焊接电流对Ti3Al/T C11合金焊缝区组织及合金元素扩散的影响

采用真空电子束焊对Ti₃Al合金与TC11合金进行焊接,研究焊接电流对Ti₃Al /TC11焊缝区组织及合金元素扩散的影响。结果表明,随焊接电流增大,焊缝区组织明显粗化,且晶粒尺寸差异逐渐减小;当焊接电流增大至25 mA时,焊缝区组织为粗大β柱状晶。焊接电流对焊缝区各合金元素含量影响较小,但对其均匀性影响较显著,这与焊缝区显微组织形貌有关。随焊接电流的增大,焊缝区合金元素含量均匀性变差。     

Microstructure and Properties of Electron Beam Welded Tantalum-to-Stainless Steel Joints

研究了钽与不锈钢电子束焊接接头组织、缺陷特征及力学性能。电子束热源作用位置影响到接头成形,偏不锈钢0.2mm进行焊接接头成形较好。焊缝为细小枝晶组织,Fe元素含量较高,形成的ε相(Fe2Ta)和μ相(FeTa或Fe7Ta6)为弥散分布。在钽侧熔合线处ε相和μ相为层状分布,在焊接应力作用下易形成微裂纹缺陷。接头焊缝区普遍硬度较高,而钽侧熔合线处变形协调能力较差,存在裂纹源,导致接头拉伸时在该处断裂。接头抗拉强度不高,仅为255MPa。     

Incoloy 825镍基高温合金电子束焊工艺及接头组织与力学性能分析

采用电子束焊,对空冷器管箱Incoloy 825镍基高温合金进行对接焊试验. 通过对焊接接头的组织观察,并结合拉伸力学性能以及接头的冲击韧性等试验,分析镍基高温合金电子束焊接头的组织和力学性能. 结果表明, 采用电子束焊焊接镍基高温合金可以得到良好的焊接接头,焊缝区组织由大片等轴晶和少量柱状晶组成;焊缝区没有出现明显的元素烧损现象;焊缝、热影响区硬度达到母材硬度值;焊缝接头抗拉强度达到600 MPa,接近母材抗拉强度,接头断裂形式为韧性断裂;焊缝和热影响区的冲击吸收能量高于母材区,其中焊缝区的冲击吸收能量达到了262 J,冲击断口形貌为韧窝状.     

Ti60钛合金/GH3128高温合金电子束焊接头脆裂原因分析

对Ti60钛合金和GH3128高温合金进行了电子束焊接,对接头显微组织、相成分和显微硬度进行分析. 结果表明,Ti60和GH3128电子束焊接性较差,在焊后产生裂纹. 焊缝内生成TiNi,Ti2Ni,TiCr2和TiNi3等脆性化合物,使得接头脆性增大. 焊缝区的硬度高于母材,钛侧焊缝区硬度值水平略高于镍侧焊缝区. 接头残余应力数值分析表面接头存在较大的横向残余拉应力,应力峰值达到704 MPa,使得钛/镍电子束焊接头在焊后随即开裂.     

嵌入纯钛薄板对TA15钛合金电子束焊焊缝成分及显微组织的影响

在TA15钛合金电子束焊对接接头中嵌入纯钛TA1金属薄片,通过改变焊缝的熔宽调控焊缝内的母材与嵌入材料的比例,以此实现对焊缝内合金成分含量的控制。通过对焊接接头及焊缝内元素分布特征的观察和分析,证明选用适当的焊接工艺参数可以实现合金元素的均匀分布,并可有效地细化焊缝组织、降低焊缝的显微硬度。     

焊接电流对Ti3Al/TC11焊接界面合金元素扩散及显微硬度的影响

采用真空电子束焊对Ti3Al与TC11合金进行连接,研究不同焊接电流时其焊接界面合金元素扩散及显微硬度.结果表明,焊接电流的大小对合金元素在焊接界面上的扩散规律影响很小,均在焊缝和两侧基体交界处存在较大浓度梯度,这是由于焊接结束冷却时产生了粗大的凝固组织和相变且未有充分的能量和时间进行扩散所造成的.无论所采用焊接电流的大小,沿整个试样其焊缝处的显微硬度值均最高;随着焊接电流的增大,TC11侧和焊缝区的显微硬度值基本上增大,而焊接电流的变化对Ti3Al侧显微硬度值影响的规律性不强.     

PM-TZM钼合金电子束焊接特性

为研究PM-TZM钼合金电子束焊接特性,对其进行了电子束焊接试验,分别对接头显微组织及力学性能进行了分析. 结果表明,PM-TZM钼合金电子束焊缝呈“钉状”几何特征,熔合线附近有链状气孔出现. 焊缝区由粗大的等轴晶及柱状晶组成,热影响区晶粒相比于母材明显长大. 接头各区域硬度值不同,焊缝区硬度与母材相当,硬度最低值出现在两侧热影响区.PM-TZM合金电子束焊接接头有较大的性能损失. 接头室温最高抗拉强度378 MPa,为母材抗拉强度的47%,1 000℃抗拉强度168 MPa. 接头拉伸断裂均发生于焊缝区,呈典型的脆性解理断裂特征.     

焊接电流对Ti2AlNb/TC18焊接界面性能及元素扩散的影响

采用真空电子束焊接对Ti2AlNb和TC18合金进行连接,研究了不同焊接电流时焊接界面的性能及元素扩散情况。结果表明:焊接接头在室温和高温下均获得了较高的抗拉强度。采用同一电流焊接时,TC18侧热影响区的显微硬度值高于该合金基体却低于该侧焊缝区,而Ti2AlNb合金侧热影响区的显微硬度值均高于该侧焊缝区和Ti2AlNb合金基体;在28 mA的焊接电流下,焊接界面的整体显微硬度值均较高,这是因为焊接界面形成了含量较多且尺寸较小的α′马氏体和O相,对界面起到了强化作用。在不同的焊接电流下,合金元素均在焊缝和两侧母材交界处存在较大的浓度梯度,其原因是焊缝金属的快速凝固使得各合金元素没有足够的时间和能量进行充分扩散。     

用电子探针确定铸铁气缸套中碳化物的组成元素

一、前言目前,国内外生产气缸套、活塞环配对摩擦付,多采用往铸铁中添加磷、硼、钒、钛、铌、钨、铬等微量元素的方法,来提高铸铁组织中硬质相的显微硬度和强化基体组织。例如硼钨铬多元合金的气缸套,其耐磨性均优于其它材质。其原因主要是铸铁中含有硼、钨、铬、锰、铌、钽、钒、钛等多种合金元素。那么,这些合金元素在碳化物中分布情况究竟如何?为此,本文用X光能谱和扫描电镜对3种不同化学成分的铸铁气缸套中钨、钒、钛、铌、钽、磷等元素的分布情况以及合金碳化物的组成元素进行了初步分析。二、试验方法试样取自硼钨铬多元合金铸铁、钒钛铸铁和铌铸铁的气缸套上,其常规化学成分见表1。供电子探针分析用10×10×5毫米试样,     

添加Mo-Ti-Zr填充层的钼镧钇合金电子束焊接特性分析

为了研究TZM合金(Mo-0.5Ti-0.1Zr)填充层对钼镧钇合金电子束焊接性的影响,分析了焊接接头显微组织和力学性能。结果表明,钼镧钇合金直接电子束焊接接头焊后产生贯穿裂纹,而填加TZM合金后,实现了钼镧钇合金的有效焊接。Zr元素的加入降低了Mo的氧化物在晶界处的聚集程度,提高了晶界结合强度;接头各区域显微硬度不同,焊缝区显微硬度与母材相当,为270～290 HV,两侧热影响区显微硬度最低。添加TZM合金后,钼镧钇合金电子束焊接接头抗拉强度明显提高,拉伸断裂发生于焊缝区,为脆性沿晶断裂模式。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。