑缺血发作行支架治疗好转）;3例仍有短暂性脑缺血发作,保守治疗后好转;其余12例无明显并发症,恢复良好。结论 CEA是治疗颈动脉狭窄安全、有效的方法,对防治缺血性脑卒中有重要意义。     

Pharyngo-occipital artery variant arising proximal to occluded internal carotid artery: The risk of an unnecessary endarterectomy

Collateral branches originating from the cervical internal carotid artery (ICA) are rare but can have significant clinical and surgical implications. We present a case of pharyngo-occipital artery arising proximal from an occluded ICA that was missed and confused for severe stenosis of the ICA, leading to the misguided indication for carotid endarterectomy. Advanced preoperative studies allowed timely recognition of this anomaly and reconsideration of the therapeutic plan. We stress the importance of recognizing these variants by careful examination of multimodal pre-surgical exams. Awareness of these variants will allow a more precise diagnosis, and more appropriate management of patients with carotid artery disease.     

Monitoring of somatosensory evoked potentials during carotid endarterectomy

Summary Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were monitored in the course of 368 carotid endarterectomies (CEAs) carried out in 312 patients. In an initial group of 26 patients the shunt was used routinely while in a second group, involving 342 CEAs, it was applied selectively on the basis of modifications which the SEP underwent during clamping. The criterion for shunting was the progressive reduction, up to 50%, of the N20-P25 amplitude. New postoperative neurological deficits appeared in 6 patients, all of whom displayed a transitory SEP flattening. The SEPs of 2 of these returned to normal by the time they awoke and both showed a clinical deficit homolateral to the operated side. In only 2 cases did the deficit fail to regress completely and their postoperative CT scans revealed ischaemic lesions. A positive relationship emerged between SEP changes and back pressure values; nonetheless, as many as 75% of the patients with low residual back pressure values (< 25 mm Hg) tolerated the clamping. SEP monitoring appears to provide a reliable basis for selectively applying a shunt when there is a high risk of haemodynamic ischaemia during clamping.     

Electroencephalographic background desynchronization during cerebral blood flow reduction.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of a spectral function detecting cerebral hypoperfusion. METHODS: Continuous electroencephalographic monitoring was employed during 47 consecutive carotid endarterectomies. Patients were assigned to 3 different groups according to the entity of electroencephalographic changes during carotid clamping (major changes: group A; moderate changes: group B; no change: group C). The desynchronization function, indicating the reduction of the 8-15 Hz band power, and the desynchronization index were calculated. RESULTS: Group A function decreased within 20s from clamping, with a constant slope (7.14). Desynchronization indexes were: 76.85% (group A), 40.23% (group B) and 15.29% (group C). Difference among groups was statistically significant (P < 0.0001). A case of syncope due to asystole is also reported, showing the same pattern in the descending phase of the function. CONCLUSIONS: The stereotyped time course of the desynchronization function describes the cerebral reaction to significant blood flow reduction. Values of desynchronization index exceeding 65% seem to correctly detect patients with cerebral hypoxic risk. SIGNIFICANCE: The analysis of the 8-15 Hz band desynchronization is helpful in the evaluation of cerebral hypoperfusion during carotid endarterectomy. This method could be employed in monitoring different clinical situations of ischemia.     

Experiences with carotid endarterectomy at Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute

Background:

Atherosclerotic carotid artery disease poses a grave threat to cerebral circulation, leading to a stroke with its devastating sequelae, if left untreated. Carotid endarterectomy has a proven track record with compelling evidence in stroke prevention.

Objectives:

a) To confirm that carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is safe and effective in preventing stroke at both short and long term. b) to demonstrate long term patency of internal carotid artery when arteriotomy repair is performed using autologous saphenous vein patch.

Materials and Methods:

During ten years, from September 1997 to February 2008, thirty nine patients who underwent consecutive carotid endarterectomy at our institute, form the basis of this report. Their age ranged from thirty to seventy eight years, with a mean age of 56. There were four women in this cohort. Thirty seven patients were symptomatic with >70% stenosis and two were asymptomatic with >80% stenosis, incidentally detected. Imaging included Duplex scan and MRA for carotid territory and brain, and non-invasive cardiac assessment. Co-morbidities included smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and coronary artery disease. Carotid Endarterectomy was performed under general anaesthesia, using carotid shunt and vein patch arteriotomy repair.

Results:

All the patients made satisfactory recovery, without major adverse cerebral events in this series. Morbidities included Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) in two, needing only medications in one, and carotid stenting in the other. Minor morbidities included neck hematoma in two and transient hypoglossal paresis in three patients. Yearly follow-up included duplex scan assessment for all the patients. Two patients died of contralateral stroke, two of myocardial events and two were lost to follow up. Thirty three patients are well and free of the disease during the follow up of three to 120 months.

Conclusion:

Carotid endarterectomy provided near total freedom from adverse cerebral events and its catastrophic sequelae, leading to excellent outcome, both short as well as long term.     

Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction following carotid endarterectomy

Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) is characterized by the triad of severe "thunderclap" headaches, neurological symptoms and transient segmental cerebral arterial vasoconstriction. We report a patient with RCVS following carotid endarterectomy and review the literature on RCVS following carotid revascularisation.