Modeling and control strategy development for fuel cell hybrid vehicles

Using MATLAB/Simulink, we constructed a comprehensive simulation model for the fuel cell hybrid vehicle (FCHV) power train in parallel with a power control strategy that uses a logic threshold approach implemented with a hybrid control unit (HCU). The simulation implements power flow and power distribution under different vehicle operating modes using the accelerator and decelerator pedal positions deduced from the driving schedule as primary inputs. The HCU control strategy also incorporates regenerative braking and recharging for recovery of battery capacity. Using the D-optimality method for selection of the optimal experiment values, three control threshold variables for the HCU are selected to maximize the hydrogen fuel economy under certain driving cycles. The proposed method provides the optimal configuration of the FCHV model, which has the capability of achieving the requested drive power while also meeting the vehicle driving schedule and recovery needs of the state of charge (SOC) battery, with lower fuel consumption levels.     

Comparison of PMP and DP in fuel cell hybrid vehicles

Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle (PMP) and Dynamic Programming (DP) are both from the optimal control theory and can both achieve optimal trajectories when they are applied to power management strategies of hybrid vehicles. However they have totally different control concepts. In order to select the superior one, the PMP-based and the DP-based power management strategies are introduced and compared for a fuel cell hybrid vehicle (FCHV) in this paper. The two power management strategies are applied to the FCHV in a computer simulation environment, and the simulation results from the two strategies are compared when the control variable for the PMP is fuel cell system (FCS) net power and for the DP is battery power. As a result, the superiority of the PMP-based power management strategy is proved.     

Fuel consumption of fuel cell hybrid vehicles considering battery SOC differences

Fuel cell hybrid vehicles (FCHVs) have become one of the most promising candidates for future transportation due to current energy supply problem and environmental problem. Fuel economy is an important factor in FCHVs. In order to properly evaluate the fuel economy of an FCHV, the initial battery state of charge (SOC) and the final battery SOC have to be identical so that the effect of the battery energy usage on the fuel economy is neglected. In the simulation or in the real driving, however, the final battery SOC is usually different from the initial battery SOC, and the final battery SOC often depends on the power management strategy. To consider the difference between the two battery SOC values, the concept of equivalent fuel consumption is presented by two methods. One is based on the relationship between delta SOC and delta fuel consumption, and the other is based on the optimal control theory. Two rule-based power management strategies for an FCHV are presented, and for each strategy, the fuel economy is evaluated based on the two methods. The characteristics of the two methods are discussed and compared, and the superior one is selected based on the comparison.     

Fuel economy evaluation of fuel cell hybrid vehicles based on optimal control

The fuel economy of a fuel cell hybrid vehicle (FCHV) depends on its power management strategy because the strategy determines the power split between the power sources. Several types of power management strategies have been developed to improve the fuel economy of FCHVs. This paper proposes an optimal control scheme based on the Minimum Principle. This optimal control provides the necessary optimality conditions that minimize the fuel consumption and optimize the power distribution between the fuel cell system (FCS) and the battery during driving. In this optimal control, the final battery state of charge (SOC) and the fuel consumption have an approximately proportional relationship. This relationship is expressed by a linear line, and this line is defined as the optimal line in this research. The optimal lines for different vehicle masses and different driving cycles are obtained and compared. This research presents a new method of fuel economy evaluation. The fuel economy of other power management strategies can be evaluated based on the optimal lines. A rule-based power management strategy is introduced, and its fuel economy is evaluated by the optimal line.     

燃料电池电动汽车的能源问题

电动汽车是21世纪清洁、高效和可持续发展的交通工具，是以蓄电池，燃料电池和超级电容器等电化学能源储存与转换装置为动力系统的交通运输工具的通称，包括纯电动汽车（BHE），混合动力电动汽车（HEV）和燃料电池电动汽车（FCEV）。由于石油危机的出现，人类能否在石油，天然气和煤炭资源被耗尽前就开发出可大量获取能量的新能源，已成为影响人类后代生存和发展的严峻问题，因此汽车的新能量源研究被提上日程。     

Design methodology of hybrid electric vehicle energy sources: Application to fuel cell vehicles

This paper presents a methodology to optimize the sizing of the energy and power components in a fuel cell electric vehicle from the driving mission (which includes driving cycles, a specified acceleration and autonomy requirements). The fuel cell and the Energy Storage System associated (battery or/and ultra capacitor) design parameters are the numbers of series and parallel branches respectively Nsi and Npi. They are set so as to minimize the objective function that includes mass, cost, fulfilling the performance requirements and respect the technological constraints of each power component through a penalty function. The methodology is based on a judicious combination of Matlab-Simulink® for the global simulation and a dedicated software tool Pro@Design®. Both are well suited to treat inverse problems for the optimization. An application for a fuel cell/battery powertrain illustrates the feasibility of the proposed methodology.     

Analysis on fuel economy and advanced systems of hybrid vehicles

Basic ideas on operation of hybrid vehicles were discussed from a view point of energy saving. Almost double fuel economy of series–parallel–hybrid vehicles was estimated on condition of no engine idling during vehicle stop, energy saving in acceleration using brake energy recovery and high efficiency operation on low load condition using series–hybrid system. From the discussion of overall efficiency, involving fuel cycle, under both low and high load conditions, both series–parallel–hybrid vehicles with internal combustion engine and fuel cell are supposed to have a high potential for the future.     

燃料电池汽车发展的研究与分析

本文描述了欧洲、美国、日本等世界发达国家及中国燃料电池汽车的发展动态,对各国现阶段对于燃料电池汽车采取的态度、技术选择、发展规划和政府支持等情况进行了详细的分析和研究。     

Modeling and model predictive control for hybrid electric vehicles

This paper builds up a typical model of a parallel hybrid electric vehicle and develops model predictive controllers for this model to control the speeds and torques for fast clutch engagement with high driving comfort and low jerk. Some modified algorithms for model predictive controllers are studied to improve their ability to track the desired speed setpoints, subject to input and output constraints.     

新能源汽车发展得失对燃料电池汽车的启示

新能源汽车是我国战略性新兴产业之一,2009年以来,我国逐步建立了以财税政策为主的支持政策体系,推动了我国新能源汽车产业从无到有,逐步发展壮大。新能源汽车产业政策对推动我国产业快速发展起到了关键性作用,但也面临“干预市场”、“干预技术路线”、“透支消费”等质疑,出现了“骗补谋补”、“补贴依赖症”等问题。目前我国燃料电池汽车仍处于市场起步期,大规模推广的条件尚未成熟,产业发展离不开国家政策的支持。如何继续发挥新能源汽车领域的先发优势,吸取前期产业发展经验教训,在下一步推广燃料电池汽车时少走弯路,加快推动产业发展,是当前燃料电池汽车产业发展面临的重大课题。     

Development of equivalent fuel consumption minimization strategy for hybrid electric vehicles

Power distribution between an internal combustion engine and electric motors is one of main features of hybrid electric vehicles that improves their fuel economy. An equivalent fuel consumption minimization strategy can instantaneously identify the optimal power distribution by converting the battery power into the equivalent fuel power and minimizing the overall fuel consumption. To guarantee the effectiveness of the strategy, it is essential to find the proper value of the conversion factor used to obtain the equivalent fuel power. However, finding the proper value is not a straightforward process because it is necessary to consider the overall power conversion efficiencies and battery charge sustaining strategy for the target driving cycle in advance. In this study, a model-based parameter optimization method is introduced to find the optimal conversion factor. A hybrid electric vehicle simulation model capable of estimating fuel consumption was developed, and the optimal conversion factor was discovered using a genetic algorithm that evaluates its population members using the simulation model. A series of simulations and vehicle tests was conducted to verify the effectiveness of the optimized strategy, and the results show a distinct improvement in fuel economy.     

Improvement of drivability and fuel economy with a hybrid antiskid braking system in hybrid electric vehicles

When braking on wet roads, Antilock Braking System (ABS) control can be triggered because the available brake torque is not sufficient. When the ABS system is active, for a hybrid electric vehicle, the regenerative brake is switched off to safeguard the normal ABS function. When the ABS control is terminated, it would be favorable to reactivate the regenerative brake. However, recurring cycles from ABS to motor regenerative braking could occur. This condition is felt to be unpleasant by the driver and has adverse effects on driving stability. In this paper, a novel hybrid antiskid braking system using fuzzy logic is proposed for a hybrid electric vehicle that has a regenerative braking system operatively connected to an electric traction motor and a separate hydraulic braking system. This control strategy and the method for coordination between regenerative and hydraulic braking are developed. The motor regenerative braking controller is designed. Control of regenerative and hydraulic braking force distribution is investigated. The simulation and experimental results show that vehicle braking performance and fuel economy can be improved and the proposed control strategy and method are effective and robust.     

Novel evaluation method of fuel consumption and emission for heavy-duty hybrid electric vehicles

This paper is a continuation of a previous paper titled “A novel way to calculate energy efficiency for rechargeable batteries” published on Journal of Power Sources/2012 describing a new method to calculate energy efficiency for rechargeable batteries. The present paper further describes the application of energy efficiency model on the evaluation of fuel consumption and emission for the heavy-duty hybrid electric vehicles (HD-HEVs). A more accurate calculation method of net energy change for power battery pack is proposed based on energy efficiency model of power battery pack. A more simplified and accurate correction method of fuel consumption and emission is also presented based on equivalent mileage. The fuel consumption and emission on chassis dynamometer are measured in the HD-HEVs. The experiment results show that relative errors of fuel consumption and emission between equivalent mileage correction results and linear regression correction results are less than 3%, which verifies accuracy and validates the proposed evaluation method for HD-HEVs fuel consumption and emission.     

新型燃料电池和超级电容器混合动力车

石油资源并非用之不竭,作为汽车的主要燃料,它总会有被替代的一天。虽然在寻找新能源的过程中,世界各大汽车公司纷纷研制各种新能源汽车,包括燃料电池车、电动汽车、混合动力汽车、代用燃料汽车等。但由于燃料电池汽车和纯电动汽车还存在不少问题,目前还不具备产业化条件,只能进行研制开发、示范运行。而今全球各大汽车公司已纷纷推出各种混合动力汽车,并先后推出了各自的量产车型。     

质子交换膜燃料电池在电动车辆上的应用

本文分别介绍并讨论了国内外质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)在电动汽车上的应用现状,描述和总结了各类电池汽车的前景和各自的竞争力量,分析了当前燃料电池汽车商业化需要解决的问题,如氢气的供应、成本以及存在的技术问题。     

Realization of pmp-based control for hybrid electric vehicles in a backward-looking simulation

Optimal control is generally not possible without information about the future coming up, and it is not easy to obtain an optimal solution even though the information is given a priori. In this paper, a control concept based on Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle (PMP) is introduced as an efficient solution to generate an optimal control trajectory for Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HVEs) when the performance of the vehicles is evaluated on scheduled driving cycles at a simulation level. The main idea of the control concept is to minimize Hamiltonian, which is interpreted as equivalent fuel consumption, and the Hamiltonian is characterized by a co-state, which is interpreted as a weighting factor for the electrical usage. A key aspect of the control problem is that an appropriate initial condition of the co-state is required to satisfy the boundary condition of the problem. In this study, techniques to calculate the Hamiltonian in different hybrid configurations are introduced, and a methodology to look for the initial condition of the co-state is studied, so that the controller is able to realize a desired State Of Charge (SOC) trajectory. To address the issue, we utilize a shooting method with multiple initial conditions based on the concept of the Newton-Raphson method, and all these techniques are realized in a backward looking simulator. The simulation results show that the PMP-based control is a very efficient approach to produce the optimal control trajectory, and the performance is compared to the optimal solution solved by Dynamic Programming (DP).     

混合动力汽车的NVH

解决传统内燃机的噪音、振动和颠簸（NVH）问题很复杂一如果采用混合动力传动系，复杂程度还会成倍提高，无论以何种模式驾驶，顾客都必须感到舒适才行。 如果在电动模式下，车辆发出的声吾与内燃机模式、截然小同，第一次开这种车的人会以为发生了故障。他们在试驾了这种新型车辆后，很可能会把钥匙还给卖车人后离去。     

Stability enhancement and fuel economy of the 4-wheel-drive hybrid electric vehicles by optimal tyre force distribution

In this paper, vehicle stability control and fuel economy for a 4-wheel-drive hybrid vehicle are investigated. The integrated controller is designed within three layers. The first layer determines the total yaw moment and total lateral force made by using an optimal controller method to follow the desired dynamic behaviour of a vehicle. The second layer determines optimum tyre force distribution in order to optimise tyre usage and find out how the tyres should share longitudinal and lateral forces to achieve a target vehicle response under the assumption that all four wheels can be independently steered, driven, and braked. In the third layer, the active steering, wheel slip, and electrical motor torque controllers are designed. In the front axle, internal combustion engine (ICE) is coupled to an electric motor (EM). The control strategy has to determine the power distribution between ICE and EM to minimise fuel consumption and allowing the vehicle to be charge sustaining. Finally, simulations performed in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment show that the proposed structure could enhance the vehicle stability and fuel economy in different manoeuvres.     

混合动力城市客车燃料电池系统总体设计

讨论了某型城市客车燃料电池系统设计中的关键问题,包括燃料电池、超级电容、电机等关键零部件的参数匹配.通过合理匹配和布置,从而提高了行车可靠性和安全性.     

SAE氢燃料电池车新技术标准或推动普及

<正>为了加快燃料电池车的普及进程以及相关补给设施的建设,美国SAE燃料电池标准工作组(Fuel Cell Standards Task Force)制定了两项新的技术标准:SAE J2601-轻型气态氢汽车的燃料协议。SAE-J2799-氢燃料汽车补给站软件及硬件标准。这两项标准的诞生使得全球两种氢燃料罐气压规格(35兆帕和70兆帕)得以协调。