饲料铜的添加量对南美白对虾生长、血液免疫因子及组织铜的影响

通过在饲料中分别加入不同水平的硫酸铜,初步研究了饲料铜的添加量与南美白对虾(Litopenaeusvannamei)生长、血液免疫因子及组织中铜分布的关系。饲料铜元素的添加量分别为0、7.5、15、30、45mg/kg。研究结果表明,铜的含量对南美白对虾生长影响显著,添加水平30mg/kg的实验组生长速度显著高于其他组(P<0.05),成活率各组间差异不显著。实验组对虾的酚氧化酶(PO)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活力都高于对照组,其中当添加水平为30mg/kg时,两种酶的活力均最强。对虾肌肉铜的含量各组间无显著差异,为(4.27±1.83)mg/kg,个体间差异非常大;肝胰脏(包括淋巴器官)铜的最高含量为210.36mg/kg,最低为33.78mg/kg(空白对照组),明显高于肌肉中的含量。研究结果表明,饲料铜的含量对对虾生长影响显著,并影响对虾的免疫能力;肝胰脏是对虾体内铜的主要积累器官。     

不同环境条件对溶藻弧菌粘附大黄鱼肠粘液的影响

在低盐度5~6和水温25~29℃条件下,分别投喂1种对照饲料和7种添加二甲基-β-丙酸噻亭(DMPT)(添加量分别为100、2003、00、400、5006、00和700mg.kg-1)的试验饲料,饲养初始体重约每尾0.77g的凡纳滨对虾56d,观察DMPT对凡纳滨对虾的生长、蜕壳和渗透压调节的影响。实验结果表明,添加DMPT的各组凡纳滨对虾增重率随着DMPT添加量的增加,呈现先升后降的趋势,在400mg.kg-1凡纳滨对虾增重率达到最高,显著高于对照组;与对照组相比,各试验组凡纳滨对虾的饲料系数均不同程度降低,500mg.kg-1DMPT组凡纳滨对虾的饲料系数降低达到显著水平。添加DMPT对凡纳滨对虾的蜕壳次数无显著影响。除100mg.kg-1DMPT组外,DMPT组凡纳滨对虾的渗透压均明显低于对照组,其中,添加300和500mg.kg-1组凡纳滨对虾的渗透压降低呈现显著性差异。凡纳滨对虾肌肉粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量随着DMPT水平增加呈现出先上升后下降的趋势。粗蛋白含量在DMPT添加量为400mg.kg-1时达到最高,粗脂肪含量在DMPT添加量为600mg.kg-1时达到最高,均显著高于对照组。以增重率为判定指标,DMPT在凡纳滨对虾饲料中的适宜添加量为383mg.kg-1。     

β-1,3-葡聚糖对凡纳滨对虾生长性能的影响

以不添加β,3-葡聚糖的半纯化饲料为基础饲料,分别在其基础上添加0、100、200、400、600和800 mg·kg-1(分别记做G0、G100、G200、G400、G600、组)的β-1,3-葡聚糖,对平均体重为(0.55±0.01)g的凡纳滨对虾幼虾进行5周的饲养试验,研究β-1,3-葡聚糖对凡纳滨对虾幼虾存活率、特定生长率和饲料效率的影响.试验结果表明,随着饲料中β.1,3-葡聚糖添加量的增加,凡纳滨对虾的特定生长率呈现先升高后降低的趋势,在400 mg·k-1组达到最高值,但各试验组间没有显著差异;除800mg·kg-1组外,添加β-1,3-葡聚糖试验组的饲料效率均高对照组,在400 mg·kg-1组饲料效率最高,显著高于对照组和(P<0.05);各组凡纳滨对虾的存活率没有显著差异.通过二次回归分析,得到特定生长率y(%)与β-1,3-匍聚糖添加量x(mg·kg-1)的关系为y=-2E-06x2 0.0014x+3.2905,R2=0.9385,凡纳滨对虾饲料中β-1,3-葡聚糖的最适添加量为336.5mg·kg-1.     

饲料中添加硫酸锌对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼生长和机体抗氧化功能的影响

试验以硫酸锌为锌源,评价不同锌水平对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼(Oreochrvmis aureus ♂×Oreochromis niloticus♂)生长和抗氧化能力的影响.体质量为(4.13±0.32)g罗非鱼随机分配在18个水族箱中,每箱20尾,每3个箱为1个处理组,分别以添加锌为0、20、40、80、160和320 mg·kg-1的6种饲料投喂,日投喂率为鱼体重5%～9%.8周的试验结果表明:20 mg·kg-1锌饲料组的增重率和鱼体蛋白含量显著高于其它各组(P<0.05),蛋白质效率、饲料转化率也明显高于其它各组;全鱼脂肪含量随着饲料锌水平的升高而升高,但320 mg·kg-1锌饲料组降低;20 mg·kg-1锌饲料组,脊椎骨中锌离子浓度达到最大值且显著高于0 mg·kg-1锌饲料组(P<0.05);20 mg·kg-1与40 mg·kg-1锌饲料组的血液中红细胞数量显著高于其它各添加组(P<0.05),20 mg·kg-1锌饲料组的血液中血比容显著高于0 mg·kg-1组(P<0.05),与其它各组没有显著差异;肌肉中,硫代巴比妥酸反应产物(TBARS)(Thiobarbituricacid-reactivesubstances)的量,锌为0mg·kg-1饲料组显著高于其它各组(P<0.05).综上所述,饲料中锌添加量为20 mg·kg-1饲料促进了罗非鱼生长,使鱼体抗氧化功能增强.     

铜及其蛋氨酸螯合物对中国对虾生长的影响

研究了饵料中添加硫酸铜和蛋氨酸铜对中国对虾生长的影响，结果：1kg饵料中铜添加量以20mg为宜，随铜添加量增加；对虾生长率和成活率明显下降。随着蛋氨酸铜含量的增加，对虾体内铜的沉积量直线上升；而硫酸铜的添加量在80mg/kg以下时，虾体内铜的沉积量直线上升；在120mg/kg以上时，虾体内铜的沉积量开始下降。     

草鱼幼鱼对烟酸的需要量

草鱼幼鱼的初始体重为(12.43±0.80) g,试验分为7组,其饲料中烟酸含量分别为5.1、9.8、16.6、32.2、66.7、130.1、271.5 mg·kg-1,每组设3个重复,每桶30尾鱼,日投喂率2%～3%,饲养试验周期为8周.研究不同含量烟酸对草鱼幼鱼生长性能、饲料系数、机体营养组分、造血功能及血脂的影响,以确定草鱼幼鱼饲料中适宜烟酸需要量.试验结果表明:①添加烟酸显著提高了特定生长率、增重率和草鱼幼鱼的存活率,对草鱼幼鱼肥满度无显著影响;烟酸含量为32.2 mg·kg-1时草鱼的特定生长率和增重率最大,饲料系数最低,并与其它各组存在显著差异;②添加烟酸对草鱼全鱼水分、灰分无显著影响,显著提高了全鱼粗脂肪含量,但各添加组间无显著差异,饲料中烟酸含量为66.7 mg·kg-1时,全鱼粗蛋白含量显著高于对照组及9.8 mg·kg-1组;③添加烟酸显著提高了血液红细胞计数和血红蛋白含量,但对血清胆固醇和甘油三酯无显著影响,烟酸含量为16.6 mg·kg-1及以上时显著提高血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇与低密度脂蛋白胆固醇,与对照组和9.8 mg·kg-1组存在显著差异.基于折线法分析,草鱼幼鱼获得最佳生长时对饲料中烟酸的最低需求量为25.5 mg·kg-1.     

不同饲料添加剂对日本囊对虾生长及非特异性免疫的影响

以初始体长为(4.70±0.36)cm的日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicus)为研究对象,探讨不同类型饲料添加剂对日本囊对虾生长及非特异性免疫的影响。实验设4个试验组(A~D组)和1个对照组(E组)分别投喂饲料:对照组为实验用配合饲料,A组为在配合饲料中添加0.1%的维生素C;B组为在配合饲料中添加0.16%的低聚糖;C组为在配合饲料中添加6×105cfu·g-1的芽孢杆菌;D组为混合添加组(由A、B、C 3组各1/3的量组合而成)。结果显示:与对照组相比,各试验组均显著提高了日本囊对虾的增长率(P0.05);A、B、D组显著提高了增重率和特定生长率(P0.05),但是各组间差异不显著;与其它试验组相比,D组中日本囊对虾的增重率和特定生长率均最高。非特异免疫结果发现,D组肌肉中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和酚氧化酶(PO)的活力显著高于对照组(P0.05)。D组肝胰腺中SOD、T-AOC、PO活力显著高于对照组(P0.05),而ACP和AKP与对照组差异并不显著。研究结果表明,饲料中添加一定量的维生素C、低聚糖、芽孢杆菌及3种添加剂的复合制剂投喂日本囊对虾,可在一定程度上提高对虾的生长性能,改善非特异性免疫力。     

中草药对斑节对虾生长、饲料利用和肌肉营养成分的影响

研究了中草药对斑节对虾Penaeusmonodon(初始体重0.30g.尾-1)生长性能、饲料利用以及肌肉营养成分和氨基酸的影响。6种实验饲料(按顺序分别为1,2,3,4,5和6)中中草药的添加量分别为0,0.5,1.0,2.0,4.0和8.0g·kg-1饲料。除了饲料2之外,斑节对虾的成活率、饲料系数和蛋白质效率都显著(P<0.05)优于对照组(饲料1)。投喂饲料3的斑节对虾增重率与对照组相比,虽然统计学上不存在显著差异,但有较大幅度的提高。投喂添加中草药的饲料对斑节对虾肌肉的水分和蛋白质含量无显著影响,但脂肪含量明显下降。结果表明,斑节对虾饲料中添加适量的中草药能够促进生长、显著提高成活率和降低饲料系数,并改变斑节对虾肌肉中脂肪含量和氨基酸组成。     

蛋氨酸铬对鲤血清生化指标和非特异性免疫活性的影响

为研究蛋氨酸铬对鲤血清生化指标和非特异性免疫指标的影响,配制蛋氨酸铬添加水平分别为0、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8、1.6、3.2 mg/kg的7种饲料,选取初始体质量为(40.95±4.80)g的鲤1 260尾,进行了为期8周的饲养试验。结果表明:(1)添加0.4 mg/kg蛋氨酸铬的试验组,其胆固醇(TC)、甘油三脂(TG)含量最低,与其它组差异显著(P0.05);添加1.6 mg/kg的组,其高密度脂蛋白(HDL)含量最高;添加0.8mg/kg的组,其低密度脂蛋白(LDL)显著高于对照组(P0.05)。添加0.4~3.2 mg/kg蛋氨酸铬的试验组,鲤血清中的谷草转氨酶(GOT)活性高于对照组(P0.05)。(2)添加蛋氨酸铬的试验组,鲤肝胰脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性均高于对照组;0.8 mg/kg添加组的总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均显著高于对照组(P0.05);0.4 mg/kg添加组的丙二酮(MDA)含量低于其它各组。添加0.2~3.2 mg/kg蛋氨酸铬的试验组,其AKP活性显著低于对照组(P0.05);鲤肝胰脏中谷草转氨酶(GOT)的活性随着蛋氨酸铬添加量的增加呈现上升趋势,且均显著高于对照组(P0.05);除3.2 mg/kg添加组外,其它各组的谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性均显著下降。综上所述,在饲料中添加0.4~0.8 mg/kg的蛋氨酸铬能够增强鲤肝胰脏的非特异性免疫力。     

硒源对凡纳滨对虾生长、体组成和抗氧化能力的影响

水温(29.0±1.3)℃,将初始体质量(0.41±0.01)g的凡纳滨对虾随机分为4组,每组3个重复,饲养在室内循环水养殖系统中,投喂基础饲料(对照组)及在此饲料中分别添加硒含量相等(0.30mg/kg)的亚硒酸钠、酵母硒和蛋氨酸硒的4种饲料,养殖56d,比较了不同硒源对凡纳滨对虾生长、体组成和抗氧化能力的影响。试验结果表明,蛋氨酸硒组对虾的生长性能显著高于对照组和亚硒酸钠组(P0.05)。外源硒可显著影响对虾体蛋白和脂肪含量(P0.05),蛋氨酸硒组对虾机体营养成分显著优于其他组(P0.05)。添加外源硒组对虾的血清总抗氧化能力和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05)。蛋氨酸硒组对虾血清丙二醛含量显著低于其他组(P0.05)。由此得出,饲料添加0.3mg/kg的硒能在一定程度上提高凡纳滨对虾的生长和抗氧化能力,蛋氨酸硒优于酵母硒和亚硒酸钠。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.