浅谈纤维素酶在酒类生产中的应用

通过对自然界中纤维素资源的分析,说明纤维素用于酒类生产的社会及经济意义,进而阐述纤维素酶的特点以及纤维素酶在酒类生产中的应用,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

Analysis and Suggestions for Process Control of Offset Platemaking

International Standard ISO 12218 applies to the process control of offset platemaking for the conventional technology. Based on the comparative analysis the paper shows the necessity of more strict process control for the CtP technology for which there is no common approach among plate manufacturers. Attaining the basic working properties of printing formes and quality parameters of image elements has been suggested as a basis of such an approach.     

"太湖新标"和周边纺企

记者日前从江苏省环保厅了解到,《太湖地区城镇污水处理厂及重点工业行业主要水污染物排放限值》新近出炉,于2008年1月1日起这一标准将在包括无锡、常州、苏州市辖区、南京市溧水县、高淳县,镇江市丹阳市、句容市等太湖流域实施.这是省委、省政府在今年5月太湖蓝藻爆发后,按照铁腕治污、加速调整我省产业结构、淘汰落后产能的要求,组织省环保厅、省质监局编制制定的.     

向老师问路(三十二)

1995年2月,瑞典斯德哥尔摩市出现了免费的都会报--,在地铁等交通要道赠与行人,随后欧洲各国地铁火车等通勤地区开始效仿,陆续出现免费报纸,并且开始流行.2000年,免费报纸的概念传到美洲与亚洲,当时全球有50余种免费报纸,在20多个国家发行,总发行量达800万份.2006年,总发行量增加到3500万份.在欧洲,免费报纸最为流行,冰岛、丹麦、西班牙等国家免费报纸的发行量超过了收费报纸,希腊、匈牙利、意大利、立陶宛、葡萄牙、瑞士、瑞典等国发行量最大的报纸都是免费报纸.根据世界报业协会公布的报告显示,免费报纸已成气候、势不可当,且竞争激烈.丹麦的免费报纸就是最好的例子.     

创新与环保——纸盒业的双轮驱动力

纸盒业具有巨大的潜力,但生产商如果想要赢得更多的业务,就必须遵循"创新"与"环保"的发展路线. "创新"和"功能"是纸盒和纸盒成形业出现频率较高的词汇,即提供品牌拥有者和零售商所期望并能够花钱购买的产品,同时这个产品还填补了需求的空白.然而也有另外两个词与之威力相当,那就是"可持续(sustainability)"和"再生(recycling)".     

薄利广销加跟踪服务使工业盐销量连年递增——河南新乡市盐业局开创营销创新调研报告

简述了新乡盐业理清思路,更新观念,创新经营,培育市场.薄利广销,跟踪服务,实现供需和谐共赢的经验.为盐行业提供一个典型案例.     

奶香南瓜馅心制作工艺的研究

以南瓜为主要原料,配以花生油、白砂糖、炼乳和精制小麦粉等辅料,制作用于包子、月饼及包馅类点心的奶香南瓜馅心.结果显示,奶香南瓜馅心的最佳配料为在500 g南瓜泥中添加100 g白砂糖、70 g花生油、50 g炼乳和40 g精制小麦粉.该馅心具有南瓜香味和奶香味,色泽鲜亮,口感细腻滑润.     

一些寿山石新品种的宝石学研究

对二号矿石、汶洋石、山仔濑石、房栊岩石、山秀园石、芙蓉石、大山石等一些近年来在寿山石市场上较为常见的寿山石品种进行了研究,详细测定了它们的密度、硬度和矿物组成等.研究表明,二号矿石、房栊岩石和大山石主要由地开石组成,连江黄石、山仔濑石和汶洋石主要含有伊利石,叶蜡石是芙蓉石和山秀园石寿山石品种的主要矿物组成.综合现有的研究资料,建议将寿山石分为田石系、高山石系、月洋石系和连江黄石系.     

菌种对Camembert干酪的质构及风味的影响

应用毛霉M、帚状地霉D和混合霉菌(M D)来制作表面霉菌成熟Camembert干酪,并研究不同菌种对干酪成熟后的产品质构、感官风味以及游离氨基酸分析等方面的不同影响.结果表明,与国外Camembert干酪相比.应用毛霉M制作的Camembert干酪的硬度、黏性和咀嚼性略低,弹性略高,粘结性无显著差别;应用帚状地霉D制作的Camembert干酪的硬度、黏性和咀嚼性更大;应用毛霉M和帚状地霉D混合制作的Camembert干酪的硬度、黏性、咀嚼性、弹性均小于国外的Camembert干酪,粘结性略高,表现出更成熟和柔软的质地.结果显示,毛霉M有助于抑制干酪的哈吲/氧化味形成,而帚状地霉D有助于干酪甜味的产生,应用毛霉M和帚状地霉D混合制作的Camembert干酪表现出甜味、咸味、黄油味、奶香味和蘑菇味等特征,口感较国外的Camembert干酪柔和,苦味、辛辣味和蚝味的感觉降低.     

美国油脂化学家协会在世界贸易中的作用——质量保障检测、有证标准物质和国际联络活动（网络首发、推荐阅读）

The American Oil Chemists’ Society(AOCS) is a volunteer-led association. AOCS develops and publishes methods of analysis for fats, oils, proteins, surfactants, and related materials according to accepted international standards to ensure equitable trade practices on a global scale. AOCS Official Method development has been going on for over a hundred years. The founding vision of AOCS in 1909 was "an organization designed for the development and advancement of analytical methods for cottonseed products." AOCS Official Methods are essential to world trade and are used to confirm the value of billions of pounds of oilseed-based commodities and finished products each year. In addition, AOCS conducts proficiency testing, provides certified reference materials, and collaborates with other standards developers including the International Organization for Standardization(ISO) and the Codex Alimentarius Commission. AOCS serves as a professional scientific membership organization providing current and emerging information as well as disseminating research results in oils, fats, lipids, proteins, surfactants, and related materials. Several avenues are used, especially meetings, publications, interest groups, networking opportunities, and web presence. Many scientists, experts, and others engaged in working in these fields find their professional "home" in AOCS. The AOCS Technical Leadership Committee comprises some of the most experienced AOCS members and scientists. The AOCS Technical Services department staff relies on this committee for guidance on scientific matters and for advice in prioritizing the opportunities facing AOCS.     

不同季节大曲生产过程中真菌群落结构的演变

采用高通量测序技术和多元统计方法,对比研究夏秋两季高温大曲生产过程中的真菌群落结构及其演变。结果表明,夏季大曲的主要真菌有14个属,秋季大曲有17个属,且夏季大曲的主要真菌在秋季大曲中均存在;Pichia、Saccharomycopsis和Wickerhamomyces是夏秋两季大曲生产起始的主要真菌,其中Pichia是秋季大曲生产全程的主要真菌类群,Thermoascus是夏季大曲发酵后期的优势真菌类群;秋季大曲生产过程中真菌类群数量更多,而夏季大曲真菌物种分布更均匀;夏秋两季大曲生产过程可分为2个阶段,分别以8d和12d为分界线,秋季大曲生产过程更易受外界条件影响,特别是生产前期。     

Transmission electron microscopy studies of the zona reaction in pig oocytes fertilized in vivo and in vitro

The aim of this study was to determine the ultrastructure of cross-sectioned zonae pellucidae of in vitro-matured and ovulated pig oocytes before or after sperm penetration in vitro and in vivo, respectively. The in vitro and in vivo (ovulated) oocytes and zygotes (fertilized in vitro and in vivo) were fixed with glutaraldehyde either directly or after pretreatment with ruthenium red and saponin, processed and then examined using transmission electron microscopy. The thickness of the zona pellucida, as measured on the section of the specimens with largest diameter fixed with glutaraldehyde, differed between the in vivo (9.19 +/- 0.47 microm) and in vitro (5.95 +/- 0.51 microm) oocytes. The in vivo oocytes had a rather thick external mesh-like structure, whereas it was much thinner in the in vitro oocytes. This mesh-like external rim was less apparent in both in vivo and in vitro zygotes. Obvious differences in the density of the lattice formed by the fixed zonae pellucidae were visible between the outer and inner (ad-oolemmal) zonae. The outer area always formed a concentrically arrayed fibrillar network, whereas the inner area showed a much more compact, trabecule-like mesh. However, both areas, but particularly the outer network, were much more compacted after the zona reaction. Clear differences in the degree of fibrillar aggregation of the inner zona area were also observed between in vitro and in vivo zygotes, being much higher in the latter. This fibrillar network was more clearly visible in the zygotes pretreated with ruthenium red and saponin; the in vitro zygotes had a fibrillar, radially oriented set of parallel fibrils, whereas it was much more aggregated and trabecule-like in the in vivo zygotes. These results demonstrate that the fine structure of the zona pellucida and the zona reaction at sperm penetration differ between pig oocytes fertilized in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, the ultrastructure of the outer and inner pig zonae pellucidae has a different network organization.     

Studies on the lipids of flour IV.—Factors affecting lipid binding in breadmaking

The binding of specific lipids during the high-speed mixing of doughs and in the resulting bread was studied in relation to mixer atmosphere. the presence of air was found to cause a fall in the linoleic acid content of the triglyceride lipids, an effect apparently related to the reduction in lipid binding. Replacement of the free lipid of flour (the main source of triglyceride linpleate) by extra shortening fat caused a large increase in bound lipid in doughs mixed either in air or in nitrogen, together with the drop in bread quality and volume observed previously. It was concluded that the natural free lipid of flour plays an important part in modern breadmaking processes both in responding to the atmosphere in the dough mixing chamber and in its effect on the binding of shortening triglyceride during dough development.     

织物总经根数计算公式的探讨

为精确计算织物总经根数,控制用纱成本,从计算总经根数的基本公式出发,分析了总经根数的组成以及各组成部分的性质和作用,探讨了四种不同穿筘情况下织物计算机辅助设计中总经根数的计算方法;建立了相应的具有广泛适用性的公式,并对每种穿筘方法都用生产实例进行了验证,确保了织物计算机辅助设计中总经根数的准确性.通过对织物总经根数计算公式的完善,拓展了织物计算机辅助设计的适用范围.     

国产烤烟挥发碱含量对比分析

测定了全国6个省2002和2003年的170个烤烟烟叶样品的挥发碱含量。结果表明:①各产区各等级烟叶挥发碱含量集中在0.10%~0.45%范围内;②相同等级不同产区烟叶挥发碱含量以云南弥勒的最高,贵州毕节和四川会理的较高,福建和山东临沂的较低,河南宜阳的最低,各产区烟叶的挥发碱含量差异显著;③不同部位烟叶挥发碱含量是下部叶最低,中部叶次之,上部叶最高,而且上部叶比下部叶高2倍左右,挥发碱含量差异极显著;④各产区相同部位桔黄颜色烟叶的挥发碱含量均高于柠檬黄,烟叶挥发碱含量差异极显著;⑤烟叶挥发碱含量随其身份由薄到厚、油份由少到多和色度由淡到浓均逐渐增加,差异都极显著。     

Influence of carding and drawing processes on orientation of fibers in slivers

The orientation of fibers is known to play a very important role in determining the quality of the carded and drawn slivers as well as the quality of the ultimate yarns produced from those slivers. Also, the orientation of fibers is considered to be a very useful parameter for evaluating the effectiveness of the carding and drawing processes in aligning the fibers. In addition, the orientation of fibers is known to determine the length utilization of the fibers in the slivers. This article reports on the influence of carding and drawing processes on the orientation of fibers in the carded and drawn slivers. A series of carded and drawn slivers were prepared by using polyester staple fibers and making various changes in the carding and drawing processes and the orientation of fibers in the slivers was evaluated based on Lindsley’s methodology in conjunction with a mathematical model of fiber orientation in slivers. It was observed that the increase in cylinder speed and the decrease in doffer speed resulted in more anisotropic fiber orientation distribution in the carded slivers and the degree of anisotropy was found to be more in the forward direction as compared to the backward direction of the carded slivers. The higher draft and doubling in the drawframe resulted in higher anisotropy in the orientation of fibers in the drawn slivers and the drawn slivers displayed more anisotropy in the backward direction as compared to the forward direction. The higher delivery speed of the drawframe resulted in higher anisotropy in fiber orientation in the drawn slivers and the drawn slivers exhibited more anisotropy in the backward direction as compared to the forward direction. The results of fiber orientation in the carded and drawn slivers obtained by using the mathematical model were compared to the fiber orientation parameters suggested by earlier researchers and a satisfactory correlation between them was observed.     

棉纺细纱后区牵伸型式的演变与发展(三)

为说明后区牵伸运用原则,从后区牵伸中纱条紧密度测定、有捻粗纱的匀伸作用、牵伸力与输出纱条不匀关系测定、不同牵伸分配、不同粗纱捻系数下前区牵伸力测定等方面分析,指出后区牵伸为前区主牵伸创造良好的牵伸条件;其实质是使喂入前区的牵伸纱条具有较均匀结构和必要紧密度,它产生的内摩擦力场强度与前区外摩擦力场强度分布相配合,共同形成胶圈牵伸良好而稳定的总摩擦力场强度分布,有利于成纱质量的提高;表明在此前提下,后区适当承担总牵伸的一部分可以减轻前区牵伸过大的负担,这就是后区牵伸运用原则。对罗拉直线牵伸、罗拉曲线牵伸和胶圈牵伸等各种后区牵伸型式进行了摩擦力场强度分布分析比较,指出单控制辊式VC型曲线牵伸是后区牵伸型式的重大突破和发展,可发挥前、后区牵伸潜力,其总牵伸能力达50倍～150倍,成为第三代大牵伸新水平,是后区牵伸型式技术进步的标志。     

Evaluation of arterial digital blood flow in dairy cows with claw horn disruption lesions using Doppler ultrasonography

Vascular changes play an important role in the pathogenesis of claw horn disruption lesions in cattle. The aim of the study was to measure arterial blood flow in the hind limbs of German Holstein cows with claw horn disruption lesions. A 10-MHz linear transducer was used to assess blood flow in the interdigital artery in the dorsal pastern region in the hind limbs of 11 non-lame and 33 lame German Holstein cows in which lameness was scored clinically. Qualitative and quantitative blood flow parameters were compared in affected limbs and unaffected contralateral hind limbs in lame cows and in the hind limbs of lame cows and non-lame cows. A pulsed-wave Doppler signal suitable for analysis was obtained in 78 of 88 limbs (33 affected and contralateral limbs, 22 limbs of control cows). Blood flow curve types 1 and 2 were predominant in the hind limbs of lame cows. Vessel diameter, end-diastolic velocity, and blood flow rate were significantly greater in lame cows than in non-lame cows and were numerically greater in moderately lame cows than in mildly lame cows. The differences in the qualitative and quantitative parameters between lame and non-lame cows were most likely caused by inflammation of the pododerm. The role of weight distribution between the paired hind limbs and the existence of claw horn disruption appeared to have an effect on the differences in local circulation in the affected and unaffected contralateral hind limbs in lame cows.     

2017~2018年辽宁省食品中食源性致病微生物监测结果分析

目的 了解辽宁省食品中食源性致病微生物在每个季度的污染及其分布情况,发现不同季度食品中存在的安全隐患,为食源性疾病的预防工作提供参考。方法 2017-2018年辽宁省共采集3477份样品,按照《国家食品污染物和有害因素风险监测工作手册》对食源性致病微生物进行检测分析。结果 各致病微生物的检出率在第一季度中诺如病毒的检出率最高为17.65%,第二季度中蜡样芽胞杆菌的检出率最高为16.92%,第三季度副溶血性弧菌的检出率最高为19.05%,第四季度副溶血性弧菌的检出率最高为12.62%。各卫生指标菌中2017年菌落总数在第二季度的合格率最低为96.10%,大肠菌群计数第二季度的合格率最低为97.03%,大肠埃希氏菌计数第三季度的合格率最低为93.52%;2018年菌落总数在第一季度的合格率最低为91.67%,大肠菌群计数在第三季度的合格率最低为93.48%,大肠埃希氏菌计数第二季度合格率最低为91.67%。结论 2017-2018年致病微生物的检出率在第一季度中诺如病毒的检出率最高,第二季度中蜡样芽胞杆菌最高,第三季度和第四季度均是副溶血性弧菌最高;两年间卫生指标菌的合格率在四个季度中均呈现出,第一和第四季度的合格率较高,而第二和第三季度的合格率相对较低的趋势。     

Effects of duration of moderate increases in grain feeding on endotoxins in the digestive tract and acute phase proteins in peripheral blood of yearling calves

Effects of duration of grain feeding on the concentration of endotoxic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in digesta throughout the digestive tract and on acute phase proteins and LPS in peripheral blood were determined in Holstein yearling calves. Twenty-five Holstein yearling steer calves received either a forage-based diet containing 92% hay and 8% of a mineral and vitamin pellet on a dry matter basis (CON) or a moderate-grain diet, obtained by replacing 41.5% of the hay in the forage-based diet with barley grain, for 3 (MG3), 7 (MG7), 14 (MG14), or 21 d (MG21) before slaughter. Immediately before slaughter, blood samples were collected from the jugular vein. Immediately after slaughter, digesta samples were collected from the rumen, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, and rectum. Rumen liquid digesta, digesta from the intestines, and peripheral blood plasma were analyzed for LPS. Peripheral blood plasma and serum were analyzed for the acute phase proteins amyloid A, haptoglobin, and LPS-binding protein. Feeding the grain diet increased the LPS concentration in rumen fluid linearly from 15,488 endotoxin units (EU)/mL for CON to 70,146 EU/mL for MG7. Concentrations of LPS in rumen fluid in MG14 and MG21 were 61,944 and 56,234 EU/mL, respectively, and did not differ. The LPS concentrations in jejunal digesta were much lower than that in digesta elsewhere in the digestive tract, which suggests that ruminal LPS is broken down in the abomasum or proximal jejunum. The concentration of digesta LPS in the ileum was higher than that of digesta elsewhere in the intestines and similar to that in rumen fluid. The duration of grain feeding increased the LPS concentration in digesta in the ileum and cecum and tended to increase that in the colon cubically. Concentrations of LPS in this part of the digestive tract were highest in the MG3 and MG21 groups. The highest concentrations of LPS in digesta in the cecum, colon, and rectum were 3.7, 3.8, and 5.6 times higher than that in CON, respectively. Grain feeding and the increase in LPS in digesta were not accompanied by an acute phase response or a detectable concentration of LPS in peripheral blood. The absence of LPS in peripheral blood and the lack of increase in acute phase proteins indicated that the grain feeding protocol used in the current study and the accompanying changes in LPS concentrations of the digesta did not result in systemic inflammation.