蜂蜜中乐果农药残留的表面增强拉曼光谱定量分析

应用表面增强拉曼光谱(surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, SERS)技术,结合线性回归算法,开展蜂蜜乐果中农药残留快速定量分析方法研究。含乐果农药残留的益母草蜂蜜样品30个作为被测对象,划分成建模集(20个)和预测集(10个)。采用具有规则倒四角锥体结构的Klarite基底作为增强基底,提高特征拉曼位移峰的相对强度。通过含乐果农药残留蜂蜜样品的SERS光谱与乐果标准品的常规拉曼光谱间的对比分析,找到了蜂蜜中乐果农药残留对应的四个特征拉曼位移峰867,1 065,1 317和1 453 cm-1。采用线性回归方法,建立了蜂蜜中乐果农药残留对应的四个特征拉曼位移峰强与乐果浓度间的线性回归模型。10个未参与建模的预测集样品,评价了模型的预测能力。经比较,采用867 cm-1处特征拉曼位移峰强建立的线性回归模型预测结果最优,模型预测相关系数为0.984,预测均方根误差为0.663 ppm。检测限达到2 ppm,接近我国农药残留最大限量标准的检测限。实验结果表明采用表面增强拉曼光谱技术结合线性回归算法实现蜂蜜中乐果农药残留的快速定量分析是可行的。可为其他农产品的农药残留快速定量分析提供参考依据。     

高光谱成像技术的柚类品种鉴别研究

柚类种质和品种资源繁多,现有的柚类品种鉴别方法检测时间长,费用高。旨在利用高光谱成像技术探索主要柚类品种快速识别的可行性。试验选用4个具有代表性的柚类品种,利用高光谱成像技术,采集240个叶片样本(60个/品种)上表面和下表面的高光谱图像。高光谱图像标定后,提取样本感兴趣区域平均光谱信息作为样本的光谱进行分析。利用Kennard-Stone法将样本划分为校正集(192个)和验证集(48个)。采用多元散射校正(MSC)和标准正态变量变换(SNV)对原始光谱曲线进行预处理后,分别采用主成分分析 (PCA)和连续投影算法 (SPA )提取最佳主成分和有效波长,并将其作为最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)的输入变量,建立基于叶片上表面和下表面光谱信息的PCA-LS-SVM和SPA-LS-SVM 模型。结果显示,基于叶片上表面光谱信息建立的PCA-LS-SVM和SPA-LS-SVM 模型对建模集样本的识别正确率分别为99.46%和98.44%,对预测集样本的识别正确率均为95.83%。基于叶片下表面光谱信息建立的PCA-LS-SVM和SPA-LS-SVM模型对建模集样本和预测集样本的识别正确率皆为100%。表明,利用高光谱成像技术结合PCA-LS-SVM和SPA-LS-SVM可实现柚类品种的快速鉴别,叶片下表面光谱信息鉴别效果优于叶片上表面。该研究为柚类的品种快速鉴别提供了一种新方法。     

基于CARS-MIV-SVR的库尔勒香梨可溶性固体含量预测方法

为了实现库尔勒香梨依据可溶性固体含量（SSC）分级定等和按质论价,推动采后处理向标准化、产业化方向健康发展,利用高光谱成像技术研究出了一种快速、有效、无损检测库尔勒香梨SSC的方法。以表面无损伤的157个库尔勒香梨作为研究样本,应用高光谱成像采集系统获取400~1 000 nm波长范围内高光谱图像并用ENVI5.3软件提取感兴趣区域（ROI）,获得高光谱数据。采用Kennard-Stone（KS）样本集划分方法将全部样本按照2∶1的比例划分为校正集（105）和预测集（52）。对比标准变量变换（SNV）、多元散射校正（MSC）、一阶导数（FD）和二阶导数（SD）等数据预处理方法对建模精度的影响,最终选用SNV方法对光谱曲线进行平滑去噪。该研究提出竞争性自适应重加权算法与平均影响值算法的组合算法（CARS-MIV）选择特征波长。在竞争性自适应重加权算法（CARS）方法中,建模样本由蒙特卡罗算法随机选择生成,变量回归系数会随之发生变化,因而回归系数的绝对值不能全面反映变量重要性,从而影响模型检测精度。为降低这种影响,应用平均影响值（MIV）算法对选出的自变量进行二次筛选,筛选出相关性较大的变量用以建模分析,并与CARS、连续投影算法（SPA）、蒙特卡罗无信息变量消除算法（MCUVE）等经典特征波长选择算法进行比较。最后分别以全波长（FS）光谱信息和四种特征波长选择方法得出的光谱信息作为输入矢量,应用支持向量回归（SVR）建立库尔勒香梨可溶性固体含量定量预测数学模型,以校正集相关系数（R_c）、校正集均方根误差（RMSEC）、预测集相关系数（R_p）和预测集均方根误差（RMSEP）四个参数来评估模型的预测精度。比较分析发现,CARS-MIV-SVR模型效果最佳,校正集相关系数（R_c）为0.985 94,预测集相关系数（R_p）达到0.946 31,校正集和预测集均方根误差分别为0.185 85和0.403 33。结果证明：CARS-MIV特征波长选择方法能够有效增强库尔勒香梨光谱数据特征波长选择的稳定性和精确性,提高模型的预测精度。利用高光谱技术结合CARS-MIV-SVR模型能够满足库尔勒香梨可溶性固体含量测定需求,实现库尔勒香梨的分级定等和按质论价。     

亚胺硫磷表面增强拉曼光谱定量解析模型研究

拉曼光谱分析方法结合表面增强技术用于亚胺硫磷农药的检测。连续小波变换(continuous wavelet transforms, CWT)和连续投影算法(successive projections algorithm, SPA)分别用于拉曼光谱的预处理和特征拉曼位移的选择,多元线性回归(multi-linear regression, MLR)用于特征拉曼吸收的回归分析。结果表明,芯片增强可以实现低浓度农药溶液拉曼响应的增强;CWT可以提高拉曼光谱的分辨率和平滑度,消除光谱的平移误差;基于SPA方法的特征位移选择方法,既可以提高模型的分析精度,又可以简化MLR模型的回归变量;与特征增强波段的MLR模型比较,CWT-SPA-MLR模型可将验证集的预测相关系数(correlation coefficient,r)和预测均方根误差(root mean square error of prediction,RMSEP)由0.823和1.640改善为0.903和1.122。CWT-SPA-MLR可用于拉曼光谱定量解析模型的建立,该方法简单易用具有良好的重复性。     

基于优选波长的多光谱检测系统快速检测猪肉中挥发性盐基氮的含量

挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)含量是评价猪肉新鲜度的重要理化指标。为了实现快速、无损检测猪肉的新鲜度,优选出与猪肉中TVB-N含量相关的特征波长,将包含特征波长的发光二极管(LED)光源用于多光谱检测系统,测定了猪肉中TVB-N的含量。首先利用可见-近红外(VIS-NIR)高光谱系统对猪肉进行检测,获取高光谱反射率数据,并采用一阶导数(FD)法、标准正态变量变换(SNV)以及其他预处理方法建立猪肉中TVB-N含量的偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)模型;然后分别利用逐步回归算法(SWA)、连续投影算法(SPA)、基因遗传算法(GA)筛选出与TVB-N含量相关的特征波长,利用筛选出的特征波长分别建立PLSR模型与多元线性回归(MLR)模型,比较模型结果后进一步优选特征波长;最后,将含有特征波长的LED光源用于多光谱检测系统,并建立PLSR模型与MLR模型,从而完成对猪肉中TVB-N含量的测定。实验结果表明:利用SWA、SPA、GA这3种算法筛选出的特征波长能够很好地反映全光谱的信息,建立的模型效果较好,变量数大大减少;包含优选特征波长的LED光源在多光谱检测系统中能很好地检测猪肉中的TVB-N含量;MLR模型结果好于PLSR模型结果,MLR模型的校正集相关系数和校正集均方根误差分别为0.9050和3.63×10-5,预测集相关系数和预测集均方根误差分别为0.9040和3.81×10-5。     

利用高光谱扫描技术检测小麦叶片叶绿素含量

利用高光谱扫描技术对小麦叶片进行无损检测试验,探索精确测定小麦叶绿素含量的方法,为农作物生长状况、植物病理诊断等提供科学依据。研究选取90个样本作为校正集,30个样本作为预测集,获取叶片的高光谱反射图像,同时用传统的分光光度计方法测定其叶绿素含量。选取波长491～887 nm范围光谱,用多元散射校正、一阶导数、二阶导数3种方法处理,利用偏最小二乘法和逐步线性回归法分别建立了小麦叶片叶绿素含量与光谱信号间的数学模型。研究发现多元散射校正(MSC)结合二阶导数光谱的多元线性回归(SMLR)模型的效果较优,模型校正集和预测集决定系数分别为0.82和0.79,校正均方根误差和预测均方根误差分别为0.69和0.71。研究结果表明可以利用高光谱扫描技术检测小麦叶片叶绿素含量。     

荧光高光谱结合特征波长筛选的脐橙表面农药残留快速检测

采用荧光高光谱成像技术对脐橙表面不同浓度毒死蜱和多菌灵进行判别。实验通过由氙灯光源激发的高光谱成像系统（392～998.2 nm）分别采集浓度为0,0.5,1,2 mg·kg-1的毒死蜱和0,1,3,5 mg·kg-1多菌灵的高光谱图像。使用ENVI软件获取样本的感兴趣区域（ROI）;对原始光谱数据采用卷积平滑（SG）、标准正态标量变换（SNV）及一阶导数（FD）方法进行预处理;采用区间变量迭代空间收缩法（iVISSA）、无信息变量消除算法（UVE）和竞争性自适应加权算法（CARS）进行一次提取特征波长,二维相关光谱（2D-COS）方法进行二次提取特征波长。最后采用主成分分析与线性判别分析相结合算法（PCA-LDA）和偏最小二乘算法（PLS-DA）建立基于两次提取特征波长脐橙表面不同浓度毒死蜱和多菌灵残留的判别模型。将原始光谱数据与经过预处理的3种光谱数据进行建模分析,结果发现毒死蜱和多菌灵的光谱数据经过SG处理后模型效果最优。对经SG预处理后的毒死蜱光谱数据和多菌灵光谱数据进行特征波长一次提取,最佳特征波长分别为iVISSA法和CARS法,分别提取出26个和30个特征波长;再采用二维相关光谱（2D-COS）算法对这26个和30个特征波长进行二次提取,分别得到10个和12个特征波长。对一次提取特征波长和二次提取特征波长后的光谱数据分别建模。结果表明,对于不同浓度的毒死蜱,基于iVISSA-2D-COS建立的PCA-LDA模型判别效果最佳,其校正集与预测集判别正确率分别为98.61%和95.83%;对于不同浓度的多菌灵,基于CARS-2D-COS建立的PCA-LDA模型判别效果最佳,其校正集与预测集判别正确率分别为97.22%和95.83%,均高于全波段光谱数据模型和一次提取特征波长模型判别正确率,说明2D-COS可以捕捉可用的荧光光谱信息。该研究采用2D-COS对一次提取最优特征波长进行二次提取后建模,研究结果为脐橙表面不同浓度农药残留的快速无损判别提供了一定的参考。     

高光谱成像技术结合化学计量学可视化花生中蛋白质含量分布

花生中蛋白质含量与分布能够显著影响花生制品品质。利用高光谱图像结合化学计量学研究可视化花生中蛋白质含量分布的可行性。从校正后的花生图像的感兴趣区域(region of interest, ROI)中提取光谱信息,通过传统化学方法测定蛋白质含量。比对了不同光谱预处理和回归算法,以二阶导数(the second derivative, 2nd-der)为最佳的光谱预处理方法,偏最小二乘法(partial least squares, PLS)为最佳的回归算法。基于预处理后的光谱和花生蛋白质的化学值,建立全波长PLS模型,全波长模型具有良好的性能(校正集相关系数为0.91,校正集标准偏差0.86;预测集相关系数为0.86,预测集标准偏差为0.69)。利用回归系数法(regression coefficient, RC)从全波长模型中选择14个特征波长,建立2nd-der-RC-PLS特征波长模型,模型性能(校正集相关系数为0.86,校正集标准偏差1.03;预测集相关系数为0.80,预测集标准偏差为0.77)与全波长模型相当。采用2nd-der-RC-PLS算法将花生高光谱图像转变成蛋白质含量分布图。成对t检验判断凯氏定氮法与高光谱法无显著性差异。结果表明结合化学计量学的高光谱成像技术为测定花生中蛋白质含量分布提供了一种高效非破坏性方法。     

基于漫反射高光谱成像技术的哈密瓜糖度无损检测研究

利用高光谱成像系统获得网纹类哈密瓜糖度漫反射光谱信息,选择有效波段500～820 nm进行哈密瓜糖度检测建模回归分析。对比了多元散射信号修正和标准正则变换校正方法,原始光谱、一阶微分、二阶微分光谱预处理方法对建模精度的影响;采用偏最小二乘法、逐步多元线性回归和主成分回归方法对比分析了带皮哈密瓜和去皮哈密瓜糖度检测模型效果。结果表明,对原始光谱经过MSC和一阶微分光谱处理后,采用PLS和SMLR方法均可取得很好的建模效果,应用PLS法检测带皮哈密瓜糖度是可行的,其校正集相关系数(R_c)为0.861,RMSEC为0.627,预测集相关系数(R_p)为0.706,RMSEP为0.873;应用SMLR法检测去皮哈密瓜糖度效果最佳,校正集相关系数(R_c)为0.928,RMSEC为0.458,预测集相关系数(R_p)为0.818,RMSEP为0.727。研究表明,应用高光谱成像技术检测哈密瓜糖度具有可行性。     

以高光谱数据有效预测苹果可溶性固形物含量

从高光谱数据中选取能够有效进行内部品质检测的特征波长,是利用高光谱成像技术进行水果品质定量分析的关键。本文采用遗传算法(GA)、连续投影算法(SPA)和GA-SPA算法分别从400～1 000 nm的苹果高光谱图像中提取特征波长,利用偏最小二乘法(PLS)、最小二乘支撑向量机(LS-SVM)和多元线性回归(MLR)建模进行苹果可溶性固形物含量(SSC)的定量分析并进行了综合比较。160个样品中,120个用于建模,40个用于预测。比较发现SPA-MLR模型获得了最好的结果,R2_p,RMSEP和RPD分别为0.950 1,0.308 7和4.476 6。结果表明：SPA能够有效地用于高光谱数据的变量选择,利用SPA-MLR可建立稳健的苹果SSC预测模型,较少的有效变量和MLR模型的易解释性表明该模型在在线检测和便携式仪器开发中具有较大的应用潜力。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Retrieval of ultraviolet skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities from balloon-borne limb spectrometer

With a novel light-weight and absolutely calibrated ultraviolet （UV） spectrometer, UV skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities are measured by balloon-borne limb measurements in Xinjiang area, China. UV skylight radiances measured at the height of 31 km are compared with the results from Modtran in the wavelength range from 290 to 420 nm. O3 slant column densities are derived from radiance spectra in the Huggins bands （320 - 335 nm） using differential optical absorption spectroscopy method. And the parameter exhibits a good correlation with the same value simulated by radiative transfer model （Tracy）. The O3 profile simultaneously measured by an O3 sonde is used as input in Tracy calculations. The O3 sonde is launched on the same balloon.     

Design optimization of highly sensitive LSPR enhanced surface plasmon resonance biosensors with nanoholes

For breaking through the sensitivity limitation of conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors, novel highly sensitive SPR biosensors with Au nanoparticles and nanogratings enhancement have been proposed recently.But in practice, these structures have obvious disadvantages.In this study, a nanohole based sensitivity enhancement SPR biosensor is proposed and the influence of different structural parameters on the performance is investigated by using rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA).Electromagnetic field distributions around the nanohole are also given out to directly explain the performance difference for various structural parameters.The results indicate that significant sensitivity increase is associated with localized surface plasmons (LSPs) excitation mediated by nanoholes.Except to outcome the weakness of other LSP based biosensors, larger resonance angle shift, reflectance amplitude, and sharper SPR curves' width are obtained simultaneously under optimized structural parameters.     

Polymer gratings based on photopolymerization for low-order distributed feedback polymer lasers

Novel polymer distributed feedback(DFB)gratings are fabricated based on photopolymerization to reduce lasing threshold of polymer lasers.A photopolymer formulation sensitive to 355-nm ultraviolet(UV)light is proposed for the fabrication of polymer gratings and it can be used to form polymer films by spin-coating process.A very low surface-relief depth ranging from 12.5 to about 1.0 nm has been demonstrated with a refractive-index modulation of about 0.012.The experimental results indicate that such polymer gratings have promising potentials for the fabrication of low-order DFB organic semiconductor lasers.