Fairness and throughput enhancement based resource allocation scheme for underlay cognitive radio networks

Acquiring good throughput and diminishing interference to primary users (PU) are the main objectives for secondary users in a cognitive radio (CR) network. This paper proposes a centralized subcarrier and power allocation scheme for underlay multi-user orthogonal frequency division multiplexing considering the rate loss and the interference those the PU can tolerate. The main purpose of the proposed scheme is to efficiently distribute the available subcarriers among cognitive users to enhance both the fairness and the throughput performance of the cognitive network while maintaining the QoS of primary users. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme achieves a significantly higher CR network throughput than that of the conventional interference power constraint (IPC) based schemes and provides a significantly enhanced fairness performance. Also, contrary to the conventional IPC based schemes, the proposed scheme is able to significantly increase the achieved throughput as the number of CR users increases.     

Transmitter pre-filtering for the downlink of a time-division-duplex/direct sequencecode division multiple access system over time-varying multipath fading channels

In this paper, we investigate an optimised transmitter pre-filtering technique for downlink time-division-duplex (TDD) code division multiple access (CDMA) communications, which employs the conventional matched filter (MF) detector at the mobile receivers. The proposed pre-filtering technique eliminates the multiple-access interference and intersymbol interference (MAI/ISI) effects by applying a very simple transmission scheme that combines a signal transformation with a cyclic prefix strategy under a power constraint condition. Two constrained pre-filtering transformations are suggested depending on the information required at the mobile unit. An open-loop transmitter pre-filtering is first formulated; however, this solution does not consider the properties of the noise at the mobile receiver. A second solution is then presented via a closed-loop transmitter pre-filtering that includes an optimum gain for a given transmit and noise power. Some associated issues such as system efficiency, computational complexity and channel estimation errors are also addressed. Simulation results show that the proposed transmitter pre-filtering scheme can be used to increase the system performance and capacity. In addition, its performance is compared with another similar transmit pre-processing scheme in order to evaluate the performance improvement by the proposed algorithm.     

Coordinated multi-point transmission technique in TDD cellular mobile system

小区间干扰是影响未来蜂窝移动通信系统性能的主要因素,如何克服小区间干扰成为系统设计的关键所在。多点协作传输技术通过控制相邻小区之间的干扰,并将原本是干扰的信号转变为有用信息,从理论上突破了单点非协作系统的干扰受限容量,实现了链路可靠性的提高和传输速率的增加。多点协作技术传输技术被认为是降低小区间干扰、提升小区边缘吞吐量和系统吞吐量的更本质更有效的技术。TDD蜂窝移动通信系统中实现多点协作传输技术具有天然的优势：多点协作所需的大量的信道状态信息在TDD系统中通过上下行信道的互易性可以很容易的获得。本文对TDD系统实现多点协作传输的方案以及可能遇到的问题进行了分析,并通过系统仿真结果证明了两者结合所能带来的性能增益。     

分层软小区无线接入网及其性能分析

基于分布式天线系统的概念,提出了一种新型的无线接入网络结构--分层软小区(HSC)无线网络.该网络采用集中统一的资源管理策略,由软件控制多个天线端口形成软小区服务于移动终端,同时,按照资源的正交划分形成地域上重叠的多层不同大小和形状的软小区,以适应不同的用户场景.分析表明,分层软小区无线网络的系统容量、干扰、阻塞率等性能都比传统蜂窝网络有较大的提高.     

Fingerprint-Based Millimeter-Wave Beam Selection for Interference Mitigation in Beamspace Multi-User MIMO Communications

Millimeter-wave communications are suitable for application to massive multiple-input multiple-output systems in order to satisfy the ever-growing data traffic demands of the next-generation wireless communication. However, their practical deployment is hindered by the high cost of complex hardware, such as radio frequency (RF) chains. To this end, operation in the beamspace domain, through beam selection, is a viable solution. Generally, the conventional beam selection schemes focus on the feedback and exhaustive search techniques. In addition, since the same beam in the beamspace may be assigned to a different user, conventional beam selection schemes suffer serious multi-user interference. In addition, some RF chains may be wasted, since they do not contribute to the sum-rate performance. Thus, a fingerprint-based beam selection scheme is proposed to solve these problems. The proposed scheme conducts offline group-based fingerprint database construction and online beam selection to mitigate multi-user interference. In the offline phase, the contributing users with the same best beam are grouped. After grouping, a fingerprint database is created for each group. In the online phase, beam selection is performed for purposes of interference mitigation using the information contained in the group-based fingerprint database. The simulation results confirm that the proposed beam selection scheme can achieve a signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio and sum-rate performance which is close to those of a fully digital system, and having much higher energy efficiency.     

Improved Hybrid Beamforming for mmWave Multi-User Massive MIMO

Massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) has become essential for the increase of capacity as the millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication is considered. Also, hybrid beamforming systems have been studied since full-digital beamforming is impractical due to high cost and power consumption of the radio frequency (RF) chains. This paper proposes a hybrid beamforming scheme to improve the spectral efficiency for multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) systems. In a frequency selective fading environment, hybrid beamforming schemes suffer from performance degradation since the analog precoder performs the same precoding for all subcarriers. To mitigate performance degradation, this paper uses the average channel covariance matrix for all subcarriers and considers an iterative algorithm to design analog precoder using approximation techniques. The analog precoder is iteratively updated for each column until it converges. The proposed scheme can reduce errors in the approximating process of the overall spectral efficiency. This scheme can be applied to fully-connected and partially-connected structures. The simulation results show that spectral efficiency performance for the proposed scheme is better than the conventional schemes. The proposed scheme can achieve similar performance with full-digital beamforming by using a sufficiently large number of RF chains. Also, this paper shows that the proposed scheme outperforms other schemes in the frequency selective fading environment. This performance improvement can be achieved in both structures.     

Energy-Efficient Scheduling for a Cognitive IoT-Based Early Warning System

Flash floods are deemed the most fatal and disastrous natural hazards globally due to their prompt onset that requires a short prime time for emergency response. Cognitive Internet of things (CIoT) technologies including inherent characteristics of cognitive radio (CR) are potential candidates to develop a monitoring and early warning system (MEWS) that helps in efficiently utilizing the short response time to save lives during flash floods. However, most CIoT devices are battery-limited and thus, it reduces the lifetime of the MEWS. To tackle these problems, we propose a CIoT-based MEWS to slash the fatalities of flash floods. To extend the lifetime of the MEWS by conserving the limited battery energy of CIoT sensors, we formulate a resource assignment problem for maximizing energy efficiency. To solve the problem, at first, we devise a polynomial-time heuristic energy-efficient scheduler (EES-1). However, its performance can be unsatisfactory since it requires an exhaustive search to find local optimum values without consideration of the overall network energy efficiency. To enhance the energy efficiency of the proposed EES-1 scheme, we additionally formulate an optimization problem based on a maximum weight matching bipartite graph. Then, we additionally propose a Hungarian algorithm-based energy-efficient scheduler (EES-2), solvable in polynomial time. The simulation results show that the proposed EES-2 scheme achieves considerably high energy efficiency in the CIoT-based MEWS, leading to the extended lifetime of the MEWS without loss of throughput performance.     

Improved Hybrid Precoding Technique with Low-Resolution for MIMO-OFDM System

This paper proposes an improved hybrid beamforming system based on multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) system. The proposed beamforming system improves energy efficiency compared to the conventional hybrid beamforming system. Both sub-connected and full-connected structure are considered to apply the proposed algorithm. In the conventional hybrid beamforming, the usage of radio frequency (RF) chains and phase shifter (PS) gives high power and hardware complexity. In this paper, the phase over sampling (POS) with switches (SW) is used in hybrid beamforming system to improve the energy efficiency. The POS-SW structure samples the value of analog beamformer to make lower resolution than conventional system. The number of output data in POS is decided by the resolution of POS system. The limited number of POS decides the resolution of antenna array and the values of POSs are designed from maximum and minimum phase angle antenna array. Energy efficiency without the phase shifter is high although channel capacity is nearly similar with conventional system. Also, the amplifier with POS-SW system is proposed to improve the BER performance. According to the data bits, the output signals of POS are decided. The system with 2, 3 and 4 bits is simulated to prove the proposed algorithm. In order to overcome the loss of low-resolution system, the amplifier with POS-SW system using channel information is proposed. The average sum-rate of 4 bits system shows the similar performance with the conventional hybrid beamforming system. This structure can play an important role by increasing the energy efficiency of the wireless communication system that many antennas are used. It is shown that the BER, average sum rate and energy efficiency of the proposed scheme are more improved than the conventional hybrid beamforming system.     

单用户毫米波大规模MIMO系统的混合预编码方案设计

对MIMO通信系统的数字预编码方法进行了深入分析,指出单用户毫米波大规模MIMO系统和传统全数字预编码方案所用射频(RF)链路数量过大致使系统实现成本大和能量消耗较高,并针对这种情况,提出了一种在系统收发两端分别采用混合预编码器和混合合成器的混合预编码方案。该方案首先通过迭代算法设计模拟预编码矩阵,并且根据信道矩阵与模拟预编码矩阵作用生成的等效信道矩阵设计数字预编码矩阵,然后根据混合预编码器设计混合合成器,从而使系统频谱效率最大化。该方案与传统全数字预编码及现有混合预编码方案的仿真比较结果表明,该方案有效降低了系统实现成本和能量消耗,且性能优于现有的混合预编码方案,与传统全数字预编码方案相比,性能非常接近。     

Energy-Efficient Low-Complexity Algorithm in 5G Massive MIMO Systems

Energy efficiency (EE) is a critical design when taking into account circuit power consumption (CPC) in fifth-generation cellular networks. These problems arise because of the increasing number of antennas in massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, attributable to inter-cell interference for channel state information. Apart from that, a higher number of radio frequency (RF) chains at the base station and active users consume more power due to the processing activities in digital-to-analogue converters and power amplifiers. Therefore, antenna selection, user selection, optimal transmission power, and pilot reuse power are important aspects in improving energy efficiency in massive MIMO systems. This work aims to investigate joint antenna selection, optimal transmit power and joint user selection based on deriving the closed-form of the maximal EE, with complete knowledge of large-scale fading with maximum ratio transmission. It also accounts for channel estimation and eliminating pilot contamination as antennas M → ∞. This formulates the optimization problem of joint optimal antenna selection, transmits power allocation and joint user selection to mitigate inter-cell-interference in downlink multi-cell massive MIMO systems under minimized reuse of pilot sequences based on a novel iterative low-complexity algorithm (LCA) for Newton’s methods and Lagrange multipliers. To analyze the precise power consumption, a novel power consumption scheme is proposed for each individual antenna, based on the transmit power amplifier and CPC. Simulation results demonstrate that the maximal EE was achieved using the iterative LCA based on reasonable maximum transmit power, in the case the noise power is less than the received power pilot. The maximum EE was achieved with the desired maximum transmit power threshold by minimizing pilot reuse, in the case the transmit power allocation ρ_d = 40 dBm, and the optimal EE = 71.232 Mb/j.     

主用户链路深度衰落下的认知网络中继

针对主用户链路经历深度衰落而发生通信中断的问题,提出了一种认知网络对主用户进行"透明"中继的方案。在不改变主用户通信协议的前提下,该方案首先感知主用户的状态,以判断其是否需要中继服务。当主用户通信发生中断时,认知网络利用从用户的能量检测器选出一个最优的节点解码转发主用户信号。从中断概率角度证明了这种最优单节点中继具有与多节点中继相同的空间分集作用,能够提高主用户平均传输效率,有较大的中继信道容量。通过仿真分析,验证了其分集效果和传输效率的提升。     

Power control for interference mitigation by evolutionary game theory in uplink NOMA for 5G networks

The demand for mobile uplink traffic has increased significantly in the past few decades with the development of the Internet of Things (IoT) and mobile Internet. This has subsequently imposed challenges on 5G networks to provide high spectral efficiency and low-power massive connectivity. Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is a viable alternative to the current state-of-the-art orthogonal multiple access (OMA) techniques to address the challenges in 5G systems. In addition, a power control (PC) mechanism to mitigate the effect of interference between users can be accommodated to improve network performance. In this paper, we discuss the basic principles, key features, and strengths/weaknesses of the various power domain NOMA schemes. Moreover, we propose an uplink PC scheme for the users of a power domain NOMA network. The proposed PC method makes use of the evolutionary game theory (EGT) model to adaptively adjust the transmitted power level of the users which helps in mitigating user interference. A successive interference cancellation (SIC) receiver is applied at a base station (BS) in order to separate the users’ signals. By performing simulations, we show that the proposed EGT-based PC scheme achieves higher network efficiency, spectral efficiency, and energy efficiency.     

Physik und Technik von Radiofrequenz‐Ionentriebwerken

Physics and Technological Aspects of Radio‐Frequency Ion Thrusters Electric space propulsion devices offer a propellant utilization efficiency orders of magnitude higher than chemical ones. This, among other benefits, motivates the usage of electric propulsion for station keeping, attitude and orbit control, orbit raising and interplanetary deep space missions. In particular, radio‐frequency ion thrusters (RIT) offer even higher efficiency than comparable electric thrusters. This is mainly due to electrostatically generated thrust in RITs which is decoupled from plasma generation which again is ultimately necessary for the production of thrust‐generating requency Ion Thrusters ions. This article gives insight into basic physical processes that occur within the thrusters' discharge vessels which lead to highly efficient, highly resolvable thrust generation. Furthermore, a more general systems engineering observation of the complete thruster system is given with special respect to the radio‐frequency generator (RFG) which is essential to take into account when speaking of overall efficiency. Finally, an overview on alternative propellants to possibly increase cost efficiency of a particular mission is proposed.     

Comparison of direct-sequence impulse radio and direct-sequence ultra-wide bandwidth in multi-user interference

A new ultra-wide bandwidth communication system using both a time-hopping (TH) sequence and a direct spreading sequence, called direct-sequence impulse radio (DS-IR), has recently been proposed. An exact analysis to evaluate the bit error rate (BER) performance of this new scheme in multi-user interference (MUI) is provided. On the basis of this new analysis, ultra-wideband communication systems employing TH, direct-sequence and the newly proposed DS-IR schemes operating in MUI are accurately compared in terms of the BER. Our results indicate that DS-IR outperforms the TH binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) system. However, its performance is poorer than the performance of the conventional full-duty direct sequence BPSK system. Compared with the low-duty direct sequence BPSK system, DS-IR achieves a better error rate performance for medium and large signal-to-noise power-ratio values.     

Timing and frequency offset estimation scheme for the uplink of OFDMA systems

Timing and frequency synchronisation for the uplink of OFDMA systems is discussed. The uplink synchronisation procedure is presented and a novel timing and frequency offset estimation scheme is proposed. The timing and frequency offsets are estimated by identifying the differential phases of the training subcarriers in frequency and time dimensions, respectively. The frequency offset is estimated ahead of the timing offset, after which intercarrier interference compensation is carried out based on the estimated frequency offset. Finally, the timing offset is estimated after eliminating the frequency offset's influence. The principle of best linear estimation is applied. Both the case of a single user and that of multiple users simultaneously accessing the network are considered. In contrast to other methods, the proposed scheme has moderate complexity and allows flexible subcarrier assignment schemes. The analyses and simulation results demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed scheme in the uplink channels.     

Analysis of Underlay Cognitive Radio Networks Based on Interference Cancellation Mechanism

In this paper, we investigate the performance of secondary transmission scheme based on Markov ON-OFF state of primary users in Underlay cognitive radio networks. We propose flexible secondary cooperative transmission schemewith interference cancellation technique according to the ON-OFF status of primary transmitter. For maximal ratio combining (MRC) at destination, we have derived exact closed-form expressions of the outage probability in different situations. The numerical simulation results also reveal that the proposed scheme improve the secondary transmission performance compared with traditional mechanism in terms of secondary outage probability and energy efficiency.     

Design of a double-layered spiral antenna for radio frequency identification applications

In this study, the authors describe a novel circularly polarised (CP) double-layered spiral antenna (DLSA) consisting of two main spiral radiators printed on a thin substrate, a feed line and a folded ground plane for a ultra-high-frequency (UHF) band radio frequency identification (RFID) reader. The proposed antenna exhibits broad impedance and CP bandwidth characteristics. The fabricated prototype has an axial ratio of less than 3 dB, a return loss of less than 10 dB over an 860 960 MHz range and a gain of 6.7 dB in the operating frequency range. This performance confirms that the proposed antenna is appropriate for commercial RFID use in the UHF band.     

Spectral efficiency of spectrum-pooling systems

The authors investigate the idea of using cognitive radio to reuse locally unused spectrum to increase the total system capacity. The authors consider a multiband/wideband system in which the primary and cognitive users wish to communicate to different receivers, subject to mutual interference and assume that each user knows only his/her channel and the unused spectrum through adequate sensing. The basic idea under the proposed scheme is based on the notion of spectrum pooling. The idea is quite simple; a cognitive radio will listen to the channel and, if sensed idle, will transmit during the voids. It turns out that, although its simplicity, the proposed scheme showed very interesting features with respect to the spectral efficiency and the maximum number of possible pairwise cognitive communications. We impose the constraint that users successively transmit over available bands through selfish water filling. For the first time, our study has quantified the asymptotic (with respect to the band) achievable gain of using spectrum pooling in terms of spectral efficiency compared with classical radio systems. The authors then derive the total spectral efficiency as well as the maximum number of possible pairwise communications of such a spectrum-pooling system.     

Design of a Compact Monopole Antenna for UWB Applications

In this paper, a low cost, highly efficient and low profile monopole antenna for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications is presented. A new inverted triangular-shape structure possessing meander lines is designed to achieve a wideband response and high efficiency. To design the proposed structure, three steps are utilized to achieve an UWB response. The bandwidth of the proposed antenna is improved with changing meander lines parameters, miniaturization of the ground width and optimization of the feeding line. The measured and simulated frequency band ranges from 3.2 to 12 GHz, while the radiation patterns are measured at 4, 5.3, 6 and 8 GHz frequency bands. The overall volume of the proposed antenna is 26 × 25 × 1.6 mm3 ; whereas the FR4 material is used as a substrate with a relative permittivity and loss tangent of 4.3 and 0.025, correspondingly. The peak gain of 4 dB is achieved with a radiation efficiency of 80 to 98% for the entire wideband. Design modelling of proposed antenna is performed in ANSYS HFSS 13 software. A decent consistency between the simulated and measured results is accomplished which shows that the proposed antenna is a potential candidate for the UWB applications.     

电力系统电磁辐射无线电干扰值的监测

结合实践经验,针对电力项目电磁辐射环境影响评价及验收工作中高压架空线路及输变电站无线电干扰值监测中存在的问题进行分析,指出了影响监测结果的关键因素,主要包括电磁辐射背景值、测试仪器参数设置、天线类型、测试频率以及测试位置和距离等,以为进一步规范无线电干扰值监测方法和科学评价无线电干扰对环境造成的影响提供参考和依据,也使该项指标在环评及验收工作中更具有实际应用价值。