黄河上游重大生态功能区草地逆型演替植物多样性变化研究

基于5个样地、90个样方的野外调查资料,研究了玛曲县不同退化程度草地群落植物多样性和地上生物量变化情况。结果表明：多样性指数与丰富度指数、均匀度指数及地上生物量有显著线性关系,而与优势度指数呈显著负相关。原生地带性群落以及演替早期类群多样性、均匀度、盖度及地上总生物量最高,在极度退化阶段,地上总生物量最低,优势度指数最大,随着退化程度加剧,草地群落的盖度、物种多样性指数、均匀度指数均下降,毒杂草、莎草增多,禾草急剧下降,最终导致草地初级生产力的降低。     

不同利用方式下高寒草甸的植被变化

本文研究了不同利用方式对高寒草甸植被特征的影响。结果表明高寒草甸在中度放牧条件下物种数、多度和物种多样性最高,植被高度、盖度随放牧强度增加而降低;冬季牧场的地上生物量最高,可达1316.74g/m2;禾草和莎草功能群重量随放牧强度增加表现出先增加后降低的趋势,在中度放牧下最大;重度放牧下毒杂草所占比重显著增加;相比不同放牧强度的草地,冬季牧场的禾草功能群和莎草功能群比重较大,草地质量优于夏季草场;同时还可在一定程度上说明轮牧是改善退化草甸的有效途径。     

放牧强度对青藏高原东部高寒草甸植物群落特征的影响

通过对青藏高原东部玛曲高寒嵩草草甸植物群落在3个放牧梯度下的特征比较,分析了该类草甸主要群落特征对放牧强度差异的响应。结果表明,随着放牧强度的增加,草甸群落的高度、盖度和地上生物量都呈现显著降低的趋势;草甸群落中优势种群的莎草科和禾本科物种的优势度逐渐降低,被一些杂草类物种(黄帚橐吾和火绒草)所取代。放牧强度的增加,导致了禾草类和莎草类功能群生物量比例的显著降低,及豆科类、毒草类和杂草类功能群生物量比例的显著增加。中度放牧下的草甸群落表现出了最高的物种丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数,排序为中牧草甸>重牧草甸>禁牧草甸。随着放牧干扰强度的增加,高寒草甸群落将经历一个由上层的莎禾草类为主的草甸群落→上层莎禾草类＋中层杂草类共存的草甸群落→中下层杂草类为主的草甸群落的演替过程。     

藏北高寒草原群落维持性能对封育年限的响应

针对近年来退化高寒草原的恢复和合理利用的问题,对自然放牧、封育3年和7年的藏北申扎高寒草原设置样地,采用群落调查、收割法收集地上生物量,根钻法收集地下生物量等,比较分析不同封育年限下草地群落各生态指标。结果表明,高寒草原围栏封育后,随自然放牧到3年禁牧再到7年禁牧,植被高度持续增加,地上地下生物量、总盖度、物种多样性维持性能增加再降低,Pielou 均匀度指数在自然放牧草地最大。随封育年限延长,禾草类及莎草类植物功能群生物量及重要值显著增加,杂草类功能群生物量及重要值显著降低,说明封育措施有利于群落的正向演替。但通过对群落总盖度、地上生物量及群落种类组成与封育年限间关系进行统计分析表明,藏北高寒草原封育达3到5年后以1.23只羊单位/hm²的放牧强度放牧为佳。     

高寒草甸草地与其退化产物——“黑土滩”生物多样性和群落特征的初步研究

依据草地退化特征将高寒草甸草地退化产物－－“黑土滩”草地划分为６个等级，研究了各级蜡地的物种多样性和植物群落特征，中度退化的“黑土滩”草地（秃斑地面积占２７．６％）物种多样性和均匀性较大，为３．２３４和１．１１５．随草地退化程度的加大，秃斑地面积比例和毒杂草比例有明显增加的趋势（Ｐ〈０．０１）；原生植被嵩草属植物优势度和草地活根量（３０ｃｍ）趋于明显减少（Ｐ〈０．０１）；群落产量在各级草地内变化不     

海拔梯度对藏北高寒草地生产力和物种多样性的影响

草地群落物种多样性和生产力在海拔梯度的变化规律及其关系, 以及不同功能群的变化一直是热点问题, 目前尚未得出一般性规律。本研究通过藏北地区那曲县日参波山样线的高寒草地样方调查实验, 分析各海拔梯度(4485~4635 m)植物群落生产力、结构和物种多样性的变化。结果表明, 随着海拔升高, 高寒草地植物群落生产力先增加后降低, 并在海拔4535~4585 m左右达到最佳;莎草类在群落由相对优势变为绝对优势, 禾草类和杂草类的重要值以不同幅度下降, 豆科类的重要值先上升后下降;物种丰富度、Shannon-Weiner 多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数和E.Pielou均匀度指数均呈现“单峰”型格局, 物种多样性指数与地上生物量呈正相关关系, 但只能作为部分解释地上生物量变化的因素。     

放牧强度对环青海湖高寒草原群落物种多样性和生产力的影响

通过2年的连续放牧试验,采用比较样地法,调查了不同放牧强度对环青海湖高寒草原生物多样性和生产力的影响,并探讨了植物物种多样性与草地生产力之间的关系,为高寒草原的合理利用提供基础资料。结果表明:物种丰富度和多样性指数随放牧强度的增加基本呈单峰变化,即在中度放牧下多样性最高,重度放牧下群落物种丰富度、多样性指数和均匀度指数均表现为最小;群落生产力随放牧强度的增加而降低(P<0.05);莎草科地上生物量差异不显著,禾本科和豆科生产力降低(P<0.05),杂类草生物量有增加趋势;禾草和豆科比例减小,莎草和杂类草比例增加;草地生产力与Simpson多样性指数和Alatalo均匀度指数呈显著的单峰函数关系(R²=0.910, P=20.027; R²=0.953, P=20.010),结合Simpson多样性指数和Alatalo均匀度指数才能更好地反映维持草地生产力水平的多样性指标。放牧强度是影响群落物种多样性和生产力及其关系的重要因素。     

东祁连山不同退化阶段高寒草甸群落结构与植物多样性特征研究

采用样方法对东祁连山地区不同退化程度高寒草甸植物群落进行了调查,对群落结构、物种组成和群落生产力进行了分析,并运用α多样性、β多样性等指标研究了其物种多样性变化.结果表明,1)研究样地内共有植物种13科27属40多种,从未退化-轻度退化-中度退化-重度退化-极度退化,不同退化演替阶段的优势种分别为线叶嵩草 禾草、线叶嵩草 珠芽蓼、珠芽蓼 线叶嵩草、珠芽蓼 杂类草、平车前 杂类草.2)随退化程度的加剧,草地总盖度降低,优良牧草生物量减少,而毒杂草的比例逐渐上升,草地质量下降;地上、地下生物量均明显降低,地上生物量远低于地下生物量,分布在各层的植物根量越来越少,地下根系具有浅层化特点.3)高寒草甸植物群落α多样性指数基本上与均匀度、丰富度指数呈正相关,与生态优势度指数呈负相关;群落的物种丰富度在中度退化阶段最高,但多样性指数和均匀度指数在重度退化阶段最高,群落多样性更多地受均匀度的影响.4)随退化程度的加剧,样方内微生境或资源异质性减小,样方间异质性增大,从而导致β多样性增加;各草地植物群落物种替代速率由大到小的顺序为重度退化-极度退化>未退化-轻度退化>中度退化-重度退化>轻度退化-中度退化.     

放牧和封育对青藏高原南缘亚高山草甸群落结构及物种多样性的影响

为探讨青藏高原南缘亚高山草甸的适宜管理措施,本研究以自由放牧、4年全年封育、4年生长季封育+非生长季放牧和20年生长季封育+季末割草管理下的亚高山草甸典型样地为研究对象,开展放牧和封育管理措施下亚高山草甸群落结构及物种多样性的比较研究。结果表明:退化亚高山草甸经4年的生长季封育+非生长季放牧管理,草地有害植物的优势地位降低,优良牧草的优势地位增加,物种丰富度显著下降,草地生产力、密度、盖度、多样性和均匀度无显著变化;经4年的全年封育管理,草地生产力、密度、盖度及优良牧草的优势度显著增加,优良牧草草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)成为群落的单优势物种,群落的生态优势度急剧增加,丰富度、多样性和均匀度显著降低;经20年的生长季封育+季末割草管理,草地生产力、密度、盖度及优良牧草的优势度显著增加,草地早熟禾和大花嵩草(Kobresia macrantha)成为群落的优势物种,群落的生态优势度指数和丰富度指数显著增加,多样性和均匀度显著降低。可见,与自由放牧相比,3种封育措施均可增加滇西北退化亚高山草甸优良牧草的优势度,促进退化亚高山草甸植被的恢复,但封育后因群落中单个或少数物种在群落中的优势地位大大增加,草地中伴生种消失,物种丰富度和多样性降低。     

青海湖地区线叶嵩草型中度与重度退化草地群落的比较研究

通过对青海湖地区线叶嵩草型中度与重度退化草地群落的比较研究,结果表明,在中度到重度退化进程中,随着退化程度的加重,草地植物群落的盖度、物种数、多样性及均匀度指数均下降,中度与重度退化样地地上植物类群及总植物量季节动态均呈现明显的“单峰”曲线,其峰值同时出现在8月下旬,在植物生长季,主要植物类群地上植物量季节动态具有明显的差异。地上总植物量季节积累动态均可用曲线y=ea bx(生长曲线)很好拟合。中度退化样地的净初级生产力高于重度退化样地,但由于在牧草返青期放牧使中度退化样地禾草类在草群中所占的比例小于重度退化样地。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.