应用超硬大磨粒金刚石砂轮实现BK7光学玻璃的超精密磨削

首先以91μm磨粒杯形铜基金刚石砂轮作为修整器并结合砂轮在线电解修锐技术(ELID,Electrolytic in- process dressing)对151μm磨粒电镀镍基单层金刚石砂轮进行精密高效的修整。在最佳的修整参数下,同时应用测力仪对两个砂轮间磨削力进行监测,并应用共轴光学位移检测系统对砂轮表面状态进行在位监测,151μm砂轮的回转误差被减小至1～2μm范围,同时砂轮上所有金刚石磨粒被修整出平坦表面并拥有恒定的圆周包迹,此时砂轮达到最佳工作状态。然后应用被良好修整的砂轮对光学玻璃BK7进行磨削加工。磨削试验结果和亚表层完整度评价结果表明新开发的大磨粒金刚石砂轮修整技术的可行性,也验证大磨粒金刚石砂轮只要经过精密修整是可以应用于光学玻璃的延展性超精密磨削加工的,并能实现纳米级的表面粗糙度,显示出大磨粒金刚石砂轮在加工难加工材料和硬脆材料中的良好应用前景。     

粗磨粒砂轮修整及光学玻璃平面磨削分析

本文讨论了一种电镀金刚石砂轮(91um磨粒尺寸)的高精度修整方案,然后对三种光学玻璃(BK7,熔凝石英和熔融石英)进行平面磨削实验。结果表明,采用D3钢修整方法可以对粗磨粒砂轮进行良好的修整,用千分尺检测出砂轮回转精度为6um。在选定的加工参数下,高精度修整后的电镀金刚石砂轮可以加工出纳米级工件表面。     

光学玻璃的激光微结构化砂轮精密磨削

为了降低大磨粒金刚石砂轮磨削光学玻璃时的亚表层损伤,利用纳秒脉冲激光对金刚石砂轮进行了表面微结构化加工,并采用该砂轮研究了光学玻璃的精密磨削加工。首先,计算了金刚石磨粒在纳秒脉冲激光辐射下的烧蚀阈值和激光束腰半径;然后,分析了纳秒脉冲激光在金刚石磨粒上加工的微结构形貌以及微结构化过程中的热损伤;最后,采用微结构化大磨粒金刚石砂轮进行光学玻璃的磨削实验,并分析了亚表层的损伤情况。实验结果表明:金刚石磨粒在纳秒脉冲激光辐射下的烧蚀阈值为0.89J/cm,激光束腰半径为17.16μm。在粒度为150μm的大磨粒电镀金刚石砂轮上可以实现结构尺寸为20μm的微结构表面加工。与传统金刚石砂轮相比,微结构化砂轮磨削后的光学玻璃亚表层损伤深度降低了40%,达到了降低光学玻璃磨削亚表层损伤的目的。     

小直径金属基球头金刚石砂轮电火花修整技术

针对深凹非球曲面器件及半球谐振子超精密磨削中使用的小直径金属基球头金刚石砂轮,提出一种基于电火花修整原理的精密修整方法.从理论上分析机械误差及修整参数对砂轮修整后面形精度的影响,基于理论分析结果研制金刚石球头砂轮电火花修整装置.通过正交试验研究修整参数对砂轮面形精度的影响规律,得到最优电火花修整参数.试验结果表明,修整后的砂轮面形精度优于0.8 μm,磨粒突出效果良好,可以满足半球谐振子及其他光学零件超精密磨削中砂轮修整需要.     

单层钎焊金刚石砂轮的精密修整及效果评价

单层钎焊金刚石砂轮作为一种新型的磨削工具,具有磨粒固结强度高、磨粒出露大、容屑空间大等优点,比较适合高效率大切深的强力磨削,然而这种工具对高性能的脆性材料的精密磨削却比较困难。本文通过两种精密的修整工艺,使得加工表面质量大大提高。通过观察砂轮磨粒形态的变化可知,磨粒在修整过程中存在有磨损钝化、破碎、表面粘附等现象;通过对砂轮轮廓的激光测量可知,砂轮的磨粒等高性在修整过程中是明显改善的。通过修整磨粒粒径300μm的钎焊砂轮磨削氧化锆的表面粗糙度达到了Ra0.2μm。     

F-Theta自由曲面透镜的精密与镜面磨削

针对光学玻璃的F-Theta自由曲面透镜加工困难等问题,提出将金刚石砂轮的椭圆环面代替圆环面,进行F-Theta自由曲面磨削加工,研究形状误差的补偿磨削方法和光学玻璃的镜面磨削工艺。根据F-Theta透镜的自由曲面建立砂轮与工件相切的刀具轨迹法向算法。采用#46粗金刚石砂轮修整成椭圆环面,提出自由曲面磨削的法向误差补偿加工模式。最后,采用#3000超细金刚石砂轮的椭圆环面进行轴向磨削试验。试验结果表明:传统的垂直误差补偿磨削可减小面形误差45.9%及其PV值11.6%;而新提出的法向误差补偿磨削可减小面形误差47.9%及其PV值41.5%。此外,超细砂轮磨削可使得自由曲面的粗糙度达到28 nm,其镜面磨削工艺有别于较粗砂轮磨削工艺。因此,椭圆环面砂轮的法向补偿磨削是提高自由曲面加工精度的有效方法,而且,无需研磨抛光就可以实现光学玻璃的自由曲面镜面磨削。     

单层磨料砂轮修整及修整阈值控制试验研究

针对粗粒度超硬磨料砂轮圆跳动难以检测技术问题,提出一种新的砂轮圆跳动检测方法,利用滑块组件与激光位移传感器有机结合,避免了砂轮表面高硬度磨料和粗糙形貌对传统量仪触头的机械干扰,排除了砂轮表面非均质材料及高陡坡磨粒的光学干扰,可实现粗粒度超硬磨料砂轮圆跳动的真实、稳定、高效、高精检测。在CNC8325数控外圆磨床上对粒度60#/70#电镀CBN砂轮进行了精密修整试验,依据"定量修整-砂轮检测-定量磨削-试件检测"循环测试方案,持续跟踪了电镀CBN砂轮圆跳动、磨削功率、试件表面质量、砂轮表面形貌渐变过程。结果表明:当电镀CBN砂轮初始圆跳动在10~20μm时,砂轮已具有良好的综合磨削效果,可以不修整或微量修整;当砂轮表面高点区域部分磨粒去除量在磨料平均直径1/5以内时,仍可通过精密修整获取理想的砂轮表面;当砂轮表面高点区域部分磨粒去除量达1/4以上时,即使修整后砂轮圆跳动很好,也无法获得较好磨削效果,此时砂轮已不具备磨削能力。     

单晶硅反射镜的超精密磨削工艺

为了实现单晶硅反射镜高效低损伤的超精密加工,研究了基于工件旋转法磨削原理的单晶硅反射镜超精密磨削工艺。通过形貌检测和成份测试的方法分析了该工艺采用的超细粒度金刚石砂轮的组织结构特征,并对单晶硅进行了超精密磨削试验,研究了超细粒度金刚石砂轮的磨削性能。通过砂轮主轴角度与工件面形之间的数学关系实现对磨削工件面形的控制。最后,采用超细粒度金刚石砂轮对Φ100mm×5mm的单晶硅反射镜进行了超精密磨削试验验证。试验结果表明,超细粒度金刚石砂轮磨削后的单晶硅表面粗糙度Ra值小于10nm,亚表面损伤深度小于100nm,磨削后的单晶硅反射镜面形PV值从初始的8.1μm减小到1.5μm。由此说明采用该工艺磨削单晶硅反射镜能够高效地获得低损伤表面和高精度面形。     

小直径青铜结合剂微粉砂轮的电火花精密修整实验研究

青铜结合剂微粉金刚石砂轮常用于脆硬材料的超精密磨削加工,但其修整十分困难;采用内冲式弧面铜钨电极对W10青铜结合剂微粉金刚石砂轮进行了电火花修整试验研究;搭建试验平台并设计三种不同弧度的内冲式电极,采用超景深三维显微镜、精密粗糙度仪、CCD激光位移传感器以及扫描电子显微镜,对修整后的砂轮进行了表面形貌检测、轮廓检测和磨削性能测试;检测结果表明60?弧面电极的内冲效果最好,修整砂轮表面磨粒突出明显,数量较多且密集度高,金刚石磨粒保存完好;砂轮圆跳动误差值最小,可达1.7?m、1.8?m、1.8?m;试验验证了采用60?弧面电极修整砂轮的磨削性能最好,加工的试件表面粗糙度可达Ra2.273 nm,已基本达到超精密镜面磨削的质量。     

光学自由曲面反射镜模芯的镜面成型磨削

采用精密修锐修整的圆弧形粗金刚石砂轮在CNC精密磨床上进行了数控成型磨削加工,实现了高效镜面磨削。分析金刚石砂轮圆弧形轮廓的成型修整原理,建立了圆弧形修整的数控模式。通过建立曲面数控成型磨削的行走轨迹算法,实现了自由曲面的圆弧包络成型磨削加工。分析了磨削工艺参数和砂轮出刃形貌参数与超光滑表面形成的作用机制,进行了镜面磨削试验并检测表面微观形貌和粗糙度,分析实现镜面磨削的脆/塑性磨削转换机理。理论分析表明,降低砂轮行走速度,提高砂轮转速以及改善出刃形貌可以获得纳米级粗糙度的超光滑磨削表面。试验结果显示,先将砂轮修锐修整再控制砂轮行走速度小至15 mm/min时,表面粗糙度小于10 nm以下,且微观加工表面没有发生脆性破坏,形成镜面。加工高速钢自由曲面时,面形误差(PV值)可以达到10 μm以下,表面粗糙度R_a可以达到约16 nm。实验结果表明:利用数控技术和粗金刚石砂轮可以实现自由曲面模芯的高效镜面磨削加工,保证了高精度的光学自由曲面反射镜注塑模芯。     

On-machine precision preparation and dressing of ball-headed diamond wheel for the grinding of fused silica

In the grinding of high quality fused silica parts with complex surface or structure using ball-headed metal bonded diamond wheel with small diameter,the existing dressing methods are not suitable to dress the ball-headed diamond wheel precisely due to that they are either on-line in process dressing which may causes collision problem or without consideration for the effects of the tool setting error and electrode wear.An on-machine precision preparation and dressing method is proposed for ball-headed diamond wheel based on electrical discharge machining.By using this method the cylindrical diamond wheel with small diameter is manufactured to hemispherical-headed form.The obtained ball-headed diamond wheel is dressed after several grinding passes to recover geometrical accuracy and sharpness which is lost due to the wheel wear.A tool setting method based on high precision optical system is presented to reduce the wheel center setting error and dimension error.The effect of electrode tool wear is investigated by electrical dressing experiments,and the electrode tool wear compensation model is established based on the experimental results which show that the value of wear ratio coefficient K’ tends to be constant with the increasing of the feed length of electrode and the mean value of K’ is 0.156.Grinding experiments of fused silica are carried out on a test bench to evaluate the performance of the preparation and dressing method.The experimental results show that the surface roughness of the finished workpiece is 0.03 μm.The effect of the grinding parameter and dressing frequency on the surface roughness is investigated based on the measurement results of the surface roughness.This research provides an on-machine preparation and dressing method for ball-headed metal bonded diamond wheel used in the grinding of fused silica,which provides a solution to the tool setting method and the effect of electrode tool wear.     

Ultra-precision ductile grinding of BK7 using super abrasive diamond wheel

In this paper, a novel conditioning technique using copper bonded diamond grinding wheels of 91 μm grain size and electrolytic in-process dressing (ELID) is first developed to precisely and effectively condition a nickel-electroplated monolayer coarse-grained diamond grinding wheel of 151 μm grain size. Under optimised conditioning parameters, the super abrasive diamond wheel was well conditioned in terms of a minimized run-out error and flattened diamond grain surfaces of constant peripheral envelope. The conditioning force was monitored by a force transducer, while the modified wheel surface status was in-situ monitored by a coaxial optical distance measurement system. Finally, the grinding experiment on BK7 was conducted using the well-conditioned wheel with the corresponding surface morphology and subsurface damage measured by atomic force microscope (AFM) and scanning electric microscope (SEM), respectively. The experimental result shows that the newly developed conditioning technique is applicable and feasible to ductile grinding optical glass featuring nano scale surface roughness, indicating the potential of super abrasive diamond wheels in ductile machining brittle materials. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2006, 42(10): 95–101 [译自: 机械工程学报]     

Ultra-precision grinding of optical glasses using mono-layer nickel electroplated coarse-grained diamond wheels. Part 2: Investigation of profile and surface grinding

After finishing the precision conditioning of mono-layer nickel electroplated coarse-grained diamond wheels with 151 μm (D151), 91 μm (D91) and 46 μm (D46) grain size, resp., profile and surface grinding experiments were carried out on a five-axis ultra-precision grinding machine with BK7, SF6 optical glasses and Zerodur glass ceramic. A piezoelectric dynamometer was used to measure the grinding forces, while an atomic force microscopy (AFM), white-light interferometer (WLI)) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to characterize the ground surface quality in terms of micro-topography and subsurface damage. Moreover, the wear mechanics of the coarse-grained diamond wheels were analyzed and the grinding ratio was determined as well, in aiming to evaluate the grinding performance with the conditioned coarse-grained diamond wheels. Finally, the grinding results were compared with that of the fine-grained diamond wheels with regard to the ground specimen surface quality, process forces and wheel wear as a function of stock removal. The experimental results show that the precision conditioned coarse-grained diamond wheels can be applied in ductile mode grinding of optical glasses with high material removal rates, low wheel wear rates and no dressing requirement yielding excellent surface finishes with surface roughness in the nanometer range and subsurface damage in the micrometer range, demonstrating the feasibility and applicability of the newly developed diamond grinding technique for optical glasses.     

光纤石英玻璃基板微V槽阵列的精密磨削

针对脆性石英玻璃的微加工,利用自主研发的金刚石砂轮微尖端修整工艺,研发了光纤阵列石英玻璃微V槽磨削技术。分析了60°的微V槽形状偏差对光纤耦合损耗的影响,然后,研究了砂轮微尖端的误差补偿修整工艺。最后,实验分析了微V槽的磨削精度。理论分析显示:微V槽角度、间距和宽度的偏差分别控制在±0.42°、±1.04μm和±1.2μm以内时,耦合损耗小于0.5dB。实验结果表明:开发的数控磨削工艺可加工高精度的60°微V槽阵列;采用数控轨迹和角度补偿修整后,砂轮微尖端半径可平均达到10.46μm,角度精度为(60±0.22)°;对石英玻璃进行微磨削后,微V槽的角度偏差达到0.4°,尖端半径为10.5μm,宽度偏差为0.3μm,间距偏差为0.5μm,可保证光纤阵列的精密对接。     

石英玻璃的热辅助高效塑性域干磨削

为了提高大口径石英玻璃光学元件的加工效率,提出了热辅助塑性域超精密磨削石英玻璃的新方法。分析了石英玻璃的热辅助塑性域磨削机理,通过理论推导得出磨削深度对磨削区表面最高温升的影响规律。采用陶瓷结合剂立方氮化硼(CBN)砂轮对石英玻璃进行干磨削,利用磨削热改善磨削区石英玻璃的力学性能,实现了石英玻璃的高效塑性域磨削。通过磨削实验研究了不同磨削深度对石英玻璃表面粗糙度(Ra)和亚表面损伤深度的影响。实验结果表明,随着磨削深度的增加,Ra和亚表面损伤深度反而降低。当磨削深度为5μm,大于粗磨表面的裂纹深度时,获得了Ra值为0.07μm的光滑无裂纹的塑性域磨削表面。通过扫描电镜观察研究了砂轮的磨损机理,结果显示陶瓷结合剂CBN砂轮塑性域干磨削石英玻璃时,砂轮以磨耗磨损为主,该结果为研究新型的陶瓷结合剂CBN砂轮提供了依据。     

Micro/nano Indentation and Single Grit Diamond Grinding Mechanism on Ultra Pure Fused Silica

The existing research about ductile grinding of fused silica glass was mainly focused on how to carry out ductile regime material removal for generating very smoothed surface and investigate the machining-induced damage in the grinding in order to reduce or eliminate the subsurface damage.The brittle/ductile transition behavior of optical glass materials and the wear of diamond wheel are the most important factors for ductile grinding of optical glass.In this paper,the critical brittle/ductile depth,the inf...     

Grinding damage of BK7 using copper-resin bond coarse-grained diamond wheel

Coarse-grained wheels can realize high efficient grinding of optical glass. However, the serious surface and subsurface damage will be inevitably introduced by the coarse-grained wheels. In this paper, the grinding damage of a copper-resin bond coarse-grained diamond wheel with grain size of 150μm was investigated on optical glass BK7. The wheel was first properly trued with a metal bond diamond wheel, then pre-dressing for the wheel and grinding experiments are carried out on a precision grinder assisted with electrolytic in process dressing (ELID) method. The surface roughness (Ra) of ground surface was measured using an atomic force microscope (AFM) and the surface topography were imaged by a white light interferometer (WLI) and the AFM. The subsurface damage level of ground surface was evaluated by means of both MRF spot method and taper polishing-etching method, in term of the biggest depth of subsurface damage, distribution of micro defects beneath the ground surface, the cluster depth of subsurface damage, relationship between subsurface damage (SSD) and PV surface roughness (SR), propagating distance and pattern of cracks beneath the ground surface. Experimental results indicate that a well conditioned copper-resin bond coarse-grained diamond wheel on a precision grinder can generate good surface quality of Ra less than 50nm and good subsurface integrity with SSD depth less than 3.5ε for optical glass BK7.     

树脂基圆弧金刚石砂轮的在位精密成形修整技术

针对球面、非球面及自由曲面超精密磨削加工用树脂基圆弧形金刚石砂轮难以精密修整的问题,提出基于旋转绿碳化硅(GC)磨棒的在位精密成形修整技术。在分析GC磨棒和圆弧砂轮几何关系的基础上,确定修整过程中圆弧插补轨迹的补偿方法及GC磨棒运动轨迹的设计方案。采用KEYENCE激光测微仪采集砂轮圆弧特征点,表征圆弧砂轮的修整状况。研究不同粒度的GC磨棒、进给深度和圆弧插补速度对圆弧金刚石砂轮修整率和修整精度的影响规律。研究结果表明,该修整方法可根据加工曲率半径要求实现不同圆弧半径砂轮的精密在位修整,修整后可自动消除砂轮垂直方向的位置偏差;采用400#和800#的GC磨棒对D3和D7砂轮均有较高的修整率(0.7~6.7);与400#和1500#的GC磨棒相比,800#GC磨棒更适合粒度为D3和D7圆弧金刚石砂轮的精密修整;相比圆弧插补速度,进给深度对砂轮的圆弧半径尺寸误差和形状误差影响更大,进给深度越小,圆弧半径尺寸误差和形状误差越小;修整后两种砂轮的圆弧半径误差均可控制在5%以内,D3砂轮的形状误差可控制在3μm/4 mm以内,D7金刚石砂轮可控制在6μm/4 mm以内,修整后比修整前形状误差提高14倍左右。     

ROTARY TRUING OF VITREOUS BOND DIAMOND GRINDING WHEELS USING METAL BOND DIAMOND DISKS

Abstract

Experiments on rotary truing of vitreous bond diamond grinding wheels were conducted to investigate the effects of truing speed ratio, type of diamond in the metal bond truing disks (synthetic versus natural), and diamond grit size in the grinding wheel on the wear of truing disk and on the cylindrical grinding of zirconia. Similar to G-ratio, a new parameter called D-ratio is defined to quantify the wear rate of the diamond truing disks. Experimental results show that, under the same truing condition, the truing disk with blocky, low friability synthetic diamond has a higher D-ratio than the truing disk with natural diamond. Diamond wheels trued by the disk with synthetic diamond also generate lower grinding force and rougher surface finish. High truing disk surface speed, 1.8 times higher than the surface speed of the grinding wheel, was tested and did not show any improvement in D-ratio. This study indicates that μm-scale precision form truing of the vitreous bond diamond wheel is difficult due to excess wear of the metal bond diamond truing disk.