产胸苷磷酸化酶菌株初筛方法的建立及其应用

建立了一种快速简便地筛选高产胸苷磷酸化酶菌株的初筛方法及其在紫外诱变育种中的应用。结果显示,在液体培养基中,添加25mmol/L胸苷不会影响菌体生长且菌体中的胸苷磷酸化酶能催化胸苷生成胸腺嘧啶,在同等浓度下产物胸腺嘧啶OD_290nm远大于胸苷OD_290nm,从而导致发酵液OD_290nm显著升高,据此建立产胸苷磷酸化酶短乳杆菌的初筛方法。在此基础上结合紫外诱变条件的优化,确定初次紫外照射时间为20 s,停止5 min后再照射10 s、15 s、20 s,控制紫外致死率在80%左右,以此条件构建突变文库。通过初筛和复筛确定突变株EB₂₇、EA₄₂酶活分别达到1.025 U/mg湿菌体和0.916 U/mg湿菌体,较初始菌株提高了50%和35%,且具有良好的遗传稳定性。     

基因组重排与传统育种相结合选育大观霉素高产菌株

以壮观链霉菌(Streptomyces spectabilis)为研究对象,采用基因组重排技术与传统诱变育种相结合的方法选育大观霉素的高产菌株.通过原生质体紫外诱变获得壮观链霉菌突变体群体,高产突变菌株间进行两轮的基因组重排,筛选的高产菌株用NTG诱变得新霉素和链霉素的抗性突变菌株,抗性突变菌株间进行两轮基因组重排,从...     

用Genome shuffling技术选育紫杉醇高产菌株

以树状多节孢（Nodulisporium sylviforme）紫杉醇产生菌为研究对象,探索了紫杉醇产生菌的基因组重排育种的基本规律,重点研究了紫杉醇产生菌的原生质体融合和基因组重排育种的方法．采用薄层层析（TLC）、高效液相色谱（HPLC）和质谱（MS）分析筛选重组子,通过四轮基因组重排成功选育出了3株遗传稳定的高产紫杉醇菌株,其中一株重排菌株F4-26的发酵液中紫杉醇含量达到516-37μg几,比原始出发菌株NCEU-1紫杉醇产量提高了64．41％,比亲本菌株紫杉醇产量提高了31．52％-44．72％．     

用基因组重排技术选育赖氨酸高产菌株

摘要：【目的】以北京棒杆菌（Corynebacterium pekinense）1为研究对象,选育赖氨酸高产菌株,并探索赖氨酸产生菌基因组重排育种的基本规律。【方法】利用基因组重排技术选育赖氨酸高产菌株。【结果】通过四轮基因组重排成功选育出了5株遗传稳定的高产赖氨酸菌株,其中1株重排菌株赖氨酸产量达到16.95 g/dL,比原始菌株Corynebacterium pekinense 1赖氨酸产量提高了37.14%,比亲本菌株赖氨酸产量提高了17.46％~31.19%。【结论】首次采用基因组重排技术改良赖氨酸产生菌,成功选育出了5株产量较稳定的高产赖氨酸菌株,具有潜在的应用价值。     

基因组重排筛选高产谷氨酰胺转胺酶菌株

谷氨酰胺转胺酶(TGase)的产量不足的问题一直限制其工业化生产规模,故采用基因组重排的方法,筛选高产谷氨酰胺转胺酶菌株。通过对不同制备条件下原生质体纯度和形成率的考量,获得制备原生质体的最优条件为以6mg/ml的溶菌酶浓度进行酶解,酶解时间2h。再优化融合条件,以2min紫外灭活和40min热灭活结合的方法挑选出融合子。通过两轮基因组重排,经过96孔板发酵高通量筛选和摇瓶发酵复筛验证,获得了一株产酶达7.12U/ml的茂源链霉菌,相比最初选用菌株的平均酶活提高65.5%。发酵结果显示,酶活提高的原因可能是在重组后原酶成熟更快、更彻底,且得到的菌株遗传稳定性良好。证明基因组重排能够有效提高菌株的产酶水平,同时为谷氨酰胺转胺酶产量提高提供理论依据。     

基因组重排筛选高产谷氨酰胺转胺酶菌株

谷氨酰胺转胺酶(TGase)的产量不足的问题一直限制其工业化生产规模,故采用基因组重排的方法,筛选高产谷氨酰胺转胺酶菌株。通过对不同制备条件下原生质体纯度和形成率的考量,获得制备原生质体的最优条件为以6mg/ml的溶菌酶浓度进行酶解,酶解时间2h。再优化融合条件,以2min紫外灭活和40min热灭活结合的方法挑选出融合子。通过两轮基因组重排,经过96孔板发酵高通量筛选和摇瓶发酵复筛验证,获得了一株产酶达7.12U/ml的茂源链霉菌,相比最初选用菌株的平均酶活提高65.5%。发酵结果显示,酶活提高的原因可能是在重组后原酶成熟更快、更彻底,且得到的菌株遗传稳定性良好。证明基因组重排能够有效提高菌株的产酶水平,同时为谷氨酰胺转胺酶产量提高提供理论依据。     

全基因组重排育种技术提高产豆豉纤溶酶菌产酶量

枯草芽孢杆菌DC-12 是从豆豉里面筛选出来的,具有纤溶酶活性的菌株。本论文采用了全基因组重排技术提高DC－12的产酶量,首先通过对DC－12进行紫外诱变和亚硝酸诱变构建重组突变库,在研究其原生质体制备和再生的基础上,以其中4株诱变菌株作为直接亲本,采用电融合的方法进行两次多亲本的全基因组重排,结合双灭活的筛选方法,共筛选出2株酶活大大提高并能稳定遗传的菌株,使亲本菌株的酶活提高了4~5倍,最高达2710 IU/ml。     

应用基因组改组技术选育竹红菌甲素高产菌株

以紫外(UV)与亚硝基胍诱变的竹黄菌(Shiraia bambusicola)菌株NU12和UV4为出发菌株,60℃处理5 min、紫外(距离30 cm,30 W)照射90s进行双亲原生质体灭活,通过30％聚乙二醇PEG6000介导原生质体融合20 min.结合平板初筛和高效液相色谱( HPLC)分析进行复筛,通过3轮重组融合操作,筛选出6株高产竹红菌甲素的融合株.其中融合菌株FIII - 21的竹红菌甲素产量达到80.4 mg/L,比原始出发菌株提高了58.9％～167.1％,且遗传稳定,具有较高的医药及工业应用价值.     

利用原生质体诱变育种选育富硒能力强的酵母菌株

利用原生质体诱变育种技术选育富硒能力强的酵母菌株,从13株啤酒酵母中筛选出一株富硒量高的诱变出发菌株,采用溶壁酶进行破壁,确定了原生质体制备的最适条件为酶浓度1g／100mL,酶解处理时间为120min,原生质体形成率为95．2％,再生率为21．8％,诱变后筛选出富硒量为821mg／kg,酵母干菌体收获量为0．88g／100mL的酵母菌Al。     

原生质体紫外诱变选育γ-癸内酯高产菌株

为选育γ-癸内酯高产菌株,以毕赤酵母TT009(Pichia guilliermondiiTT009)为出发菌株进行原生质体紫外诱变,确定原生质体形成和诱变的最佳条件为菌龄16 h,酶解浓度1%,酶解时间50 min,酶解温度28℃,15 W紫外灯于30 cm处照射25 min。经初筛和复筛,得到γ-癸内酯高产菌株M6,利用该菌株进行摇瓶发酵,γ-癸内酯产量达到1.25 g/L,比出发菌株提高了28.8%。     

Genome shuffling improves production of the low-temperature alkalophilic lipase by Acinetobacter johnsonii

The production of a low-temperature alkalophilic lipase from Acinetobacter johnsonii was improved using genome shuffling. The starting populations, obtained by UV irradiation and diethyl sulfate mutagenesis, were subjected to recursive protoplast fusion. The optimal conditions for protoplast formation and regeneration were 0.15 mg lysozyme/ml for 45 min at 37°C. The protoplasts were inactivated under UV for 20 min or heated at 60°C for 60 min and a fusant probability of ~98% was observed. The positive colonies were created by fusing the inactivated protoplasts. After two rounds of genome shuffling, one strain, F22, with a lipase activity of 7 U/ml was obtained.     

用灭活原生质体融合进行高温香菇育种——Ⅰ.融合产物的选出及其鉴定

用灭活的近裸香菇(Lentinus subnudus Berk.)双核菌株原生质体与香菇[L. edodes(Berk.)Sing.]双核菌株原生质体融合,在35℃的条件下选得融合子。融合频率为0—4.3×10~(-5)。融合子与双亲有明显的拮抗性。融合子的菌丝形态、氨基酸含量,子实体的形态,以及酸性磷酸酶同功酶的测定都与双亲不同。     

Genome shuffling to improve thermotolerance,ethanol tolerance and ethanol productivity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</Emphasis>

Genome shuffling is a powerful strategy for rapid engineering of microbial strains for desirable industrial phenotypes. Here we improved the thermotolerance and ethanol tolerance of an industrial yeast strain SM-3 by genome shuffling while simultaneously enhancing the ethanol productivity. The starting population was generated by protoplast ultraviolet irradiation and then subjected for the recursive protoplast fusion. The positive colonies from the library, created by fusing the inactivated protoplasts were screened for growth at 35, 40, 45, 50 and 55°C on YPD-agar plates containing different concentrations of ethanol. Characterization of all mutants and wild-type strain in the shake-flask indicated the compatibility of three phenotypes of thermotolerance, ethanol tolerance and ethanol yields enhancement. After three rounds of genome shuffling, the best performing strain, F34, which could grow on plate cultures up to 55°C, was obtained. It was found capable of completely utilizing 20% (w/v) glucose at 45–48°C, producing 9.95% (w/v) ethanol, and tolerating 25% (v/v) ethanol stress.     

Genome-shuffling improved acid tolerance and L-lactic acid volumetric productivity in Lactobacillus rhamnosus

Genome shuffling is an efficient approach for the rapid improvement of industrially important microbial phenotypes. Here we improved the acid tolerance and volumetric productivity of an industrial strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 11443 by genome shuffling. Five strains with subtle improvements in pH tolerance and volumetric productivity were obtained from the populations generated by ultraviolet irradiation and nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis, and then they were subjected for recursive protoplast fusion. A library that was more likely to yield positive colonies was created by fusing the lethal protoplasts obtained from both ultraviolet irradiation and heat treatments. After three rounds of genome shuffling, four strains that could grow at pH 3.6 were obtained. We observed 3.1- and 2.6-fold increases in lactic acid production and cell growth of the best performing at pH 3.8, respectively. The maximum volumetric productivity was 5.77+/-0.05 g/lh when fermented with 10% glucose under neutralizing condition with CaCO(3), which was 26.5+/-1.5% higher than the wild type.     

Visualization of protoplast fusion and quantitation of recombination in fused protoplasts of auxotrophic strains of Escherichia coli

Protoplast fusion has been used to combine genes from different organisms to create strains with desired properties. A recently developed variant on this approach, genome shuffling, involves generation of a genetically heterogeneous population of a single organism, followed by recursive protoplast fusion to allow recombination of mutations within the fused protoplasts. These are powerful techniques for engineering of microbial strains for desirable industrial properties. However, there is a prevailing opinion that it will be difficult to use these methods for engineering of Gram-negative bacteria because the outer membrane makes protoplast fusion more difficult. Here we describe the successful use of protoplast fusion in Escherichia coli. Using two auxotrophic strains of E. coli, we obtained prototrophic strains by recombination in fused protoplasts at frequencies of 0.05-0.7% based on the number of protoplasts subjected to fusion. This frequency is three-four orders of magnitude better than those previously reported for recombination in fused protoplasts of Gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli and Providencia alcalifaciens.     

Genome shuffling enhanced L-lactic acid production by improving glucose tolerance of Lactobacillus rhamnosus

Genome shuffling is a powerful strategy for rapid engineering of microbial strains for desirable industrial phenotypes. Here we applied the genome shuffling to improve the glucose tolerance of Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 11443 while simultaneously enhancing the L-lactic acid production. The starting population was generated by ultraviolet irradiation and nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis and then subjected for the recursive protoplast fusion. The positive colonies from library created by fusing the inactivated protoplasts were more likely to be screened on plates containing different concentrations of high glucose and 2% CaCO(3). Characterization of all mutants and wild-type strain in the shake flask indicated the compatibility of two optimal phenotypes of glucose tolerance and lactic acid enhancement. The lactic acid production, cell growth and glucose consumption of the best performing strain from the second round genome shuffled populations were 71.4%, 44.9% and 62.2% higher than those of the wild type at the initial glucose concentration of 150 g/l in the 16l bioreactor. Furthermore, the higher lactic acid concentrations were obtained when the initial glucose concentrations increased to 160 and 200 g/l in batch fermentation.     

Characteristics of the deo Operon: Role in Thymine Utilization and Sensitivity to Deoxyribonucleosides

Inability to grow on deoxyribonucleosides as the sole carbon source is characteristic of deo mutants of Escherichia coli. Growth of deoC mutants, which lack deoxyribose 5-phosphate aldolase, is reversibly inhibited by deoxyribonucleosides through inhibition of respiration. By contrast, deoB mutants are not sensitive to deoxyribonucleosides, and deoxyribose 5-phosphate aldolase and thymidine phosphorylase are present at normal levels but are not inducible by thymidine. Organisms with the genotype deoB(-)thy(-) or deoC(-)thy(-) are able to grow on low levels of thymine, whereas deoB(+)thy(-) or deoC(+)thy(-) strains require high levels of thymine for growth. The deoB and deoC mutations are transducible with and map on the counterclockwise side of the threonine marker. They are closely linked to deoA, a gene determining thymidine phosphorylase. Merodiploids heterozygous for either the deoB or deoC genes are resistant to deoxyribonucleosides and, in combination with the thy mutation, require high levels of thymine for growth. Cultures of thy(+)deoC(-) mutants are inhibited by thymidine until this compound has been completely degraded and excreted as deoxyribose and thymine, whereupon growth promptly resumes at a normal rate. The inhibition of respiration in deoC strains and the induction of thymidine phosphorylase and deoxyribose 5-phosphate aldolase in the wild-type organism are considered to result from the accumulation of deoxyribose 5-phosphate.     

Plasmid transfer and genetic recombination by protoplast fusion in staphylococci.

The experimental conditions for plasmid transfer and genetic recombination in Staphylococcus aureus and some coagulase-negative staphylococci by protoplast fusion are described. Protoplasts were prepared by treatment with lysostaphin and lysozyme in a buffered medium with 0.7 to 0.8 M sucrose. Regeneration of cell walls was accomplished on a hypertonic agar medium containing succinate and bovine serum albumin. Transfer of plasmids occurred after treatment of the protoplast mixtures with polyethylene glycol (molecular weight, 6,000) not only between strains of the same species but also between parents of different species, although at approximately 100 times lower frequency in the latter case. Recombination of the chromosomal genes in fused protoplasts required simultaneous treatment of the mixed protoplasts with polyethylene glycol and CaCl2. A method was developed for isolation of recombinants after fusion between mutants of S. areus carrying unselectable markers. Antibiotic resistance plasmids were introduced into the parental strains and used as primary markers to detect protoplast fusion. Chromosomal recombinants were found among the clones with both parental plasmids at a high frequency. The method appears to have simple applications in the construction of strains with multiple mutant characters.