儿童急性呼吸道感染常见病毒分布及其流行病学特征分析

目的分析儿童急性呼吸道感染常见病毒的分布及其流行病学特征。方法 7 248例急性呼吸道感染患儿统计其呼吸道病毒检出情况, 统计不同年龄段、性别、临床诊断及季节患儿呼吸道病毒检出情况。结果 7 248例急性呼吸道感染患儿中共检出呼吸道病毒感染2 015例, 检出率为27.80%, 其中单一呼吸道病毒感染1 977例, 检出率27.28%, 混合呼吸道病毒感染38例, 检出率0.52%。不同年龄段急性呼吸道感染患儿呼吸道合胞病毒(respiratory syncytial virus, RSV)、人类偏肺病毒(human metapneumovirus, hMPV)、副流感病毒(parainfluenza virus, PIV)、乙型流感病毒(influenza B virus, FluB)、腺病毒(adenovirus, ADV)、博卡病毒(human bocavirus, hBoV)、甲型流感病毒(influenza A virus, FluA)检出率差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。下呼吸道感染hBoV、FluA、ADV检出率高于上呼吸道感染(P<0.05)。RSV、P...     

158例婴幼儿喘息性疾病的病毒病原学研究

目的探讨无锡地区婴幼儿喘息发作与呼吸道病毒感染的相关性。方法采集2006年12月-2007年3月因喘息发作住院治疗的患婴鼻咽分泌物,用直接免疫荧光法检测呼吸道合孢病毒（RSV）、腺病毒（ADV）、流感病毒A、B型（IVA、B）、副流感病毒Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型（PIVⅠ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ）共7种病毒抗原。结果158例喘息婴幼儿病毒抗原检出共79例,阳性率为50%;其中RSV 65例（阳性率41.1%）,PIVⅢ6例（3.79%）,IVA 3例（1.89%）,PIVⅠ和ADV各2例（1.26%）,IVB 1例,两种以上病毒抗原同时阳性患婴6例。RSV占所检出抗原阳性患婴的82%,1岁以内检出率较高。结论本地区婴幼儿喘息性疾病病毒病原体以RSV为主,小年龄组感染率较高。     

浙江沿海地区急性下呼吸道感染患儿的病毒病原检测分析

呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、流感病毒(Ⅳ)A、B型,副流感病毒(PIV)1、2、3型及腺病毒(ADV)是下呼吸道感染的常见病原。为了解浙江沿海地区急性下呼吸道感染患儿的病毒感染的状况,本文对我院2008年7月～2010年10月收住的301例小儿急性下呼吸道感染(ALRI)患儿进行了下呼吸道病毒病原检测,现报告如下。     

无锡地区340例呼吸道病毒感染患儿的病原学分析

目的:了解江苏无锡地区儿童呼吸道感染的病原学和流行病学特征,为临床预防提供参考信息.方法:收集2012年6月~2014年5月期间,无锡市第二人民医院呼吸道感染患儿的鼻咽拭子标本,共340例.采用直接免疫荧光法检测流感病毒A型(influenzavirusA,FA)、B型(influenzavirusB,FB)、副流感病毒I型(parainfluenzavirusI,PIVI)、副流感病毒II型(parainfluenzavirusII,PIVII)、副流感病毒III型(parainfluenzavirusIII,PIVIII)、呼吸道合胞病毒(respiratorysyncytialvirus,RSV)和腺病毒(adenovirus,ADV)七项指标,从性别差异、年龄因素及季节分布三方面进行流行病学分析.结果:340例标本中病毒阳性检出116例,总阳性率为34.12%,各病毒阳性率前三位的是RSV(16.18%;55/340),FB(5.29%;18/340)和FA(5.00%;17/340);男性组(36.32%;73/201)和女性组(31.65%;44/139)之间的病毒阳性率无统计学差异(P>0.05);0~1岁组患儿病毒阳性率最高,48.48%(32/66);冬季的病毒阳性率最高(42.72%;44/103).结论:呼吸道合胞病毒是本地区小儿呼吸道病毒感染的主病毒,0~1岁阶段的患儿应列入防护重点,同时,冬季为儿童呼吸道感染的高发期.本研究为无锡地区的儿童呼吸道感染情况提供了病原学资料.     

呼吸道病毒特异性IgM检测对儿童呼吸道感染的指导意义

目的:统计分析急性呼吸道感染患儿5种常见呼吸道病毒特异性Ig M的检出情况用以指导临床。方法:2012年1月~12月我院儿科住院急性呼吸道感染患儿1 609例,收集血清采用间接免疫荧光方法检测呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、腺病毒(ADV)、甲型流感病毒(IVA)、乙型流感病毒(IVB)、副流感病毒(PIV)特异性Ig M。结果:1 609例患儿检出阳性标本263例(16.35%),IVB检出率最多,共136例(8.45%),其余依次为IVA 63例(3.92%)、PIV 62例(3.85%)、ADV 44例(2.73%)、RSV 42例(2.61%)。不同年龄组患儿阳性标本检出率不同,差异具有统计学意义(χ2=134.822,P0.01),随年龄增长阳性标本检出率逐渐增高,学龄期儿童检查率最高(34.55%);IVB、PIV、IVA阳性标本检出率在不同年龄阶段的比较差异具有统计学意义(χ2分别为102.660、86.145、39.791,均P0.05),IVB和IVA以学龄期儿童检查率为最高,分别达20.00%和8.64%,PIV以学龄前儿童检出率最高(12.07%)。不同呼吸道病毒Ig M阳性检出率在不同月份有各自的特点,IVB在3月和10月出现两个检出高峰,检出率分别达20.15%和11.11%;IVA在3月和5月出现两个检出高峰,检出率分别达10.27%和11.81%;PIV、RSV检出率在1~6月份平缓上升,在3月份检出率最高,分别达7.98%和6.46%,随后检出率又平稳下降;ADV在3、4、5三个月份检出率为最高,检出率达6.19%。结论:5种呼吸道病毒检出阳性率达16.35%,尤以IVB检出率为最高;呼吸道病毒特异性Ig M阳性检出率随年龄增长而逐渐增高,IVB和IVA以学龄期儿童感染率最高,而PIV以学龄前儿童感染率最高;5种呼吸道病毒感染在2012年有各自的流行特点。     

1999年夏秋季上海部分地区儿童B型流感的一次流行

1999年夏秋季 ,上海地区儿童呼吸道感染疾病出现高峰。为调查其中病毒感染情况 ,我们自 1999年 7月～ 10月间共收集 2 46例因呼吸道感染住院患儿的咽部和气道分泌物 ,采用解放军第2 6 2医院ＡＰＡＡＰ桥联酶标试剂 ,检测呼吸道合胞病毒 (ＲＳＶ) ,流感病毒Ａ型和Ｂ型 ,副流感病毒Ⅰ、Ⅲ型和Ⅱ型 ,及腺病毒 (Ａｄｖ) 3、7型的感染发病情况。在 2 46例患儿中 ,193例病毒抗原阳性 ,阳性率高达 78 46 % ,其中流感病毒Ｂ型 46例 ,占 2 3 83% ;ＲＳＶ35例 ,占18 13% ;副流感病毒Ⅰ、Ⅲ型 33例 ,占17 10 % ;Ａｄｖ 2 4例 ,占 12 44 % ;副流感病毒…     

2010—2012年韶关市儿童呼吸道感染病毒病原学分析

目的探讨韶关市儿童常见呼吸道感染的病原学特点和分布特征。方法采集2010年7月至2012年7月因呼吸道感染于粤北人民医院的住院患者呼吸道标本171份,采用荧光定量PCR方法,对呼吸道标本同时进行甲型流感病毒（FluA）,乙型流感病毒（FluB）,腺病毒（ADV）,博卡病毒（BoV）,副流感病毒1型（PIV1）、2型（PIV2）、3型（PIV3）,鼻病毒（HRV）,呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）,冠状病毒229E、0C43、HKUl、NL63,偏肺病毒（MPV）等14种常见呼吸道病毒核酸检测。结果171份标本中检出阳性标本93份,核酸阳性率为54．4％（93／171）,其中FluA占首位,阳性率为8．2％（14／171）,其他依次为ADV7．6％（13／171）,HRV7．6％（13／171）,PIVI／II／III 7．0％（12／171）,RSV 6.4％（11／171）,FluB5．8％（10／171）,BoV5．3％（9／171）,MPV3．5％（6／171）,冠状病毒（HCoV—OC43／HKUl）2．9％（5／171）。不同性别问患儿呼吸道病毒阳性率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。≥6月龄组阳性率最低（37．5％）,1—3岁年龄组阳性率最高（62．1％）。结论韶关地区儿童发热呼吸道病毒感染病例的病原体以甲型流感病毒、腺病毒和鼻病毒为主。     

2009甲型H1N1流感流行期间北京急性呼吸道感染儿童常见呼吸道病毒的研究

目的了解2009至2010年甲型H1N1流感大流行期间北京地区急性呼吸道感染患儿中,除流感病毒外的其他几种常见呼吸道病毒感染的流行情况。方法设计并建立检测包括呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）A/B亚型,副流感病毒（PIV）1、2、3型,腺病毒（ADV）和人博卡病毒（HBoV）在内的多重实时荧光PCR方法,并应用该方法对2009年6月至2010年2月甲型H1N1流感大流行期间,对首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院就诊的急性呼吸道感染患儿中甲型H1N1流感病毒检测阴性的咽拭子标本进行上述呼吸道病毒的核酸检测。结果新建立的多重RT-PCR方法最低可检测的目标基因含量为10～300拷贝数,未见与其他非目标病毒的交叉反应。本研究共检测标本849份,病毒检测总阳性率为39.0%（331份）,5岁以下占87.6%（290/331份）。各病毒的检测阳性率分别为RSV-A亚型1.4%（12份）,RSV-B亚型8.4%（71份）,PIV-1型8.2%（70份）,PIV-2型0.5%（4份）,PIV-3型3.9%（33份）,ADV13.9%（118份）,HBoV2.7%（23份）。RSV检出以B亚型为主（85.5%）,流行高峰在2009年11月至2010年2月。PIV检出以PIV-1型及PIV-3型为主,PIV-1型的流行高峰在2009年7月至2009年10月,PIV-2型及PIV-3型的流行高峰在2009年6～9月。ADV病毒在研究期间均有较高检出率（平均为13.9%）,HBoV的流行高峰在2009年9～12月。结论除流感病毒外,ADV、RSV-B及PIV可能也是2009甲型H1N1流感流行期间引起儿童急性呼吸道感染的重要病原。比较以往的资料可见各病原在2009甲型H1N1流感流行期间的流行季节性及检出率基本未受到新型流感病毒的影响。     

多重PCR检测儿童呼吸道感染常见病毒

目的 对深圳、粤东地区儿童呼吸道病毒感染进行监测、分析,探讨其流行规律.方法 2006年6月-2008年6月,于汕头大学附属医院、深圳市第四人民医院、揭阳市人民医院采集毛细支气管炎、支气管肺炎、喘息支气管炎等的患儿咽拭子或鼻咽分泌物标本686份,多重PCR进行9种呼吸道病毒检测.结果 在686例标本中病毒阳性362例(52.77%),其中呼吸道感染患儿中呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)感染占首位,达到31.22%(113/362),其次是鼻病毒(RHV)为16.85%(61/362),最低是流感病毒B型(IVB)占0.83%(3/362),流感病毒A型(IVA)占14.36%(52/362),副流感病毒1型(PIV1)和副流感病毒3型(PIV3)分别占7.73%(28/362)和8.29%(30/362),腺病毒(AdV)达到9.67%(35/362),而人博卡病毒(hBOV)和人偏肺病毒(hMPV)分别占6.08%(22/362)和4.97%(18/362).结论 RSV、RHV及IVA是华南地区儿童呼吸道感染的主要病毒病原,混合感染以RSV、IVA联合其他病毒感染为主,诊治时应根据所感染病原体制定有针对性的措施.     

重组人干扰素α-2b喷雾剂预防SARS等呼吸道病毒感染的人群试验研究

目的评估重组人干扰素α2b喷雾剂(远策素喷雾剂)预防SARS等常见呼吸道病毒感染的效果。方法研究对象共14391人,用药剂量为90万IU/次,每日2次,连用5d,未次用药后15d取血,或用药前和用药3周后采取双份血清。采用随机、对照方法检测血清抗SARSCoVIgG抗体;采用双盲、随机、安慰剂对照方法测定血清抗常见呼吸道病毒(B型流感病毒、副流感病毒1～3型,呼吸道合胞病毒及腺病毒3、7型)的血清IgM抗体。结果两次实验中,干扰素组血清SARS病毒IgG抗体阳性率均较试验组高,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。但用药组应用干扰素后副流感病毒1～3型,B型流感病毒,腺病毒3、7型和呼吸道合胞病毒IgM抗体阳性率(依次为6.45%、4.52%、4.30%和17.20%)均低于对照组(依次为19.40%、13.60%、7.12%和25.62%)。其中副流感病毒、B型流感病毒、腺病毒3种病毒IgM抗体阳性率差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论应用远策素喷雾剂鼻和咽部喷雾能不同程度地降低用药人群常见呼吸道病毒的感染率。     

Association of meteorological factors with childhood viral acute respiratory infections in subtropical China: an analysis over 11 years

The objective of this study was to obtain a better understanding of the effects of meteorological factors on the prevalence and seasonality of common respiratory viruses in China, which has a subtropical climate. A retrospective study was conducted by identifying children admitted to a hospital with acute respiratory infections due to seven common viruses between January 2001 and December 2011. A total of 42,104 nasopharyngeal samples were tested for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza A and B viruses (IV-A and IV-B), parainfluenza viruses 1-3 (PIV-1, PIV-2, PIV-3), and adenovirus (ADV) by direct immunofluorescence assay. Meteorological data were obtained from Suzhou Weather Bureau. Correlations of viral prevalence with meteorological factors were evaluated using Spearman rank correlation and partial correlation. Multivariate time-series analysis including an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model and generalized linear Poisson models was conducted to study the effect of meteorological factors on the prevalence of respiratory virus infection. RSV and IV-A activity showed distinctive winter peak, whereas PIV-3 and ADV peaked in the summer. Incidence of RSV was correlated with low environmental temperature, and PIV-3 only with high temperature. IV-A activity was correlated with both low temperature and high relative humidity. ADV activity was correlated with high total rainfall. In the ARIMA model, RSV-associated hospitalizations were predictable, and the monthly number of RSV cases decreased by 11.25 % (95 % CI: 5.34 % to 16.79 %) for every 1 °C increase in the average temperature. Seasonality of certain respiratory virus may be explained by meteorological influences. The impact of meteorological factors on the prevalence of RSV may be useful for predicting the activity of this virus.     

Viral aetiology of acute lower respiratory tract illness in hospitalised paediatric patients of a tertiary hospital: One year prospective study

Context: Acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRI), ranked as the second leading cause of death are the primary cause of hospitalisation in children. Viruses are the most important causative agents of ALRI. Aim: To study the viral aetiology of ALRI in children at a tertiary care hospital. Setting and Design: One year prospective observational study in a tertiary care hospital of King George’s Medical University, Lucknow. Material and Methods: Nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) was collected from children admitted with signs and symptoms of ALRI who were aged 0-14 years. Samples were transported to the laboratory at 4°C in viral transport media and processed for detection of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) A and B, influenza virus A and B, adenovirus (ADV), human Boca virus (HBoV), human metapneumo virus (hMPV) and parainfluenzavirus 1, 2, 3 and 4 using mono/multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). STATA was used for statistical analysis. Results: In one year, 188 NPAs were screened for respiratory viruses, of which 45.7% tested positive. RSV was most commonly detected with 21.3% positivity followed by measles virus (8.5%), influenza A virus (7.4%), ADV (5.3%), influenza B virus (1.6%), hMPV (1.1%) and HBoV (0.5%). Month wise maximum positivity was seen in December and January. Positivity rate of RSV was highest in children aged < 1 year, which decreased with increase in age, while positive rate of influenza virus increased with increasing age. Conclusion: The occurrence of viral predominance in ALRI is highlighted.     

The value of polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of viral respiratory tract infections in lung transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory viruses cause severe infections in lung transplant recipients, which require rapid and accurate diagnosis for appropriate management. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the added benefit of a multiplex PCR for respiratory viruses (influenza [FLU] A and B, respiratory syncytial virus [RSV] A and B and parainfluenza virus [PIV] 1, 2, and 3) complementing rapid respiratory viral culture (RRV) and FLU-A antigen detection (EIA) in this transplant population. RESULTS: Over 6 months, 116 nasal washes and bronchoalveolar lavages, obtained from 72 lung transplant recipients with symptoms of upper or lower respiratory tract infections, were tested in real time by RRV and FLU-A EIA, and batched frozen by PCR. One or more methods recognized a respiratory virus in 31 (27%) specimens, including 15 FLU-A, nine RSV and seven PIV. PCR identified 26 of 31 positive samples demonstrating a sensitivity of 84%, higher than RRV (67%) or EIA (54%). PCR, RRV and EIA detected 60, 80 and 54%, respectively, FLU-A samples. PCR and RRV were equivalent for RSV-A, PIV-2 and 3, but PCR found a significantly higher number of RSV-B and PIV-1. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that routine use of PCR will enhance the number and speed with which viral respiratory tract infections are diagnosed in lung transplant recipients.     

Contribution of common and recently described respiratory viruses to annual hospitalizations in children in South Africa

The contribution of viruses to lower respiratory tract disease in sub-Saharan Africa where human immunodeficiency virus may exacerbate respiratory infections is not well defined. No data exist on some of these viruses for Southern Africa. Comprehensive molecular screening may define the role of these viruses as single and co-infections in a population with a high HIV-AIDS burden. To address this, children less than 5 years of age with respiratory infections from 3 public sector hospitals, Pretoria South Africa were screened for 14 respiratory viruses, by PCR over 2 years. Healthy control children from the same region were included. Rhinovirus was identified in 33% of patients, RSV (30.1%), PIV-3 (7.8%), hBoV (6.1%), adenovirus (5.7%), hMPV (4.8%), influenza A (3.4%), coronavirus NL63 (2.1%), and OC43 (1.8%). PIV-1, PIV-2, CoV-229E, -HKU1, and influenza B occurred in <1.5% of patients. Most cases with adenovirus, influenza A, hMPV, hBoV, coronaviruses, and WU virus occurred as co-infections while RSV, PIV-3, and rhinovirus were identified most frequently as the only respiratory pathogen. Rhinovirus but not RSV or PIV-3 was also frequently identified in healthy controls. A higher HIV sero-prevalence was noticed in patients with co-infections although co-infections were not associated with more severe disease. RSV, hPMV, PIV-3, and influenza viruses had defined seasons while rhinovirus, adenovirus, and coronavirus infections occurred year round in this temporal region of sub-Saharan Africa.     

Rapid detection of respiratory viruses by centrifugation enhanced cultures from children with acute lower respiratory tract infections.

BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory tract infection (ARI) is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in young children in developing countries. Information on viral aetiology in ARI in India is very limited. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to define the role of viruses in acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTI) in children in India using centrifugation enhanced cultures followed by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF). STUDY DESIGN: Nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) were collected from children from September 1995 to April 1997, attending paediatric clinic of All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) with symptoms of ALRTI. Virus isolation was done by centrifugation enhanced cultures using HEp-2, LLC-MK2 and MDCK cells. The viruses were identified at 24-48 h post inoculation by IIF staining using monoclonal antibodies to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), influenza virus and adenovirus. RESULTS: Of 200 NPA samples, 89 (44.5%) were positive for one or more viral pathogens. RSV was detected in 34 (17%) of all ALRTI cases followed by influenza viruses in 29 (14.5%), PIVs in 23 (11.5%) and adenoviruses in three (1.5%). In 79 children with bronchiolitis, RSV was most frequently isolated (25%) pathogen, while in bronchopneumonia cases (101) the most common viral pathogen was influenza virus (17%). In eight cases (4%) of ALRTI dual infections were detected. In 100 NPA specimens IIF staining on direct cell smears was carried out and viruses were detected in only 17%. RSV and influenza virus infection peaked from September to December, where as PIV infections were more frequent from January to April. CONCLUSION: Respiratory viruses accounted for 44.5% of cases of ALRTI in India and the results of viral aetiology could be given in 24-48 h using centrifugation enhanced cultures. RSV was the most common viral agent associated with ALRTI in children under 5 years of age with greater association with bronchiolitis.