Development of a System for 3D High-resolution Seismic Reflection Profiling on Lakes

A high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) seismic reflection system for small-scale targets in lacustrine settings has been developed. Its main characteristics include navigation and shot-triggering software that fires the seismic source at regular distance intervals (max. error of 0.25 m) with real-time control on navigation using differential GPS (Global Positioning System). Receiver positions are accurately calculated (error<0.20 m) with the aid of GPS antennas attached to the end of each of three 24-channel streamers. Two telescopic booms hold the streamers at a distance of 7.5 m from each other. With a receiver spacing of 2.5 m, the bin dimension is 1.25 m in inline and 3.75 m in crossline direction. To test the system, we conducted a 3D survey of about 1 km² in Lake Geneva, Switzerland, over a complex fault zone. A 5-m shot spacing resulted in a nominal fold of 6. A double-chamber bubble-cancelling 15/15 in³ air gun (40–650 Hz) operated at 80 bars and 1 m depth gave a signal penetration of 300 m below water bottom and a best vertical resolution of 1.1 m. Processing followed a conventional scheme, but had to be adapted to the high sampling rates, and our unconventional navigation data needed conversion to industry standards. The high-quality data enabled us to construct maps of seismic horizons and fault surfaces in three dimensions. The system proves to be well adapted to investigate complex structures by providing non-aliased images of reflectors with dips up to 30°.     

Optimal Processing of Marine High-Resolution Seismic Reflection (Chirp) Data

Chirp frequency-modulated (FM) systems offer deterministic, repeatable source-signatures for high-resolution, normal incidence marine seismic reflection data acquisition. An optimal processing sequence for uncorrelated Chirp data is presented to demonstrate the applicability of some conventional seismic reflection algorithms to high-resolution data sets, and to emphasise the importance of a known source-signature. An improvement of greater than 60dB in the signal- to-noise ratio is realised from correlating the FM reflection data with the transmitted pulse. Interpretability of ringy deconvolved data is enhanced by the calculation of instantaneous amplitudes. The signal-to-noise ratio and lateral reflector continuity are both improved by the application of predictive filters whose effectiveness are aided by the repeatability of the Chirp source.     

高分辨率三维地震处理技术及其在浅层地质灾害评估中的应用

常规三维地震资料处理是以寻找深层油气为主要目标而设计的流程,在利用三维地震资料进行浅层地质条件评价和地质灾害评估时,需要针对浅部目标层进行高分辨率处理方法的研究。通过处理试验,发现影响浅层分辨率的处理参数与深层不同,从而确定了浅层处理中的最优参数;通过对琼东南盆地1 248 km2的三维地震数据利用不同偏移距进行处理,形成了3种地震数据体。通过对3种数据体的分析比较及综合考虑分辨率与信噪比后,选用偏移距250~1 650 m的数据体进行解释研究,确定浅层地质条件,评估潜在的地质灾害。     

利用三维地震资料评估深水井位工程地质灾害

随着深水油气勘探开发的快速发展,因地质灾害而发生的石油钻井事故也不断增加。据统计深水钻井大约30%的花费用于解决安全事故,其中大部分用于因地质灾害而引起的安全事故。在钻探之前通过对设计井位进行井场及钻井工程地质灾害评估,找出潜在的危害钻井安全的地质因素,可以在很大程度上避免这类事故的发生。采用以油气勘探为目的的三维地震数据,经二维高分辨率处理,对尼日尔三角洲井场区及钻井过程中可能引起的工程地质灾害因素进行评估,这些因素包括海底滑坡、浅部断层、浅层气、天然气水合物、浅层高压水流、古河谷、泥穿刺与泥火山、异常高压等。研究结果表明,采用三维地震数据经二维高分辨率处理,可得到较为丰富的地质信息,可以满足深水井位对工程地质灾害评估的要求。     

三维地震在Q区块侏罗系油气储层精细预测中的应用

针对Q区块侏罗系延安组构造岩性油气藏呈现的河道窄、各向异性强,单单靠井控难以刻画砂岩的展布特征和难以描述低幅度构造的勘探难题。利用三维地震具有良好的横向分辨率、连续性的优势,采用精细层位标定与速度分析、反射结构特征识别和反演等方法,完成了对构造、断裂、储层等成藏因素的精细预测,为井位部署提供有力的技术支撑。     

基于平行立体视觉技术的海底立体摄像系统研究

计算机视觉经过几十年的发展,被广泛应用于社会各个领域,其核心是研究仿人类视觉从二维投影图像恢复三维景物世界的技术理论。尽管视觉计算理论数学方法上可行,但针对不同的应用需要,其数学算法实现上有所不同。结合应用于大洋海底资源勘查的"海底立体摄像系统"的研制,提出利用平行立体视觉理论实现从摄像图像重构三维海底微地形的技术方法。包括立体摄像机的研制要点、立体图像匹配、图像数据预处理、海底地形三维反演算法等,并对双目立体视觉技术的发展和应用提出了新的认识。     

VHR Marine 3D Seismics for Shallow Water Investigations: Some Practical Guidelines

The design of very high resolution (VHR) 3D marine surveys not only depends on the theoretical considerations of seismic imaging, but is also dictated by the field conditions and the available budget. The main geophysical controlling factors include the depth and dip of the target, and horizontal and vertical resolution. Working in shallow water environments and at high frequencies will imply constraints on sampling, array directivity and positioning accuracy. In this paper we describe the main requirements and constraints involved in VHR 3D acquisition. The second part of the paper focuses on the flexible acquisition system “Opus3D” recently developed for shallow water investigations. The system provides improvements in imaging resolution in a relatively simple and cost-effective way. Acquisition and positioning constraints limit the system to nearshore studies. The experience gained from various surveys with this new acquisition system allow us to formulate a number of practical specifications and guidelines for 3D survey design in shallow water.     

近海底高分辨率地震探测系统设计与实现

受大深度水体的影响,传统的海面拖曳式多道地震技术在进行深水地层探测时,目标地层深度处的菲涅耳半径非常大,水平分辨率低,难以满足海域天然气水合物高精度探测需求。针对海面拖曳式地震探测技术存在的上述问题,设计了一套可以在2 000 m水深近海底作业的地震探测系统。应用耐压透声发射阵技术,克服了20 MPa外压环境和瞬时内压冲击对等离子体震源子波幅频特性的不利影响,研制的深拖等离子体震源的声源级达到214 dB,主频低于1 000 Hz;水下控制中心采用集成SoC片上系统设计,可以对震源进行定距激发控制,进行近海底多道地震数据的连续采集。系统在2019年深海试验拖曳最大深度达2 025 m,测试剖面数据显示最大地层穿透深度达380 m,纵向分辨率<2 m,横向分辨率<10 m,为深水海域沉积地层的深拖高分辨率地震探测提供了技术支撑。     

利用Direct3D的地形三维快速重建方法

在视口数据检索之后，视口重建效率成为了影响地形数据三维重建和显示速度的主要因素，视口重建与可利用的开发平台资源密切相关。在剖析Direct3D硬件访问方式的基础上，提出了一套完整的DEM快速重建方法。实验结果表明在相同的条件下，基于Direct3D的视口重建具有明显的速度优势。     

双源单缆方式采集的天然气水合物三维地震数据采集脚印分析与压制处理

在海洋地震资料处理中,由于检波点空间分布不均匀造成的采集脚印现象会影响地震资料成像,特别是对双源单缆方式采集的三维地震数据影响更为明显。通过对海上某区双源单缆方式采集的天然气水合物三维地震数据采集脚印形成原因及特点的详细分析,最终分别在叠前采用子波处理、潮汐、水速校正、面元中心化方法,叠后采用频率、波数域滤波的方法压制采集脚印。通过以上关键技术的应用,提高了双源单缆方式采集的三维地震数据的信噪比和分辨率,采集脚印从时间切片和剖面上均有了明显衰减,而且实现了最大限度的保持振幅、频率、相位属性。为精细刻画、描述地质构造形态和预测天然气水合物储层分布及有利富集区带,提供可靠的地震资料。     

Direct 3D对象的创建与渲染

介绍了使用Direct3D创建和渲染3D对象的一般过程，提出了纹理的Alpha混合功能、设置深度缓冲状态等增强场景逼真效果的优化方法，实现了景观的三维显示。     

三维激光扫描技术在数字城市中的应用

三维激光扫描技术具有精度高、速度快、真实感强、数据量大、作业安全等众多优点,应用领域日益广泛。通过三维激光扫描仪对建筑物进行扫描作业和数据处理,建立建筑物的三维模型,并以Leica的ScanStation2地面三维激光扫描仪为例,讨论激光扫描仪在数字城市中的应用。     

Fast static correction methods for high-frequency multichannel marine seismic reflection data: A high-resolution seismic study of channel-levee systems on the Bengal Fan

Very high-frequency marine multichannel seismic reflection data generated by small-volume air- or waterguns allow detailed, high-resolution studies of sedimentary structures of the order of one to few metres wavelength. The high-frequency content, however, requires (1) a very exact knowledge of the source and receiver positions, and (2) the development of data processing methods which take this exact geometry into account. Static corrections are crucial for the quality of very high-frequency stacked data because static shifts caused by variations of the source and streamer depths are of the order of half to one dominant wavelength, so that they can lead to destructive interference during stacking of CDP sorted traces. As common surface-consistent residual static correction methods developed for land seismic data require fixed shot and receiver locations two simple and fast techniques have been developed for marine seismic data with moving sources and receivers to correct such static shifts. The first method – called CDP static correction method – is based on a simultaneous recording of Parasound sediment echosounder and multichannel seismic reflection data. It compares the depth information derived from the first arrivals of both data sets to calculate static correction time shifts for each seismic channel relative to the Parasound water depths. The second method – called average static correction method – utilises the fact that the streamer depth is mainly controlled by bird units, which keep the streamer in a predefined depth at certain increments but do not prevent the streamer from being slightly buoyant in-between. In case of calm weather conditions these streamer bendings mainly contribute to the overall static time shifts, whereas depth variations of the source are negligible. Hence, mean static correction time shifts are calculated for each channel by averaging the depth values determined at each geophone group position for several subsequent shots. Application of both methods to data of a high-resolution seismic survey of channel-levee systems on the Bengal Fan shows that the quality of the stacked section can be improved significantly compared to stacking results achieved without preceding static corrections. The optimised records show sedimentary features in great detail, that are not visible without static corrections. Limitations only result from the sea floor topography. The CDP static correction method generally provides more coherent reflections than the average static correction method but can only be applied in areas with rather flat sea floor, where no diffraction hyperbolae occur. In contrast, the average static correction method can also be used in regions with rough morphology, but the coherency of reflections is slightly reduced compared to the results of the CDP static correction method.     

基于VTK的地形三维可视化程序设计与实现

对基于开放的可视化工具包（visualization tool kit,VTK）可视化图形库的地形三维可视化进行了研究,并在VC开发环境下利用MFC设计开发了地形三维可视化程序。通过对VTK地形可视化中三维建模、颜色映射和纹理贴图等关键技术的分析,利用VTK可视化类库管线流的方法,高效地实现了离散点坐标数据的读取、数字高程模型的建立以及地形三维可视化显示与交互功能。     

浅海工程中小道距高分辨率多道地震方法的应用

小道距多道地震排列是一种高分辨率的探测方法,利用该方法在鲁家峙-西闪岛-登步岛浅海连岛工程中获取高精度的地震数据,通过对数据进行分析处理与解释,获得调查区域的工程地质属性,了解基岩埋深和断层分布等情况,为编制预可行性研究报告提供必要工程地质依据。结果表明,小道距多道地震可以成功地应用于浅海工程环境地质调查。     

High-resolution P-Cable 3D seismic imaging of gas chimney structures in gas hydrated sediments of an Arctic sediment drift

The newly developed P-Cable 3D seismic system allows for high-resolution seismic imaging to characterize upper geosphere geological features focusing on geofluid expressions (gas chimneys), shallow gas and gas hydrate reservoirs. Seismic imaging of a geofluid system of an Arctic sediment drift at the Vestnesa Ridge, offshore western Svalbard, provides significantly improved details of internal chimney structures from the seafloor to ∼500 m bsf (below seafloor). The chimneys connect to pockmarks at the seafloor and indicate focused fluid flow through gas hydrated sediments. The pockmarks are not buried and align at the ridge-crest pointing to recent, topography-controlled fluid discharge. Chimneys are fuelled by sources beneath the base of gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) that is evident at ∼160–170 m bsf as indicated by a bottom-simulating reflector (BSR). Conduit centres that are not vertically straight but shift laterally by up to 200 m as well as discontinuous internal chimney reflections indicate heterogeneous hydraulic fracturing of the sediments. Episodically active, pressure-driven focused fluid flow could explain the hydro-fracturing processes that control the plumbing system and lead to extensive pockmark formation at crest of the Vestnesa Ridge. High-amplitude anomalies in the upper 50 m of the chimney structures suggest formations of near-surface gas hydrates and/or authigenic carbonate precipitation. Acoustic anomalies, expressed as high amplitudes and amplitude blanking, are irregularly distributed throughout the deeper parts of the chimneys and provide evidence for the variability of hydrate and/or carbonate formation in space and time.     

海上三维双方位融合处理技术在番禺4洼的应用

番禺4洼新近系NWW—SEE向正断层非常发育,这些断层上升盘的构造圈闭是重要的勘探目标。但由于一次三维地震资料采集方向与断层平行,断层附近阴影现象非常严重,表现为信噪比低、同相轴不合理的“下拉”和扭曲畸变的“假象”,严重影响断层上升盘的精细构造落实。为此,实施了垂直于断层方向的二次三维地震采集,使得断层阴影带成像比一次三维有较大改善。为了更好地解决断层阴影带成像难题,针对方位各向异性,对2次采集的三维资料进行了以双方位各向异性叠前深度偏移（PSDM）为核心的双方位融合处理。2个方位各自处理成果和双方位融合处理结果对比表明：对于断层阴影带成像,垂直断层方向采集的三维明显优于平行断层方向采集的三维;而结合2次采集的双方位融合处理资料效果最好：既能有效的消除断层阴影带成像畸变,又能提高信噪比。经研究区油田评价井在断层阴影带的钻探结果证实了双方位融合处理结果的可靠性,同时,可为类似地区解决断层阴影带成像难题提供采集设计和处理技术等方面的借鉴。     

基于二维地震数据的宏观三维速度建模——以南海西北部海域为例

速度场在南海形成与演化、深部结构、沉积盆地分析和能源资源勘探过程中具有重要作用,以南海西北部为研究试点区,基于二维多道地震数据,在常规地震数据处理获得准确叠加速度的基础上,进行了均方根速度到层速度的转换,采用最小曲率插值算法,构建研究区的宏观三维速度模型,获得了良好的效果,初步建立了基于二维地震资料进行宏观三维速度建模的方法,为今后在南海全域开展宏观三维速度建模研究打下了坚实基础。     

基于线框图的三维实体重构算法

通常情况下 Wire- frame(线框图 )不能唯一描述 3D object。本文给出 1种基于 Wire- frame的 3D object重构求解算法。该算法获得唯一解时 ,则表明 Wire- frame对应唯一的 3D object;多个解时 ,则给出所有的可行解