氢氧化钡催化蓖麻油酯交换制备生物柴油

以蓖麻油为原料,用氢氧化钡作为非均相碱催化剂,酯交换反应制备生物柴油.比较了氢氧化钡与其他典型催化剂催化的产率,研究了反应醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量和反应时间对生物柴油收率的影响.结果表明,蓖麻油在以氢氧化钡为催化剂的酯交换反应中适宜条件为:醇油摩尔比为6∶1,蓖麻油与催化剂摩尔比为10∶1,反应时间20min,在此条件下生物柴油收率达98.35%.     

大豆油酯交换法制备生物柴油

采用大豆油在催化剂氢氧化钠作用下与甲醇发生酯交换反应制备生物柴油.研究了醇油摩尔比、催化荆质量分数、反应时间、反应温度等对反应产率的影响.采用红外光谱表征产品.实验结果表明,当醇油摩尔比5.9:1,反应时间2 h,催化荆用量为原料油质量的0.99%,反应温度65℃时,生物柴油的收率最高,为87%.     

山苍籽核仁油合成生物柴油研究

以山苍籽核仁油为原料,采用固体酸催化酯化-相转移催化酯交换反应合成生物柴油.从固体酸SO_4~2-/ZrO_2为催化剂进行酯化反应降低酸值,以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)/NaOH为相转移催化剂进行酯交换反应,得到合成牛物柴油的优化工艺条件.研究结果表明,固体酸SO_4~(2-)/ZrO_2催化酯化反应的最佳条件为:油重4%的SO_4~(2-)/ZrO_2,醇油摩尔比为10:1,温度为68℃,反应时间为4 h,原油酸值降到2.52 mg/g:该法相对浓硫酸催化酯化法具有不需耐酸设备、催化剂易回收、无废水排放等优点;相转移催化酯交换反应的最佳条件为:温度为25℃,0.5%的十六烷基三甲基溴化铵,油重1%的NaOH,醇油摩尔比为6:1,反应15 min,原油酯交换率达到97.6%;采用相转移催化技术,反应在常温下进行,大大减少了能耗,缩短了反应时间,具有的产业化前景.     

负载型磷钨酸催化剂的制备、 表征及酯交换制备生物

通过浸渍法将磷钨酸负载于Worm like状介孔载体上, 制备负载型磷钨酸催化剂,  并采用X射线衍射（XRD）、 红外光谱(FR IR)、 N2吸附 脱附等方法对载体和负载型催化剂进行表征. 将负载型磷钨酸催化剂用于蓖麻油和甲醇的酯交换反应制备生物柴油, 用高碘酸氧化法测定酯交换的转化率. 考察反应温度、 甲醇和蓖麻油物质的量比、 反应时间和磷钨酸负载量等参数对酯交换反应的影响. 结果表明, 在55 ℃, 醇油物质的量比为6, 反应时间2 h, 磷钨酸负载量为50%的催化剂条件下, 酯交换转化率可达95.1%.     

正交优化脂肪酶催化菜籽油制备生物柴油

研究了影响脂肪酶LVK催化菜籽油乙醇解的因素,即醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应温度和反应时间。并通过正交优化,得出脂肪酶LVK催化菜籽油乙醇解制备生物柴油的最佳反应条件为:醇油摩比4:1、催化剂用量6%、反应温度40℃、反应时间为36 h,产率为79.8%。并利用气相色谱分析了产物中脂肪酸乙酯的组成。     

碱性脂肪酶催化大豆油合成生物柴油

以叔丁醇为反应介质,研究碱性脂肪酶加入量、醇油摩尔比、甲醇加入次数和加入时间、反应温度、反应时间对酯交换合成生物柴油的转化率影响,得到最佳的反应条件：酶的加入量为每1mmol大豆油加入256U;醇油摩尔比4：1;反应温度32℃;摇床转速150r／min;反应时间48h;甲醇分四次加入（t=0,4,12,28h）,每次加入总量的1／4。用气相色谱测定,其转化率达到90．1％。     

硅胶固载钛酸酯的制备及其对酯化反应的催化研究

以四氯化钛和不同物质的量比的2-乙基己醇反应,然后与硅胶作用制备了硅胶固载化催化剂.合成条件用正交试验进行了优化.结果表明:最适宜反应条件为钛醇物质的量比为1∶3;反应温度120℃;反应时间2h;理论固载量为20%.测定了固载钛酸酯的钛含量,并用IR对固载催化剂进行了初步表征.以不同物质的量比固载催化剂进行了苯甲酸和2-乙基己醇酯化反应的催化研究,同时与未固载钛酸酯进行了对比,发现固载催化剂活性明显降低,其中以钛与醇物质的量比1∶2制得的固载催化剂效果较好.经5次催化剂重复使用试验,表明硅胶固载催化剂具有很好的稳定性,重复使用性能良好.     

生物柴油高效合成方法研究

采用连续流动式、碱催化和超声辅助强化等手段,研究了一种新的生物柴油合成方法.优化了温度、催化荆用量和反应时间等影响酯交换反应的因素.采用核磁共振(NMR)分析方法,研究了在不同反应条件下的酯交换率.结果表明,当流动式反应盘管长为130 cm,甲醇与大豆油以9:1的摩尔比混合,反应温度为40℃,反应时间为13 min,NaOH用量在油重的0.5%的实验条件下酯交换率可达到99.9%以上.     

大豆油酯交换制备生物柴油的研究

利用K2CO3和Al2O3制备固体碱催化剂,将它用于大豆油和甲醇酯交换制备生物柴油.通过实验考察醇油摩尔比,催化剂用量,反应温度和反应时间4个工艺条件对生物柴油产率的影响,最后确定最佳的反应条件为:醇油摩尔比9:1,催化剂用量2%,温度60℃,反应时间4h,在此条件下得到的生物柴油产率为72.3%.     

固体酸催化大豆油甲酯化制备生物柴油的研究

以甲醇和大豆油为原料,以固体酸为催化剂,通过酯交换反应制备生物柴油.考察了反应时间、反应温度、催化剂用量和醇油摩尔比各单因素对生物柴油产率的影响,得到最佳工艺条件:反应时间3.5 h,反应温度70℃,催化剂用量为大豆油质量的6.0%,醇油摩尔比为7:1,生物柴油产率可达93.5%.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.