南阳烟区土壤部分矿质元素的含量与分布

镁、硫、铁、锌、硼、铜、锰等矿质元素是烟草生长发育所必需的营养元素，在烟株生长发育过程中起着不可替代的作用。这些矿质元素供应不足或过多时，烟叶的正常生长发育受阻，产量和质量降低。为了摸清南阳烟区不同区域植烟土壤中的矿质元素分布状况，从2002年开始对南阳烟区植烟土壤中的镁、硫、铁、锌、硼、铜、锰等矿质元素进行了取样分析研究。     

铅胁迫对向日葵幼苗矿质元素吸收和积累的影响

以不同浓度铅胁迫的向日葵整株幼苗为试验材料,用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定3个不同基因型向日葵中大量元素(K、Ca、Na、Mg)和微量元素(Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn)的含量。结果表明:不同浓度铅胁迫下3个基因型植株中的矿质元素累积量有明显的不同。首先,相同浓度铅胁迫下不同基因型向日葵幼苗对矿质元素吸收和积累的表现不同;其次,不同浓度铅胁迫下相同基因型向日葵幼苗对矿质元素的吸收和积累存在显著的差异(Cu、Zn元素除外)。     

不同施肥方式烤烟叶片矿质元素含量变化及其与干物质积累的关系

为了研究不同施肥方式下烤烟叶片中N、P、K、Ca、Mg、B、Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn 10种矿质元素的含量变化及其与干物质积累间的相关性,于2015~2016年连续2年以南阳市烤烟品种云烟87为试材,设置3种不同的施肥方式(T1:沟灌常规施肥,T2:水肥一体化,T3:水肥一体化+黄腐酸钾)在田间进行对比试验。结果显示,烟叶中10种矿质元素含量高低表现为NCaKPMgMnFeZnBCu;水肥一体化处理矿质元素含量显著高于常规处理。不同施肥方式下叶片内矿质元素含量的变化趋势表现为N、Ca、Mn、Zn,呈先上升后下降的趋势,60~80 d达到峰值;K、Cu、Fe含量在生育期内呈逐渐下降趋势,Mg元素含量表现为先下降后上升;B、P含量在生育期内变化差异不明显;叶片内N、P、K含量之间均呈极显著正相关,表明这3种元素彼此间存在增效作用;Fe与N、Ca、Mg、Mn 4种元素含量变化呈极显著负相关,表明Fe与这4种元素间均存在拮抗作用。元素含量与干物质积累间的相关性分析表明,N、P、K在40~70 d内均与干物质积累呈显著正相关。因此与常规处理相比,水肥一体化能提高烟株对矿质元素的吸收和积累,促进后期落黄成熟,提高干物质积累量。     

叶类蔬菜硝酸盐与矿质元素含量及其相关性研究

对重庆市 2 3种叶类蔬菜NO-3 和部分矿质元素含量及其相关性研究结果表明 ,不同蔬菜、同一蔬菜不同品种NO-3 和矿质元素含量差异很大 ,除莴笋、西生菜和瓢儿白 (卷心 )鲜菜食用安全外 ,其他均有不同程度污染 ,且以芹菜食用安全性最差。不同叶类菜矿质元素间多数相关性很好 ,尤以N、P、K(除个别元素外 )与其他矿质元素呈显著或极显著正相关 ;叶类菜鲜样中NO-3 含量与K、Na、Ca和Fe呈显著或极显著正相关 ,叶类菜干样中NO-3 与P、S、Mn、Zn、B和Mo呈负相关 ,且与B、P达显著负相关     

高接在不同基砧的锦橙上的华红脐橙的栽培表现及矿质营养含量年变化

田间调查了高接在两种不同基砧的锦橙上的华红脐橙的栽培表现及矿质营养含量年变化差异。结果表明,在栽培效应上,红桔基砧树体生长较旺,投产晚,果实小,果实含酸量较高、糖酸比较低,出汁率和Vc含量较高;枳基砧则相反。在矿质元素含量年变化上,不同基砧树的叶片矿质元素含量年变化趋势除Mn、Zn外,其它元素含量年变化趋势差异明显;不同基砧根系的各种矿质元素含量年变化趋势基本相似;在不同基砧树之间,除根系Mg、Fe含量外,叶片和根系的各种矿质元素含量在年周期内的差异明显。     

基于矿质元素指纹的粉葛产地溯源研究

为明确矿质元素指纹对粉葛产地鉴别的可行性,筛选出鉴别粉葛产地的有效指标,本研究采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定陕西、湖北、广西3个地域粉葛和土壤样品中B、Na、Mg、P、K、Ca、Mn、Co、Cu、Zn、Rb、Sr、Mo、Cd、Cs、Ba、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm和Ti 22种矿质元素含量,并结合主成分分析、逐步判别分析和聚类分析对不同地域样品进行分类。结果表明,除B、Cu元素外,其余元素含量在不同地域粉葛间均存在显著差异(P<0.05);不同地域间粉葛矿质元素含量表现出独有的地理指纹特征,经逐步判别分析筛选出Mg、P、Co、Rb和Sr 5种元素,经回代检验和交叉检验的整体判别率分别为97.7%和93.0%;相关性分析结果表明,粉葛中Rb、Sr和Ti元素含量与对应土壤中的元素呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。因此,矿质元素指纹结合多元统计分析能够在一定程度上实现不同产地粉葛的鉴别,这为粉葛产地溯源的可行性提供了技术支持。     

甘肃不同生态区域高原夏菜的矿质元素与抗氧化性分析

为探究甘肃不同生态区域高原夏菜的矿质元素和抗氧化活性，根据海拔和气候差异，选取沿黄灌区、河西戈壁绿洲以及过渡带不同生态区域的6个产地，进行西兰花、娃娃菜、红笋3个高原夏菜主导品种的铁、钙、钾含量以及FRAP值、DPPH清除率、POD活性、PPO活性4种抗氧化活性指标的测定。结果表明，西兰花的铁、钙、钾含量均高于娃娃菜和红笋，榆中2产地的3种蔬菜的铁、钙、钾含量均较高，反映了西兰花对3种矿质元素的高富集性和榆中区域性的土壤矿质元素富集特点，3种蔬菜的4种抗氧化性指标测定结果未表现出品种间抗氧化性强弱的规律性特点，需进一步丰富测定指标，进行综合评价。     

不同砧木对富士苹果矿质元素含量和品质指标的影响

砧木作为果树的重要组成部分,不仅影响树体对矿质营养元素的吸收、 运转和利用,而且对地上部树体的生长发育和果实品质形成具有重要的调控作用。本文以富士苹果为试材,研究了不同砧木与苹果叶营养元素、 果实矿质营养和品质指标间的关系。结果表明, 砧木类型影响苹果叶片对矿质元素的吸收,矮化砧苹果叶片的P、 K、 Ca和Cu含量均高于乔化砧,分别比乔化砧高20.00%、 13.50%、 9.09% 和 32.72%;但其他矿质元素含量均低于乔化砧。除Ca和B元素外,矮化砧苹果果实的N、 P、 K、 Mg、 Fe、 Mn和Cu含量均高于乔化砧,分别比乔化砧高39.46%、 46.30%、 19.13%、 9.68%、 32.41%、 18.96% 和 68.31%。与乔化砧相比,矮化砧富士苹果具有较高的单果重、 可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量,分别比乔化砧高5.53%、 5.25% 和 6.82%。相关分析表明,苹果叶片大量元素 N、 P、 K和Ca与果实部分营养元素间存在显著的相关性,其中叶片K和果实N的相关系数高达0.9001;而叶片微量元素Fe、 Mn、 Zn和B与果实矿质元素间均不存在显著的相关性。另外,富士苹果果实的Ca含量仅为叶片Ca含量的1.58％,是所测矿质元素中相对含量最低的,这可能是套袋苹果易发生苦痘病的原因所在。     

土壤分化促成与改良研究进展综述

岩石风化成土作用是生态系统矿质元素的重要来源,也是全球矿质元素生物地球化学循环的重要环节。介绍了道库恰耶夫创立的五大成土因素学说,分析了影响山地土壤成土过程的主要驱动因子,针对目前国内外土地破坏与退化情况,介绍了不同材料对退化山地风化土壤促成和改良的作用,提出通过物理、化学、生物方式加速成土过程机理和技术的研究来解决退化土壤恢复过程中的难题。     

贵州名优茶与产地土壤矿质元素相关性及其溯源影响的研究

为探究贵州省名优茶产地不同深层土壤对茶叶矿质元素溯源效果的影响,以土壤-茶叶的多矿质元素法结合主成分分析(PCA)、反向传播(BP)神经网络法、逐步线性判别分析(SLDA)对茶叶产地进行溯源。结果显示,不同产地的茶叶和土壤具有独特的矿质元素指纹,茶叶中Fe、Mn、K、Ca、Mg、Cu的含量与土壤中对应元素含量显著相关(P<0.05),以这6种矿质元素含量结合PCA可有效区分茶叶的地理起源;不同深层土壤对茶叶产地的溯源有不同影响,通过SLDA法、BP神经网络法明确了以60~80 cm的土层进行产地溯源的效果最优,产地溯源验证判别率分别为98.5%(SLDA法)和100%(BP神经网络法),并基于SLDA法确定了Zn、Cu、P、Mn、Fe、Mg和K 7种元素构建的贵州名优茶产地溯源模型。此外,研究发现茶叶产地溯源几乎不受茶树品种的影响。本研究结果为贵州省名优茶矿质元素指纹图谱的建设及土壤-茶叶产地溯源的关系研究提供了理论依据。     

矿质养分和激素对根毛生长发育的影响及作用机制

【目的】植物矿质养分和水分的吸收利用赖于根系,根系中根毛的生长发育不仅扩大了根系吸收表面积,促进了矿质养分和水分的吸收还有助于植物根的固定以及与土壤微生物的互作。本文从矿质养分角度(氮、 磷、 钾、 钙、 铁)和激素角度(生长素、 乙烯、 茉莉酸、 独脚金内酯、 油菜素内酯)探讨影响根毛生长发育的因子及作用机理。【主要进展】氮对根毛生长发育的影响与茉莉酸和乙烯有关, 磷与生长素、 乙烯、 独脚金内酯互作调控根毛生长发育;生长素和乙烯以交互作用调控根毛生长发育,茉莉酸、 独角金内酯和油菜素甾醇对根毛生长发育的作用是部分依赖生长素或乙烯途径;植物体内生长素和乙烯等激素的平衡对根毛的生长发育起着重要作用。【建议和展望】基于以上分析,从蛋白激酶及其相关调控基因及转录因子等方面可深入探析矿质养分、 植物激素等对根毛和丛枝菌根生长发育的影响。     

水分状况对红壤母质中物质移动及稻麦生物量的影响

利用模拟土柱研究了红壤母质在淹水条件下物质的迁移规律及不同水分条件对作物生长的影响。土柱施加有机质淹水后,矿质元素活化,部分迁移出土体。物质的累积淋溶量序列为:Fe>Ca、SiO₂>K>Al、P、Mn、Mg,日渗漏量与Eh是影响物质淋溶的主要因素。主组元分析表明,淹水初期主要的土壤发生过程是矿质元素的活化与淋溶,硅铝的相对富集及土壤养分状况的改善。铁、锰的淋淀与水分关系密切。铁、锰在表层淋离,中下层淀积,这同自然状况下铁锰的淋溶淀积特点是一致的。     

水稻根际的硝化作用与水稻的硝态氮营养

由于淹水条件下土壤硝化作用被强烈抑制 ,人们对水稻氮素 (N)营养的研究主要侧重在铵(NH 4 )营养而忽略了对硝 (NO-3 )营养的研究。但值得注意的是 ,水稻根系能分泌氧气 (O2 ) ,这些O2 能被硝化微生物利用 ,从而将NH 4 氧化成NO-3 ,在根表形成的NO-3 立即被水稻吸收。但通常情况下从水稻土中采集的土样中较难测到NO-3 或数量极微。事实上 ,即便是完全淹水 ,水稻根系也是处于铵、硝混合营养中。本文首先论述了水稻根际通过硝化作用产生NO-3 的过程 ,然后从吸收速率和根系生物量两方面提出了NO-3 对水稻NH 4 吸收和同化的促进机理 ,并比较了NO-3 对侧根生长发育的局部刺激作用和系统抑制作用 ,其中对于NO3 -对侧根生长发育的局部刺激作用是由于NO3 -的营养作用 (NO-3 对植物体内糖类、氨基酸和内源激素的影响 )还是信号物质作用进行了详细阐述 ,最后提出了今后在水稻硝酸盐营养方面的研究方向。     

矿质元素和植物体内乙烯形成的关系

乙烯是植物体内五大激素之一,是植物生长、发育和繁殖过程中的重要调节物质,而矿质元素对其形成过程存在影响。一些元素如硫是乙烯合成前体内的组成成分;一些元素如铁、钴等作为乙烯合成途径中酶的辅基或抑制剂影响酶的活性从而调节乙烯合成;而另一些元素如铜、锌等则是通过脂质氧化形成乙烯的途径影响乙烯的生成,本文论述了矿质元素和乙烯形成天系方面的最近研究进展。     

VARIATION IN MINERAL CONCENTRATIONS AMONG CULTIVARS AND GERMPLASMS OF CABBAGE

Brassica vegetables are important source of dietary mineral elements. However, information on the genetic variability of mineral elements and its transmissibility is scanty but essential if the nutritional quality of cabbage is to be improved through breeding. Highly significant differences among cultivars and germplasms indicate the existence of adequate amount of variability. Mineral concentrations differed 6 fold for iron, 2.4 fold for zinc, 2.1 fold for copper, 2.3 fold for manganese, 1.7 fold for potassium, and 4 fold for calcium content. The higher magnitude of genotypic to phenotypic variance ratio for iron, zinc, manganese, potassium, and calcium indicates high transmissibility of minerals into next generation, while the meager differences between phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation indicate lesser influence of the environment on elemental accumulation.     

Differential mineral uptake by Maize Inbreds

Abstract

Maize (Zea mays L.) inbreds were grown on soils known to produce Fe, Zn, Mg, Ca, and Cu deficiency and Al and Mn toxicity. The inbreds were assessed for their differential responses to the elemental problem induced by each soil. Marked differences in susceptibility and/or tolerance to limited or excess amounts of mineral nutrients were noted among the inbreds. Information on differential responses of plants to the various mineral elements should be beneficial for overcoming particular element problems and for developing plants which utilize mineral elements more efficiently.     

土壤水分状况对物质移动及作物生长的影响

水分状况不仅影响水稻土的发生性质,也影响水稻土生态系统的生产力.当稻田灌水量满足蒸发,蒸腾和渗漏需要时,水稻可获高产;如水分过多,反不利于水稻生长.太湖与华南等大面积种植双季稻地区,多因地势低平,土质粘重,土壤排水不良,引起了次生潜育作用,出现青泥层,致使三麦常受渍害,水稻迟发.从而削弱了水稻土生态系统功能的发挥.     

Mass spectrometric evidence for the occurrence of plant growth promoting cytokinins in vermicompost tea

Through their decomposing activities, earthworms produce rich organic fertilizers called vermicomposts containing mineral nutrients and anecdotal evidence of biologically active phytohormones. Aqueous extracts of vermicomposts, namely vermicompost tea (VT), have positive effects on plant growth. It has been postulated that trace amounts of phytohormones in vermicomposts or its VT are beneficial for plant growth and development. We therefore screened for the different classes of phytohormones (auxins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and gibberellin) in VT using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) after solid-phase extraction. VT was produced by earthworms being fed with a mixture of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and chicken manure at a ratio of 4:1 (w/w). This investigation is the first mass spectrometric evidence for the presence of cytokinins in VT: namely trans-Zeatin (tZ), N⁶-Isopentenyladenine (iP) and N⁶-Isopentenyladenosine (iPR), which were present at 0.06, 3.33, and 0.02 nmol L^–1, respectively. The successful detection and quantitation of cytokinins in VT provided direct evidence to explain the growth efficacy of applying VT in order to enhance plant growth and development. We postulated that they were microbially synthesized due to the abundance of microbial communities in the vermicompost.     

Contrasted effect of biochar and earthworms on rice growth and resource allocation in different soils

Adding biochar to soils and maintaining high earthworm biomasses are potential ways to increase the fertility of tropical soils and the sustainability of crop production in the spirit of agroecology and ecological engineering. However, a thorough functional assessment of biochar effect on plant growth and resource allocations is so far missing. Moreover, earthworms and biochar increase mineral nutrient availability through an increase in mineralization and nutrient retention respectively and are likely to interact through various other mechanisms. They could thus increase plant growth synergistically. This hypothesis was tested for rice in a greenhouse experiment. Besides, the relative effects of biochar and earthworms were compared in three different soil treatments (a nutrient rich soil, a nutrient poor soil, a nutrient poor soil supplemented with fertilization). Biochar and earthworm effects on rice growth and resource allocation highly depended on soil type and were generally additive (no synergy). In the rich soil, there were both clear positive biochar and earthworm effects, while there were generally only positive earthworm effects in the poor soil, and neither earthworm nor biochar effect in the poor soil with fertilization. The analysis of earthworm and biochar effects on different plant traits and soil mineral nitrogen content, confirmed that they act through an increase in nutrient availability. However it also suggested that another mechanism, such as the release in the soil of molecules recognized as phytohormones by plants, is also involved in earthworm action. This mechanism could for example help explaining how earthworms increase rice resource allocation to roots and influence the allocation to grains.     

Influence of rhizosphere bacteria on morphological characteristics of maize seedlings (Zea mays L.)

The effect of a rhizosphere microflora on some morphological and physiological plant characteristics was studied with maize seedlings grown for five days in a mineral nutrient solution. In the presence of the microorganisms the root dry weight is lower than that of axenically grown plants due to a smaller diameter of the primary root. In addition, the root content of some vitamins and sugars is affected. Pure cultures of rhizosphere bacteria were isolated and their influence on morphological characteristics of the maize plant was classified. Whereas one culture retards the overall plant development, the remaining nine cultures exert a significant influence only on specific morphological parameters. These results are discussed as an indication of the participation of phytohormones in interactions between roots and bacteria.