Optimal Processing of Marine High-Resolution Seismic Reflection (Chirp) Data

Chirp frequency-modulated (FM) systems offer deterministic, repeatable source-signatures for high-resolution, normal incidence marine seismic reflection data acquisition. An optimal processing sequence for uncorrelated Chirp data is presented to demonstrate the applicability of some conventional seismic reflection algorithms to high-resolution data sets, and to emphasise the importance of a known source-signature. An improvement of greater than 60dB in the signal- to-noise ratio is realised from correlating the FM reflection data with the transmitted pulse. Interpretability of ringy deconvolved data is enhanced by the calculation of instantaneous amplitudes. The signal-to-noise ratio and lateral reflector continuity are both improved by the application of predictive filters whose effectiveness are aided by the repeatability of the Chirp source.     

高分辨率三维地震处理技术及其在浅层地质灾害评估中的应用

常规三维地震资料处理是以寻找深层油气为主要目标而设计的流程,在利用三维地震资料进行浅层地质条件评价和地质灾害评估时,需要针对浅部目标层进行高分辨率处理方法的研究。通过处理试验,发现影响浅层分辨率的处理参数与深层不同,从而确定了浅层处理中的最优参数;通过对琼东南盆地1 248 km2的三维地震数据利用不同偏移距进行处理,形成了3种地震数据体。通过对3种数据体的分析比较及综合考虑分辨率与信噪比后,选用偏移距250~1 650 m的数据体进行解释研究,确定浅层地质条件,评估潜在的地质灾害。     

Fast static correction methods for high-frequency multichannel marine seismic reflection data: A high-resolution seismic study of channel-levee systems on the Bengal Fan

Very high-frequency marine multichannel seismic reflection data generated by small-volume air- or waterguns allow detailed, high-resolution studies of sedimentary structures of the order of one to few metres wavelength. The high-frequency content, however, requires (1) a very exact knowledge of the source and receiver positions, and (2) the development of data processing methods which take this exact geometry into account. Static corrections are crucial for the quality of very high-frequency stacked data because static shifts caused by variations of the source and streamer depths are of the order of half to one dominant wavelength, so that they can lead to destructive interference during stacking of CDP sorted traces. As common surface-consistent residual static correction methods developed for land seismic data require fixed shot and receiver locations two simple and fast techniques have been developed for marine seismic data with moving sources and receivers to correct such static shifts. The first method – called CDP static correction method – is based on a simultaneous recording of Parasound sediment echosounder and multichannel seismic reflection data. It compares the depth information derived from the first arrivals of both data sets to calculate static correction time shifts for each seismic channel relative to the Parasound water depths. The second method – called average static correction method – utilises the fact that the streamer depth is mainly controlled by bird units, which keep the streamer in a predefined depth at certain increments but do not prevent the streamer from being slightly buoyant in-between. In case of calm weather conditions these streamer bendings mainly contribute to the overall static time shifts, whereas depth variations of the source are negligible. Hence, mean static correction time shifts are calculated for each channel by averaging the depth values determined at each geophone group position for several subsequent shots. Application of both methods to data of a high-resolution seismic survey of channel-levee systems on the Bengal Fan shows that the quality of the stacked section can be improved significantly compared to stacking results achieved without preceding static corrections. The optimised records show sedimentary features in great detail, that are not visible without static corrections. Limitations only result from the sea floor topography. The CDP static correction method generally provides more coherent reflections than the average static correction method but can only be applied in areas with rather flat sea floor, where no diffraction hyperbolae occur. In contrast, the average static correction method can also be used in regions with rough morphology, but the coherency of reflections is slightly reduced compared to the results of the CDP static correction method.     

Application of the Single-Bubble Airgun Technique for OBS-Data Acquisition Across the Jan Mayen Ridge,North Atlantic

A 140 km long wide-angle seismic profile has been acquired by use of 6 Ocean Bottom Seismographs across the Jan Mayen Ridge, North Atlantic. The profile was acquired twice; once with a traditionally tuned standard source and secondly with a somewhat smaller source tuned on the first bubble pulse. Analysis of the frequency content of the data reveals that the single-bubble source within the 10-15 Hz frequency range generates a signal with a level about 5 db above that of the standard source. These differences can partly be related to differences in airgun depth. The higher output level for these frequencies enables the single-bubble source to resolve intra-crustal structures with a higher degree of certainty, when compared to the data acquired by use of the standard source array. The standard source seems to generate slightly more energy for frequencies around 6 Hz, probably due to the use of a large 1200 in/sup3 gun in this array. These low frequencies a re of importance for mapping of lower crustal and upper mantle structures, and it is recommended that this is taken into account when seismic sources for mapping of deep crustal and upper mantle structures are designed.     

利用三维地震资料评估深水井位工程地质灾害

随着深水油气勘探开发的快速发展,因地质灾害而发生的石油钻井事故也不断增加。据统计深水钻井大约30%的花费用于解决安全事故,其中大部分用于因地质灾害而引起的安全事故。在钻探之前通过对设计井位进行井场及钻井工程地质灾害评估,找出潜在的危害钻井安全的地质因素,可以在很大程度上避免这类事故的发生。采用以油气勘探为目的的三维地震数据,经二维高分辨率处理,对尼日尔三角洲井场区及钻井过程中可能引起的工程地质灾害因素进行评估,这些因素包括海底滑坡、浅部断层、浅层气、天然气水合物、浅层高压水流、古河谷、泥穿刺与泥火山、异常高压等。研究结果表明,采用三维地震数据经二维高分辨率处理,可得到较为丰富的地质信息,可以满足深水井位对工程地质灾害评估的要求。     

三维地震在Q区块侏罗系油气储层精细预测中的应用

针对Q区块侏罗系延安组构造岩性油气藏呈现的河道窄、各向异性强,单单靠井控难以刻画砂岩的展布特征和难以描述低幅度构造的勘探难题。利用三维地震具有良好的横向分辨率、连续性的优势,采用精细层位标定与速度分析、反射结构特征识别和反演等方法,完成了对构造、断裂、储层等成藏因素的精细预测,为井位部署提供有力的技术支撑。     

浅海工程中小道距高分辨率多道地震方法的应用

小道距多道地震排列是一种高分辨率的探测方法,利用该方法在鲁家峙-西闪岛-登步岛浅海连岛工程中获取高精度的地震数据,通过对数据进行分析处理与解释,获得调查区域的工程地质属性,了解基岩埋深和断层分布等情况,为编制预可行性研究报告提供必要工程地质依据。结果表明,小道距多道地震可以成功地应用于浅海工程环境地质调查。     

VHR Marine 3D Seismics for Shallow Water Investigations: Some Practical Guidelines

The design of very high resolution (VHR) 3D marine surveys not only depends on the theoretical considerations of seismic imaging, but is also dictated by the field conditions and the available budget. The main geophysical controlling factors include the depth and dip of the target, and horizontal and vertical resolution. Working in shallow water environments and at high frequencies will imply constraints on sampling, array directivity and positioning accuracy. In this paper we describe the main requirements and constraints involved in VHR 3D acquisition. The second part of the paper focuses on the flexible acquisition system “Opus3D” recently developed for shallow water investigations. The system provides improvements in imaging resolution in a relatively simple and cost-effective way. Acquisition and positioning constraints limit the system to nearshore studies. The experience gained from various surveys with this new acquisition system allow us to formulate a number of practical specifications and guidelines for 3D survey design in shallow water.     

河道砂岩体地震反射特征分析

按河道形态,河流分为４类：（１）顺直河;（２）曲流河;（３）辫状河;（４）网状河。根据河道砂岩体主体的宽（ｗ）与（ｈ）高之比,河道砂岩体分为带状砂岩体（ｗ∶ｈ小于１５）和席状砂岩体（ｗ∶ｈ大于１５）。在参考前人资料的基础上,总结了在横切河道的地震剖面上河道砂岩体的反射形态、结构及振幅变化。重点介绍了曲流河内侧沙洲地震勘探,以及三维地震勘探技术在寻找河道砂岩体方面的应用。并强调指出,在河道砂岩体地震勘探中,应当加强地震资料与钻井资料、测井资料的结合。     

琼东南盆地北礁凹陷梅山组顶部丘形反射特征及成因分析

南海琼东南盆地北礁凹陷中中新统梅山组顶部丘形反射目前引起广泛关注,前人推测为生物礁、重力蠕动与底流叠加成因、等深积丘等。本文通过钻井资料、二维、三维地震资料精细刻画丘形反射（残丘）和丘间水道特征及其成因。残丘及水道在北礁凸起不发育,在边缘斜坡中部和高地较发育,且有向高地两边规模减小趋势,不具对称性,残丘和水道呈平行-亚平行近E-W向展布,局部有合并分叉现象,与北礁凸起走向呈一小角度;丘宽562~1 223 m,丘高29~87 m,丘长10 km左右,存在丘翼削蚀,水道底蚀现象。地震属性分析表明三维工区西南部残丘间水道由砂泥岩互层充填,形成长条形强振幅,而残丘为中-低振幅;地震、钻井资料分析表明丘形反射（残丘）由钙质泥岩和泥岩组成,属于半深海沉积,且残丘内部波阻抗为5.0×106~6.5×106kg/m3·m/s,低于火山岩、灰岩波阻抗,属于砂泥岩地层范畴;根据梅山组下段水道由西向东强振幅变弱、分叉、前积反射和海山附近底流（等深流）沉积剥蚀特征综合判定底流古流向自西向东,根据海山两翼地震反射特征推测底流可追溯至晚中新世早期（11.6 Ma BP）,综合分析认为,研究区中中新统梅山组丘形反射是晚中新世早期底流切割梅山组地层形成的残丘。     

The Marine VHR 2.5-D Seismic Brute Stack Cube as a Feasible Tool for Low Budget Investigation and Research

Between 1997 and 1999 several marine seismic surveys were carried out in Kiel Bay aimed towards the development of a three-dimensional acquisition and interpretation technique for small scale subsurface structures using high-frequency sources and multichannel streamers. The data set was recently revisited by the author and reprocessed to obtain a multichannel stacked seismic data cube. Nominal hydrophone positions are deduced by determining offsets from first arrival times and estimating the hydrophone positions under consideration of the ships track. Processing towards a ‘seismic cube’ mainly comprised CMP sorting, constant velocity NMO correction and stacking. The resulting VHR 3-D seismic ‘brute stack cube’ reveals rich structural details. The fluvial Pleistocene channel system already documented in an earlier publication was tracked further to the north. It is situated below a flat cover of gas-bearing Holocene sediments, which locally constitute the seafloor. This till-horizon is superimposed on a second till layer showing strong topographic variations. Seismic signal phase and shielding effects indicate the possible presence of gas in these formations. This case history demonstrates that the VHR 3-D seismic method is a feasible tool for low budget investigation and research.     

A mid-Oligocene cooling (Oi-2b) reflected in the dinoflagellate record and in depositional sequence architecture. An integrated study from the eastern North Sea Basin

Integrated micropaleontological (dinoflagellate and foraminifera) and 3D seismic studies of Oligocene surfaces were carried out in the eastern North Sea in order to investigate the influence of the climate on the evolution of depositional geometries and surface morphologies.     

近海底高分辨率地震探测系统设计与实现

受大深度水体的影响,传统的海面拖曳式多道地震技术在进行深水地层探测时,目标地层深度处的菲涅耳半径非常大,水平分辨率低,难以满足海域天然气水合物高精度探测需求。针对海面拖曳式地震探测技术存在的上述问题,设计了一套可以在2 000 m水深近海底作业的地震探测系统。应用耐压透声发射阵技术,克服了20 MPa外压环境和瞬时内压冲击对等离子体震源子波幅频特性的不利影响,研制的深拖等离子体震源的声源级达到214 dB,主频低于1 000 Hz;水下控制中心采用集成SoC片上系统设计,可以对震源进行定距激发控制,进行近海底多道地震数据的连续采集。系统在2019年深海试验拖曳最大深度达2 025 m,测试剖面数据显示最大地层穿透深度达380 m,纵向分辨率<2 m,横向分辨率<10 m,为深水海域沉积地层的深拖高分辨率地震探测提供了技术支撑。     

Morphology,sedimentary infill and depositional environments of the Early Quaternary North Sea Basin (56°–62°N)

The North Sea Basin has been subsiding during the Quaternary and contains hundreds of metres of fill. Seismic surveys (170 000 km²) provide new evidence on Early Quaternary sedimentation, from about 2.75 Ma to around the Brunhes-Matuyama boundary (0.78 Ma). We present an informal seismic stratigraphy for the Early Quaternary of the North Sea, and calculate sediment volumes for major units. Early Quaternary sediment thickness is > 1000 m in the northern basin and >700 m in the central basin (total about 40 000 km³). Northern North Sea basin-fill comprises several clinoform units, prograding westward over 60 000 km². Architecture of the central basin also comprises clinoforms, building from the southeast. To the west, an acoustically layered and mounded unit (Unit Z) was deposited. Remaining accommodation space was filled with fine-grained sediments of two Central Basin units. Above these units, an Upper Regional Unconformity-equivalent (URU) records a conformable surface with flat-lying units that indicate stronger direct glacial influence than on the sediments below. On the North Sea Plateau north of 59°N, the Upper Regional Unconformity (URU) is defined by a shift from westward to eastward dipping seismic reflectors, recording a major change in sedimentation, with the Shetland Platform becoming a significant source. A model of Early Quaternary sediment delivery to the North Sea shows sources from the Scandinavian ice sheet and major European rivers. Clinoforms prograding west in the northern North Sea Basin, representing glacigenic debris flows, indicate an ice sheet on the western Scandinavian margin. In the central basin, sediments are generally fine-grained, suggesting a distal fluvial or glacifluvial origin from European rivers. Ploughmarks also demonstrate that icebergs, derived from an ice sheet to the north, drifted into the central North Sea Basin. By contrast, sediments and glacial landforms above the URU provide evidence for the later presence of a grounded ice sheet.     

双源单缆方式采集的天然气水合物三维地震数据采集脚印分析与压制处理

在海洋地震资料处理中,由于检波点空间分布不均匀造成的采集脚印现象会影响地震资料成像,特别是对双源单缆方式采集的三维地震数据影响更为明显。通过对海上某区双源单缆方式采集的天然气水合物三维地震数据采集脚印形成原因及特点的详细分析,最终分别在叠前采用子波处理、潮汐、水速校正、面元中心化方法,叠后采用频率、波数域滤波的方法压制采集脚印。通过以上关键技术的应用,提高了双源单缆方式采集的三维地震数据的信噪比和分辨率,采集脚印从时间切片和剖面上均有了明显衰减,而且实现了最大限度的保持振幅、频率、相位属性。为精细刻画、描述地质构造形态和预测天然气水合物储层分布及有利富集区带,提供可靠的地震资料。     

海洋地质地球物理调查技术方法发展趋势探讨

详细总结了海洋地质调查和海洋地球物理调查技术的发展状况、适用范围、主要存在的问题和发展方向,阐述了海洋地质调查取样技术发展趋势逐步向可视化、集成化、自动化、数字化和水下动力定位方向发展。海洋地质地球物理调查技术发展趋势主要由近海探测技术向深远海探测技术发展,由船载探测技术向近海底、原位观测技术发展,由单一探测技术向集成化、精细化探测技术、多方位立体式综合调查等方向发展。     

海洋天然气水合物的地球物理研究(III): 似海底反射

精准识别天然气水合物对于保障国家能源安全、优化能源结构和环境保护等方面都具有重要的战略意义。地震勘探技术是水合物勘查的重要手段,但海域多道地震勘探多采用气枪震源,震源主频较低,导致地震波的分辨率有限,限制了其在探测浅表层或细微地质结构中的能力。随着水合物勘查精度和难度日益增长,采用气枪震源的地震勘探技术已无法满足精细刻画水合物矿体的需要。因此,提高地震勘探技术的分辨率对于水合物勘查而言至关重要。本文介绍了一种基于电火花震源的小道距高分辨率地震探测技术,通过与气枪震源的对比分析,深入探讨了电火花震源的特点及其在海域水合物勘查中的应用,研究结果表明,电火花震源地震勘探技术在扩散型水合物和浅表层渗漏型水合物识别中都具有良好的应用效果,尤其是对于浅表层渗漏型水合物,电火花震源地震可以更好地识别出海底和浅部地层的振幅异常、流体运移通道和海底微地貌,可有效提高浅表层渗漏型水合物识别的可靠性。

     

小道距高分辨率多道地震对天然气水合物勘查的适用性

在海底以下100~1 100 m的沉积层的地质勘探中,小道距高分辨率多道地震勘探可以获得高信噪比、高分辨率的地震资料。选取合适的地震采集参数,小道距高分辨率多道地震采集技术同样适用于天然气水合物勘查,针对水合物勘探选取合适的地震采集和地震处理参数,可以提高浅部地层分辨率和水合物识别精度。海上地震采集参数设置是非常重要的,尤其是高的采样率为后续地震数据处理,提高剖面分辨率提供了可能。