新一代基于模型的迭代重建在低剂量上腹部CT中的应用

目的 比较自适应统计迭代重建（ASIR）、常规基于模型的迭代重建（MBIRc）、新一代基于模型的迭代重建（MBIRn）中优化低密度对比设置的MBIR_NR403种算法对低剂量上腹部CT图像质量的影响。方法 采用CT扫描静止状态下水模,比较0.625 mm层厚时滤波反投影算法（FBP）、ASIR、MBIRc和MBIR_NR40的空间分辨率和密度分辨率。1年内接受2次腹部增强CT扫描受检者60例,初次检查采用常规辐射剂量（噪声指数=10）扫描,FBP重建。复查时采用低辐射剂量方案（噪声指数=20）扫描,分别采用标准算法ASIR、MBIRc和MBIR_NR40三种方法重建为0.625 mm层厚的图像后进行对比分析。测量皮下脂肪、背部肌肉、肝脾实质CT值和噪声,计算以皮下脂肪为背景的肝脾实质CNR,采用单因素方差分析比较各重建算法噪声和CNR。由2名放射科医师以常规剂量FBP重建为基础,采用半定量目测评分法盲法进行噪声和细节结构、病变边缘清晰度评分,比较主观评分差异,评价观察者间一致性。结果 体模研究提示MBIRc空间分辨率最高,MBIR_NR40密度分辨率最高。临床研究显示初次检查剂量长度乘积（DLP）为（368.03±146.25） mGy·cm,有效剂量（ED）为（5.52±2.19） mSv;复查时DLP为（93.18±41.21） mGy.cm,ED为（1.40±0.62） mSv,分别下降约74.68%和74.64%。MBIR_NR40重建图像肌肉、脂肪噪声低于MBIRc、ASIR重建和常规剂量FBP重建（P均<0.05）。MBIR_NR40重建图像肝脾CNR大于MBIRc、ASIR重建和常规剂量FBP重建（P均<0.05）。2名放射科医师主观评分一致性优良。低剂量MBIR_NR40主观图像噪声最低、显示上腹部细节结构和病变边缘特征最清晰,优于MBIRc,MBIRc优于常规剂量FBP,低剂量ASIR最差,差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。结论 减少辐射剂量约75%低剂量上腹部成像时,MBIR重建图像质量优于ASIR、MBIRc重建图像及常规剂量FBP图像。     

基于模型及自适应统计迭代重建优化儿童腹部低剂量CT血管造影图像质量

目的 评价基于模型的迭代重建（MBIR）及自适应统计迭代重建（ASIR）优化100 kV儿童腹部CT血管造影（CTA）图像质量的价值。方法 对55例患儿行100 kV低剂量腹部CTA,分别采用MBIR、100% ASIR、80% ASIR、60% ASIR、40% ASIR及滤过反向投影（FBP）算法重建为6组图像,评价图像质量,包括图像噪声、大动脉（LA）及小动脉（SA）显示能力;对比各级动脉CT值及标准差（SD）,计算信噪比（SNR）及对比噪声比（CNR）。结果 图像噪声主观评分及LA评分以MBIR图像最高,ASIR次之,FBP图像质量最差;SA评分以MBIR图像最佳,FBP次之;随权重提升,ASIR图像评分逐渐降低,100% ASIR最低（P均<0.05）。MBIR图像SD最低,其SNR及CNR明显高于其他图像（P均<0.05）。结论 MBIR可明显提高儿童低剂量CTA图像质量,100% ASIR仅可提高图像显示LA能力。     

小FOV用于256层CT前瞻性心电门控冠状动脉成像

目的 探讨小FOV用于256层CT前瞻性心电门控冠状动脉成像（CTCA）的可行性。方法 收集拟接受CTCA的疑似冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病患者120例,随机分为小FOV组（FOV<200 mm）和大FOV组（FOV≥200 mm）,各60例,行前瞻性心电门控CTCA,比较组间图像质量、容积CT剂量指数（CTDIvol）、扫描长度、剂量长度乘积（DLP）及有效辐射剂量（ED）的差异。结果 小FOV组和大FOV组FOV分别为（173.55±11.34）mm和（231.40±12.44）mm。小FOV组与大FOV组图像质量评分差异无统计学意义[（3.85±0.52） vs （3.77±0.46）分,P >0.05];小FOV组CTDIvol[（19.28±0.24）mGy]、扫描长度[（121.95±7.72）mm]、DLP[（234.97±13.30）mGy/cm]和ED[（3.28±0.19）mSv]均显著低于大FOV组[CTDIvol：（20.52±0.57）mGy、扫描长度：（133.32±8.90）mm、DLP：（273.87±24.45）mGy/cm、ED：（3.84±0.35）mSv,P均<0.001]。结论 256层前瞻性心电门控CTCA中,采用小FOV可在保证图像质量的同时明显降低辐射剂量。     

低管电压与低流速对比剂联合迭代算法在下肢动脉CTA中的应用

目的 探讨低流速对比剂、低电压扫描结合迭代重建算法在下肢动脉CTA检查中的应用价值。方法 收集60例接受双下肢动脉CTA检查者,将其随机分为两组、各30例,实验组:采用低管电压(80 kV)扫描,对比剂注射速率3.3 ml/s,迭代算法重建图像;对照组:采用常规管电压(120 kV),对比剂注射速率5.0 ml/s,使用滤波反投影法进行图像重建。扫描结束后记录容积剂量指数(CTDI)和剂量长度乘积(DLP)。测量腹部至小腿8个ROI及周围肌肉组织的CT值和标准差(图像噪声),计算CNR及SNR,并对图像质量进行评分。比较2组的辐射剂量、碘注射量、血管CT值及图像质量。结果 实验组的CTDI和DLP分别为(3.57±0.64) mGy和(429.26±97.60)mGy·cm,对照组分别为(7.23±0.86)mGy、(918.15±173.53)mGy·cm,二者差异有统计学意义(P均<0.001)。实验组平均碘注射量为(22.49±2.03)g,对照组(33.48±2.97)g,差异有统计学意义(t=2.58,P<0.05)。实验组8个ROI的平均血管CT值和图像噪声均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。两组间CNR、SNR和图像质量主观评分差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论 采用80 kV管电压、3.3 ml/s对比剂注射速率联合迭代算法行双下肢动脉CTA检查,能够在保证图像质量的同时减少患者所接受的辐射剂量和碘注射量。     

适应性统计迭代重建技术降低胸部低剂量CT图像噪声的效果

目的 探讨适应性统计迭代重建(ASIR)技术降低胸部低剂量CT图像噪声的效果。方法 选取180例接受胸部CT检查的患者随机分为3组,采用自动毫安调节技术行胸部CT扫描。3组预设噪声指数(NI)分别为20、30及40,对每组图像均行ASIR为0、30%、50%及80%重建成4种图像。记录3组的CT剂量指数(CTDI_vol)、剂量长度乘积(DLP)并估算有效剂量(ED)。由2名医师对图像质量采用5分制进行评估,并用Kappa检验评价观察者间的一致性。结果 3组图像的质量均满足临床诊断要求,观察者间的评估具有一致性(Kappa值为0.485)。第一组的CTDI_vol为(3.41±1.28)mGy,第二组为(1.40±0.58)mGy,第三组为(0.76±0.46)mGy。第三组的ED降至(0.35±0.20)mSv。第二组ASIR₅₀的图像噪声和第三组的ASIR₈₀比较差异无统计学意义。结论 ASIR技术有助于降低胸部低剂量图像的噪声,在保证诊断图像质量的前提下,ED可降至0.35 mSv。     

基于模型的迭代重建算法与自适应迭代重建算法对肺炎患儿胸部低剂量CT图像质量的优化

目的 评价基于模型的迭代重建（MBIR）算法、自适应迭代重建（ASiR）算法及滤波反投影（FBP）算法对肺炎患儿胸部低剂量CT图像质量的优化。方法 选取肺炎患儿41例,根据年龄设定噪声指数（NI）。将原始数据重建为5 mm的MBIR图像（序列A）,5 mm的30%ASiR与70%滤波反射投影（FBP）混合图像（序列B）,5 mm的FBP（序列C）图像,由2名医师主观评价图像质量,并计算优化信噪比（SNR）及辐射剂量。结果 序列A图像的主观噪声、细微结构的显示方面明显优于序列B及序列C图像,但结构边缘略为模糊;序列A图像的客观噪声值较序列B及序列C图像噪声降低,SNR较序列B及序列C升高,辐射剂量约为（0.24±0.05）mSv。结论 序列A的图像质量明显优于序列B及序列C的图像。     

比较两种心电后门控儿童冠状动脉CT扫描方案

目的 比较采用心电后门控两种不同扫描方案对儿童进行冠状动脉CT成像（CCTA）的图像质量和辐射剂量。方法 收集32例接受CCTA的患儿,按就诊顺序分为A、B两组,各16例。A组采用心电调节管电流方案进行扫描,R-R间期40%~80%期相管电流设为350mAs,其他期相管电流设为70mAs;B组采用个体化调节管电流方案进行扫描,即根据患儿定位像上特定区域CT值确定管电流。比较两种扫描方案所获得的图像质量、剂量长度乘积（DLP）及有效剂量（ED）。结果 两名放射科医师对A组图像质量的评分分别为（3.45±0.61）分和（3.32±0.73）分,对B组图像质量的评分分别为（3.51±0.50）分和（3.42±0.52）分,两组间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;A、B两组图像SD值分别为（25.03±4.81）HU和（25.85±1.24）HU,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。A组DLP·cm]明显高于B组·cm,P<0.05],A组ED与B组比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 对儿童行心电后门控CCTA时,采用个体化调节管电流方案可在保证图像质量的同时有效降低辐射剂量,具有重要临床应用价值。     

FBP、iDose4和IMR重建算法对低剂量双下肢CTA图像质量的影响

目的 探讨滤波反投影（FBP）、混合迭代重建（iDose⁴）和基于模型的迭代重建（IMR）技术对低剂量双下肢CTA图像质量的影响。方法 对56例成年患者行双下肢CTA扫描,分别用FBP、iDose⁴和IMR方法重建,测量下肢各段血管（腹主动脉分叉处、髂总动脉分叉处、股动脉近端、股动脉中段和腘动脉近端）的CT值、图像噪声及对比噪声比（CNR）,并采用4分法对3组图像质量分别进行主观评分。结果 FBP、iDose⁴和IMR重建图像的下肢各段血管平均CT值分别为（511.07±195.05）HU、（492.63±178.74）HU、（487.63±197.20）HU,三者间差异无统计学意义（F=1.175,P>0.05）。图像噪声分别为（76.24±20.85）HU、（39.16±11.75）HU、（13.09±2.55）HU,三者间差异有统计学意义（F=1 460.000,P<0.05）。CNR分别为6.35±3.14、12.97±5.10、33.83±15.85,三者间差异有统计学意义（F=646.122,P<0.05）。图像质量主观评分IMR（3.75±0.46）、FBP（1.39±0.51）、iDose⁴（2.61±0.81）差异有统计学意义（χ²=476.79,P<0.05）,膝关节以上、下段动脉可诊断率IMR（98.66%）明显高于FBP（1.34%）、iDose⁴（56.70%）,差异均有统计学意义（χ²=427.9,P<0.05）。结论 行低辐射剂量双下肢CTA扫描时,相比FBP和iDose⁴,IMR可以显著降低图像噪声,提高图像质量,且能满足诊断要求。     

超低剂量下不同迭代重建技术在肺动脉成像中的优化

目的 探讨不同迭代重建技术在超低剂量肺动脉成像中的应用价值。方法 对30例临床疑似肺动脉栓塞患者行CT肺动脉成像,扫描采用80 kV管电压并开启自动管电流调制技术,分别采用滤波反投影法(FBP)、iDOSE⁴、迭代模型重建(IMR)重建图像。采用5分制评价肺动脉主干及其分支的图像质量,测量计算图像噪声值、SNR、CNR,记录CT容积剂量指数(CTDIvol)、剂量长度乘积(DLP)、计算有效剂量(ED)。比较不同重建技术图像噪声、SNR、CNR及主观图像质量。结果 30例患者的平均体质量指数(BMI)为(25.12±2.48)kg/m²;平均CTDIvol为(0.78±0.28)mGy;平均DLP为(30.46±11.34)mGy·cm,平均ED为(0.43±0.16)mSv。IMR、iDOSE⁴、FBP图像噪声依次增高(P<0.05),SNR、CNR依次降低(P<0.05),CT值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。IMR、iDOSE⁴图像的主观评分显著高于FBP(P<0.05);IMR、iDOSE⁴图像可诊断率高于FBP(P<0.05),IMR图像优良率高于iDOSE⁴(P<0.05)。结论 采用80 kV联合IMR可保证肺动脉成像较高的图像质量,同时大大降低患者辐射剂量。     

比较以自适应性统计迭代重建技术和滤过反投影重建的低剂量腹部CT的图像质量

目的比较应用自适应性统计迭代重建技术(ASIR)和滤过反投影(FBP)两种重建技术获得不同低剂量腹部CT扫描图像的质量及对病变的优化显示。方法选取22例临床诊断肝脏占位而接受腹部增强扫描的患者,在常规动脉期扫描后门静脉期分别以150mAs和100mAs对病变中心上下10cm范围进行连续扫描,分别用FBP及3个水平(30%、50%、70%)的ASIR重建图像,测量并比较图像噪声及容积CT剂量指数(CIDIvol),并对所得图像进行图像质量评分。结果与FBP相比,ASIR可降低图像噪声,减少伪影,增加诊断信心度(P<0.001)。采用150mAs及100mAs扫描时,30%ASIR和50%ASIR图像的诊断信心度评分较好,CIDIvol分别为12.74mGy、8.59mGy,均低于常规扫描剂量(P<0.05)。150mAs时,与FBP比较,30%ASIR、50%ASIR和70%ASIR重建图像中,肝实质、背景肌肉及门静脉的平均噪声均有所降低,分别为(18.74%、30.39%、41.49%)、(18.73%、30.67%、41.85%)、(22.66%、37.14%、43.61%);100mAs时,则分别降低(20.37%、32.22%、43.32%)、(18.63%、30.48%、41.57%)和(21.39%、35.09%、45.72%)。100mAs-30%ASIR图像噪声与150mAs-FBP图像噪声差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而扫描剂量降低32.96%。结论采用ASIR重建算法可有效提高图像质量,降低腹部CT扫描辐射剂量。     

Image Quality Assessment in Torso Phantom Comparing Effects of Varying Automatic Current Modulation with Filtered Back Projection,Adaptive Statistical,and Model-Based Iterative Reconstruction Techniques in CT

ObjectivesTo compare image quality on computed tomographic (CT) images acquired with different levels of automatic tube current modulation reconstructed with filtered back projection (FBP), adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR), and novel model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR) techniques.MethodsA torso phantom was scanned at 17 different noise levels of automatic current modulation and images were reconstructed with FBP, ASIR, and MBIR. Objective and subjective image qualities were assessed. Effective dose was also calculated.ResultsObjective image analysis supports significant noise reduction and superior contrast to noise ratio with new a MBIR technique. Subjective image parameters were maximally rated for MBIR followed by ASIR then FBP. The reconstruction algorithms were evaluated over effective doses ranging from 0.7 to 3 mSv.ConclusionMBIR shows superior reduction in noise and improved image quality (both objective and subjective analysis) compared with ASIR and FBP. It was possible to achieve meaningful image quality even at the highest noise index of 70 achieving substantial dose reduction to as low as 0.7 mSv.     

CT of the pancreas: comparison of image quality and pancreatic duct depiction among model-based iterative,adaptive statistical iterative,and filtered back projection reconstruction techniques

The purpose of this study is to compare CT images of the pancreas reconstructed with model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR), adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASiR), and filtered back projection (FBP) techniques for image quality and pancreatic duct (PD) depiction. Data from 40 patients with contrast-enhanced abdominal CT [CTDIvol: 10.3 ± 3.0 (mGy)] during the late arterial phase were reconstructed with FBP, 40% ASiR–FBP blending, and MBIR. Two radiologists assessed the depiction of the main PD, image noise, and overall image quality using 5-point scale independently. Objective CT value and noise were measured in the pancreatic parenchyma, and the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of the PD was calculated. The Friedman test and post-hoc multiple comparisons with Bonferroni test following one-way ANOVA were used for qualitative and quantitative assessment, respectively. For the subjective assessment, scores for MBIR were significantly higher than those for FBP and 40% ASiR (all P < 0.001). No significant differences in CT values of the pancreatic parenchyma were noted among FBP, 40% ASiR, and MBIR images (P > 0.05). Objective image noise was significantly lower and CNR of the PD was higher with MBIR than with FBP and 40% ASiR (all P < 0.05). Our results suggest that pancreatic CT images reconstructed with MBIR have lower image noise, better image quality, and higher conspicuity and CNR of the PD compared with FBP and ASiR.     

高级迭代重建算法降低腹部CT剂量的潜能:体模研究

目的 探讨将高级迭代重建算法[基于模型的迭代重建(MBIR)技术和自适应统计迭代重建(ASiR)]技术用于降低腹部CT扫描剂量的可行性.方法 应用宝石能谱CT(Discovery CT750 HD)以不同管电流(400、350、300、250、200、180、160、140、120、100、80、60、50、40、30、20、10 mA)对Fluke Biomedical RANDO标准男性模体进行扫描,管电压为均120kV,X线球管旋转时间0.60s,螺距0.984,层厚5 mm,层间距5 mm,矩阵512×512,DFOV 35 cm.记录不同管电流扫描条件下的CT容积剂量指数(CTDIvol)和剂量长度乘积(DLP).分别用滤过反投影重建(FBP)、50％自适应迭代重建算法(50％ASiR)及模型基础的迭代重建技术(MBIR)进行图像重建,重建层厚均为0.625 mm.测量三种重建模式下图像的平均CT值、噪声及对比噪声比(CNR,腰椎与软组织的对比).结果 相同管电流条件下三种重建模式的噪声、CNR差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05).不同管电流(400～10 mA)条件下,50％ASiR及MBIR重建算法(相对于FBP算法)使噪声分别减少(27.86％～31.46％)及(45.36％～86.37％),SNR分别提高(28.68％～31.08％)及(46.43％～84.38％).图像能够符合诊断要求的最小管电流分别为FBP:200 mA、50％ ASiR:140 mA及MBIR:80 mA.在图像质量类似的情况下,MBIR及50％ ASiR模式分别可减少59.91％及35.94％剂量.三种重建模式CT值差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05).结论 高级重建算法能够减少图像噪声及提高图像CNR,同时具有减少腹部CT扫描剂量的潜能;相对于FBP,MBIR重建算法能够减少约60％的扫描剂量.     

Image quality of CT angiography with model-based iterative reconstruction in young children with congenital heart disease: comparison with filtered back projection and adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction

To retrospectively evaluate the image quality of CT angiography (CTA) reconstructed by model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR) and to compare this with images obtained by filtered back projection (FBP) and adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR) in newborns and infants with congenital heart disease (CHD). Thirty-seven children (age 4.8 ± 3.7 months; weight 4.79 ± 0.47 kg) with suspected CHD underwent CTA on a 64detector MDCT without ECG gating (80 kVp, 40 mA using tube current modulation). Total dose length product was recorded in all patients. Images were reconstructed using FBP, ASIR, and MBIR. Objective image qualities (density, noise) were measured in the great vessels and heart chambers. The contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) was calculated by measuring the density and noise of myocardial walls. Two radiologists evaluated images for subjective noise, diagnostic confidence, and sharpness at the level prior to the first branch of the main pulmonary artery. Images were compared with respect to reconstruction method, and reconstruction times were measured. Images from all patients were diagnostic, and the effective dose was 0.22 mSv. The objective image noise of MBIR was significantly lower than those of FBP and ASIR in the great vessels and heart chambers (P < 0.05); however, with respect to attenuations in the four chambers, ascending aorta, descending aorta, and pulmonary trunk, no statistically significant difference was observed among the three methods (P > 0.05). Mean CNR values were 8.73 for FBP, 14.54 for ASIR, and 22.95 for MBIR. In addition, the subjective image noise of MBIR was significantly lower than those of the others (P < 0.01). Furthermore, while FBP had the highest score for image sharpness, ASIR had the highest score for diagnostic confidence (P < 0.05), and mean reconstruction times were 5.1 ± 2.3 s for FBP and ASIR and 15.1 ± 2.4 min for MBIR. While CTA with MBIR in newborns and infants with CHD can reduce image noise and improve CNR more than other methods, it is more time-consuming than the other methods.     

A novel iterative reconstruction algorithm allows reduced dose multidetector-row CT imaging of mechanical prosthetic heart valves

Multidetector-row CT is promising for prosthetic heart valve (PHV) assessment but retrospectively ECG-gated scanning has a considerable radiation dose. Recently introduced iterative reconstruction (IR) algorithms may enable radiation dose reduction with retained image quality. Furthermore, PHV image quality on the CT scan mainly depends on extent of PHV artifacts. IR may decrease streak artifacts. We compared image noise and artifact volumes in scans of mechanical PHVs reconstructed with conventional filtered back projection (FBP) to lower dose scans reconstructed with IR. Four different PHVs (St. Jude, Carbomedics, ON-X and Medtronic Hall) were scanned in a pulsatile in vitro model. Ten retrospectively ECG-gated CT scans were performed of each PHV at 120 kV, 600 mAs (high-dose CTDI_vol 35.3 mGy) and 120 kV, 300 mAs (low-dose CTDI_vol 17.7 mGy) on a 64 detector-row scanner. Diastolic and systolic images were reconstructed with FBP (high and low-dose) and the IR algorithm (low-dose only). Hypo- and hyperdense artifact volumes were determined using two threshold filters. Image noise was measured. Mean hypo- and hyperdense artifact volumes (mm³) were 1,235/5,346 (high-dose FBP); 2,405/6,877 (low-dose FBP) and 1,218/5,333 (low-dose IR). Low-dose IR reconstructions had similar image noise compared to high-dose FBP (16.5 ± 1.7 vs. 16.3 ± 1.6, mean ± SD, respectively, P = 1.0). IR allows ECG-gated PHV imaging with similar image noise and PHV artifacts at 50% less dose compared to conventional FBP in an pulsatile in vitro model.