cAMP对人骨髓瘤细胞的IL-6信号转导功能及细胞增殖的抑制作用

目的 研究ＰＫＡ途径激活（或胞内ｃＡＭＰ水平升高）后对人骨髓瘤细胞的ＩＬ－６信号转导功能及细胞生长的影响。方法 采用ＰＫＡ途径激动剂Ｆｏｓｋｏｌｉｎ（ＦＫ）和ｃＡＭＰ类似物８－Ｂｒ－ｃＡＭＰ刺激人骨髓瘤细胞骨－Ｓｋｏ－００７,分别通过ＭＴＴ方法和凝胶阻滞电泳（ｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｐｈｏｒｅｔｉｃ ｍｏｂｉｌｉｔｙ ｓｈｉｆｔ ａｓｓａｙ,ＥＭＳＡ）方法检测ＦＫ和８－Ｂｒ－ｃＡＭＰ对Ｓｋｏ细胞的生长及其Ｉ     

Major role of the soluble interleukin-6/interleukin-6 receptor complex for the proliferation of interleukin-6-dependent human myeloma cell lines

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a proinflammatory cytokine which possesses a central growth factor activity for certain tumor cells such as plasma cells in multiple myeloma (MM). Upon binding of IL-6, soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) has been shown to retain its affinity for IL-6 and to associate with the signal-transducing gp130 chain. Therefore, contrary to the majority of soluble cytokine receptors, it plays an agonist role in IL-6 signaling. In order to test its physiological importance as compared to that of its membrane counterpart, we studied cells from two myeloma cell lines which need exogenous IL-6 to proliferate and release sIL-6R into their culture supernatant. Using a new culture system where the supernatant recirculated permanently through an anti-IL-6R affinity column, all sIL-6R was removed from the culture medium throughout the culture period. Under these conditions IL-6-dependent cells were unable to grow in the presence of physiological concentrations of IL-6, showing the major role of the sIL-6R for sustaining the proliferation of these cell lines. Increasing IL-6 concentrations well over the physiological values allowed the cells to proliferate again. No effect was seen when sIL-6R was removed from the supernatant of an IL-6-independent myeloma cell line. These results show that the levels of circulating sIL-6R (and thus those of IL-6/sIL-6R complex) are worth looking at in pathologies involving IL-6 hyperactivity.     

两条IL-6信号转导途径在人骨髓瘤细胞系U266中的相互拮抗作用

目的 研究人骨髓瘤细胞系U266中白细胞介素6（IL－6）信号转导途径及彼此之间的相互调控方式。方法 首先采用凝胶阻滞电泳（electrophoretic mobility shift assay,EMSA)方法观察分别参与两条IL－6信号转导途径的转录因子STAT3和NF－IL－6在U266细胞中的诱导激活状态并确定该细胞中的IL－6信号转导通路;继而采用转基因或化学试剂处理方法,特异性上调或下调其中一条IL－6信号途径的化,并同时观察另外一信号途径的激活状态。结果 1、以上两种转录因子分别参与的IL－6信号转导途径－－JAK／STAT和Ras/NF-IL-6,它们都能够在U266细胞中诱导激活;2、在高剂量IL－6（1－100ng/ml）刺激范围之内,一条IL－6信号途径活化水平的升高可同时导致另一条信号途径活化水平的下降。结论 在一定IL－6刺激剂量范围内,U266细胞中两条IL－6信号途径的诱导激活存在着相互拮抗作用。     

Ras/NF-IL-6信号转导途径介导人骨髓瘤细胞KM-3中的IL-6生物学效应

目的　研究人骨髓瘤细胞KM 3中的IL 6信号转导途径与生物学效应之间的关系。方法　分别采用MTT、凝胶阻滞电泳 (electrophoreticmobilityshiftassay ,EMSA)、免疫沉淀方法检测IL 6对KM 3细胞生长状态的影响、参与IL 6信号传递功能的转录因子以及蛋白激酶在KM 3细胞中的诱导激活状态。结果　IL 6可明显促进KM 3细胞增殖 ,并可引发Ras/NF IL 6信号转导途径活化 ,但Jak/STAT信号途径没有激活。结论　Ras/NF IL 6信号转导途径介导了IL 6对KM 3细胞的生长促进作用     

IL—6在人骨髓瘤细胞U266中的信号转导途径与细胞增殖促进效应之间的关系

目的：研究人骨髓瘤细胞U266中IL－6信号转导途径激活与细胞增殖促进效应之间的关系。方法：首先分别采用MTT、凝胶阻滞电泳（electrwophoretic mobility shift assay, EMSA）和免疫沉淀（immunoprecipitation,IP）方法观察IL－6对U266细胞生长的影响及两条IL－6信号转导途径在U266细胞中的诱导激活状态;然后采用化学试剂处理或转基因方法观察信号途径活化状态变化与IL－6效应变化之间的关系。结果：IL－6可明显促进U266细胞增殖,并在不同剂量下诱导JAK／STAT和Ras/NF-IL-6途径活化;Ras途径活化被特异性上调和下调时,IL－6对U266细胞的生长促进效应分别得以增强和减弱;而JAK／STAT途径活化受抑时,IL－6的促细胞生长效应反而加强。结论：Ras途径的诱导激活介导了IL－6对U266细胞的增殖促进效应;而JAK／STAT途径活化介导了与IL－6促细胞增殖相反的生物学效应。     

白细胞介素13抑制肾小球系膜细胞增殖及白细胞介素6表达

目的:探讨白细胞介素13(IL-13)对体外培养的大鼠系膜细胞的增殖及其产生白细胞介素6(IL-6)的影响。方法:用四甲基偶氮唑(MTT)法测定系膜细胞增殖,用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)及酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定系膜细胞IL-6mRNA表达及其蛋白水平。结果:IL-13在1、10、100μg/L浓度范围呈剂量依赖性地抑制系膜细胞的增殖;5%FCSRPMI1640培养条件下系膜细胞IL-6mRNA表达及IL-6分泌水平较低,脂多糖(LPS)可刺激系膜细胞IL-6mRNA的表达及提高IL-6分泌水平,而IL-13可抑制LPS诱导的系膜细胞IL-6分泌及其mRNA表达。结论:IL-13抑制体外培养的系膜细胞增殖及LPS诱导的系膜细胞IL-6的产生,IL-13可能对于肾小球肾炎的系膜细胞炎症反应具有拮抗作用。     

Biological activity of recombinant murine interleukin-6 in interleukin-1 T cell assays

Interleukin-6 (also called B cell stimulatory factor 2, hepatocyte activating factor, interferon-β₂) has been shown to have effects on various lineages of hemopoietic cells. Some of its activities appear to overlap those of interleukin-1. In particular, recombinant murine IL-6 induced proliferation of phytohemagglutinin-activated thymocytes, an assay widely used to detect IL-1. In this report, we compared several features of IL-1 and IL-6 dependent thymocyte proliferation. The results indicate that IL-2 is the major second mediator of both IL-1 and IL-6 dependent proliferation. Finally, we tested whether IL-6 would also have activity in other T cell-based IL-1 assays using the T cell lymphoma LBRM33 1A5 and the T cell clone D10-G4.1. IL-6 had no activity in the latter two assays. These results indicate that IL-1 assays using LBRM33 1A5 and D10-G4.1 selectively detect Il-1, and are more specific assays for the detection of IL-1 in samples that may also contain IL-6.     

The clinical role of interleukin-6 and interleukin-6 soluble receptor in human follicular fluids

In order to investigate the role of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-6 soluble receptor (sR) in human ovulation, we evaluated the concentrations in human follicular fluid and analyzed the correlation of IL-6 and IL-6 sR with oocyte maturation. The oocytes were obtained from the follicular fluid of 45 women undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. The concentrations of IL-6 and IL-6 sR in follicular fluid were measured by ELISA. In addition, granulosa cells obtained from the follicular fluid were cultured and treated with forskolin and 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate for 24–48 h. The concentration of IL-6 was significantly higher in the follicular fluid than in the serum (P<0.01). In contrast, the concentration of IL-6 sR was significantly lower in the follicular fluid than in the serum (P<0.001). The concentrations of IL-6 and IL-6 sR were significantly higher in the follicular fluid containing mature oocytes than in fluid containing immature oocytes (P<0.05). The production of IL-6 was markedly increased over the basal level after 24 h of treatment with forskolin(P<0.001) and 48 h of treatment (P<0.01) with cultured granulosa cells. Our data suggest that IL-6 and IL-6 sR may play an important role in follicular growth and development in human preovulatory processes. It is possible that IL-6 in particular may be regulated by cAMP. IL-6 and IL-6 sR might also be valuable biochemical markers in the evaluation of oocyte maturation. Received: 6 July 2002 / Accepted: 18 December 2002 Correspondence to Y. Kawano     

Coexistence of multiple myeloma and clear cell renal cell carcinoma: a case report and review of literature

Coexistence of multiple myeloma (MM) and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is an extremely rare condition. Nevertheless, there is a higher than expected incidence of co-occurrence of these two malignancies. Several case series, in the recent past, have postulated an association between MM and RCC. Population-based data analyses have revealed a bi-directional association between these two malignancies. However, the cause still remains speculative up to date. Here, we aim to describe a patient with MM and clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) one after another for the second time from China. Clinical implications are discussed with a critical review of existing literature and we expect to draw much more awareness among clinicians regarding such association.     

多发性骨髓瘤中MAPK信号通路对BLyS表达的调控研究

目的 研究多发性骨髓瘤(MM)细胞中丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号通路的表达及活化情况,探讨MAPK信号通路对MM细胞B淋巴细胞刺激因子(BLyS)表达变化的影响及对MM细胞增殖与存活的影响,并初步探讨MAPK信号通路在IFN-γ(MM重要的促生长因子)上调MM细胞BLyS表达过程中的作用.方法 应用Western blot方法检测MM细胞中蛋白ERK、p-ERK、JNK、p-JNK、p38及p-p38的表达情况;应用RT-PCR及Western blot检测MAPK信号通路对BLyS表达的影响;应用WST-1法检测靶向JNK的MAPK信号通路抑制剂SP600125对MM细胞增殖与存活的影响.结果 MM细胞株中,除了ERK、JNK及p38的表达外,还有活化蛋白p-JNK的表达;靶向JNK的MAPK信号通路抑制剂SP600125可下调MM细胞BLyS的表达,其激动剂茴香霉素(anisomycin)可上调BLyS的表达;IFN-γ可上调MM细胞BLyS的表达,SP600125可部分抵消IFN-γ对BLyS的上调作用;SP600125可抑制MM细胞的增殖与存活.结论 MM细胞中有JNK/SAPK信号通路的活化;JNK/SAPK信号通路的活化程度与BLyS的表达高低呈正相关;JNK/SAPK信号通路在IFN-γ上调MM细胞BLyS表达过程中发挥重要作用.     

Extravasation and homing mechanisms in multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant B-cell disorder characterized by a monoclonal expansion of plasma cells (PC) in the bone marrow (BM). During the main course of disease evolution, MM cells depend on the BM microenvironment for their growth and survival. Reciprocal interactions between MM cells and the BM mediate not only MM cell growth, but also protect them against apoptosis and cause bone disease and angiogenesis. A striking feature of MM represents the predominant localization and retention of MM cells in the BM. Although BM PC indeed represent the main neoplastic cell type, small numbers of MM cells can also be detected in the peripheral blood circulation. It can be assumed that these circulating cells represent the tumour-spreading component of the disease. This implicates that MM cells have the capacity to (re)circulate, to extravasate and to migrate to the BM (homing). In analogy to the migration and homing of normal leucocytes, the BM homing of MM cells is mediated by a multistep process of extravasation with adhesion to the endothelium, invasion of the subendothelial basement membrane, followed by further migration within the stroma, mediated by chemotactic factors. At the end stage of disease, MM cells are thought to develop autocrine growth supporting loops that enable them to survive and proliferate in the absence of the BM microenvironment and to become stroma-independent. In this stage, the number of circulating cells increases and growth at extramedullary sites can occur, associated with alteration in adhesion molecule and chemokine receptor expression. This review summarizes the recent progress in the study of the extravasation and homing mechanisms of MM cells.     

Retinoic acid modulates the in vivo and in vitro growth of IL-6 autocrine human myeloma cell lines via induction of apoptosis

We previously showed that IL-6 is an autocrine growth factor for two human myeloma cell lines, RPMI 8226 and U266. We investigated here the in vitro and in vivo effects of all-trans retinoic acid (RA) on the growth and survival of these two cell lines. RA induced a dramatic dose- and time-dependent inhibition of the proliferation of both cell lines. This inhibition was correlated with a down-modulation of the cell surface expression of the IL-6 binding chain (gp80) and the transducing chain (gp130) of the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R). Long-term culture experiments showed that down-modulation of gp80 expression was complete at days 15 and 30 in the presence of 10^–5 and 10^–7 mol/l of RA, respectively. Gp130 expression was greatly decreased, albeit still detectable, in similar culture conditions. RA-mediated interruption of the IL-6 autocrine loop was associated with a decrease of bcl-2 oncoprotein expression and apoptosis of the myeloma cells which was RA concentration- and time-dependent. The in vivo relevance of the effects of RA was studied on tumours which developed in nude mice inoculated with a subclone of RPMI 8226. Whereas tumours grew in all control mice, 40% of tumours regressed within 20 days in RA-treated mice. Cells from regressing tumours featured characteristics of apoptosis and exhibited low gp80 and gp 130 expression. Our study indicate that long-term RA treatment interferes in vivo and in vitro with IL-6 autocrine growth of myeloma cell lines, leading to apoptosis.     

New therapies in multiple myeloma

The melphalan-prednisone regimen has been considered as standard therapy for patients with multiple myeloma (MM) for many years. Recently, high-dose chemotherapy with stem-cell support has extended progression-free survival and increased overall survival, and it is now considered conventional therapy in younger patients. However, most patients relapse and the salvage treatment is not very effective. New active drugs, including immunomodulatory agents, thalidomide (Thal) and lenalidomide, and the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, have shown promising anti-myeloma activity. These novel treatments are aimed at overcoming resistance of tumour cells to conventional chemotherapy, acting both directly on myeloma cells and indirectly by blocking the interactions of myeloma cells with their local microenvironment and suppressing growth and survival signals induced by autocrine and paracrine loops in the bone marrow. Thal has been widely studied, mostly in combination regimens in patients with relapsed MM and, more recently, in front-line therapy, showing efficacy in terms of response rate and event-free survival. Bortezomib has been found to possess remarkable activity, especially in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents, in relapsed/refractory and newly diagnosed MM, as well as in patients presenting adverse prognostic factors. Lenalidomide, in combination with dexamethasone, is showing high overall response rates in relapsed and refractory MM and promising results also in first-line therapy. In this paper, the results of the most significant trials with Thal, bortezomib and lenalidomide are reported. Several ongoing clinical studies will hopefully allow the identification of the most active combinations capable of improving survival in patients with MM.     

Pulmonary infection with Penicillium citrinum in a patient with multiple myeloma

A 60-year-old male patient undergoing chemotherapy for multiple myeloma Stage II presented to our hospital with complaints of cough, haemoptysis, fever and loose stools. Sputum sample was sent for fungal culture. Fungal culture on Sabouraud dextrose agar yielded bluish-green velvety growth with orange-to-red diffusible pigment on the reverse. The isolate was identified as Penicillium species, probably Penicillium citrinum or Penicillium pinophilus. As the isolate did not exhibit thermal dimorphism, the possibility of the fungal isolate being Penicillium marneffei was ruled out. The isolate was sent for molecular identification and confirmation, which was identified as P. citrinum. His HIV status was negative. In this case, his immunocompromised state due to multiple myeloma and chemotherapy could have predisposed him to this fungal infection, which is an emerging infection and a rare manifestation seen in high-risk patients receiving targeted therapies.     

多发性骨髓瘤患者树突状细胞介导的特异性抗瘤活性的体外诱导

目的 :观察U2 6 6 细胞及其可溶性抗原激发的多发性骨髓瘤 (MM)患者树突状细胞 (DC)体外诱导U2 6 6 特异性CTL的作用。方法 :将MM患者外周血来源的单核细胞在rhGM CSF 80 0U ml与IFNα 6 0 0U ml条件下利用无血清技术培养生成DC ,应用丝裂霉素C处理的U2 6 6 细胞及用U2 6 6 细胞制备的可溶性抗原预刺激DC ,然后与自体淋巴细胞共同孵育 5～ 7d以诱生特异性CTL ,采用MTT法检测对U2 6 6 细胞的特异性杀伤效果。结果 :MM患者外周血单核细胞在GM CSF IFNα条件下培养 8d后生成具有典型特征的DC ,高度表达CD86、CD5 4及MHCII类分子HLA DR。应用MTT法检测U2 6 6 细胞及其可溶性抗原激发的DC诱导特异性CTL对靶细胞U2 6 6 的杀伤率分别为 2 1 2 %± 5 4 %和 2 8 0 %± 7 6 % ,对照组未用抗原刺激组都为 11 7%±4 3%。而以抗原直接刺激自体淋巴细胞组为 15 6 %± 4 8%和 13 1%± 5 5 % (P <0 0 1)。结论 :U2 6 6 细胞及其可溶性抗原激发的DC与自体淋巴细胞孵育能诱导抗U2 6 6 特异性CTL。     

多发性骨髓瘤患者IL－1、IL－6测定及相关性研究

以ＥＬ４＋ＣＴＬＬ－２及７ＴＤ１细胞株增殖法分别检测ＩＬ－１和ＩＬ－６，发现多发性骨髓瘤患者ＰＢＭＣ及骨髓瘤细胞培养上清中ＩＬ－１与ＩＬ－６水平均高于正常对照，且ＩＬ－１和ＩＬ－６水平变化呈平行相关，基因重组ＩＬ－１α和β可剂量依赖性增强骨髓瘤细胞产生ＩＬ－６，提示ＩＬ－１可诱导人类多发性骨髓瘤细胞产生ＩＬ－６，进而刺激瘤细胞增殖。     

多发性骨髓瘤患者IL－1、IL－6测定及相关性研究

以ＥＬ４＋ＣＴＬＬ－２及７ＴＤ１细胞株增殖法分别检测ＩＬ－１和ＩＬ－６，发现多发性骨髓瘤患者ＰＢＭＣ及骨髓瘤细胞培养上清中ＩＬ－１与ＩＬ－６水平均高于正常对照，且ＩＬ－１和ＩＬ－６水平变化呈平行相关，基因重组ＩＬ－１α和β可剂量依赖性增强骨髓瘤细胞产生ＩＬ－６，提示ＩＬ－１可诱导人类多发性骨髓瘤细胞产生ＩＬ－６，进而刺激瘤细胞增殖。     

白介素—6对甲状腺细胞功能调控的研究

目的：研究白介素－６（ＩＬ－６）对甲状腺细胞生长和分化功能的调节作用。方法：采用Ｇｒａｖｅｓ病（ＧＤ）甲状腺培养细胞,分别以非同位素标记的细胞增殖分析法和放免法,检测ＩＬ－６对甲状腺细胞的生长、ｃＡＭＰ和甲状腺球蛋白（Ｔｇ）分泌功能的影响。结果：在１０＾－３～１０＾３Ｕ／ｍｌ的浓度范围内,ＩＬ－６不影响甲状腺细胞的生长功能,但此因子能够剂量依赖性地抑制甲状腺细胞基础和ＴＳＨ诱导的ｃＡＭＰ和Ｔｇ的生成。结论：ＩＬ－６在甲状腺分化功能的调节中发挥重要作用。     

Influence of interleukin-6 (IL-6) autoantibodies on IL-6 binding to cellular receptors

Neutralizing autoantibodies to interleukin-6 (aAb-IL-6) have been reported in healthy individuals, in patients with autoimmune diseases, and in pharmaceutically prepared pooled IgG (IVIg). We investigated the ability of aAb-IL-6 derived from IVIg to interfere with IL-6 binding to the undifferentiated monocytic cell line U-937. High-affinity aAb-IL-6, primarily of the IgG₁ subclass, constituted approximately 1:10⁶ of the total IgG in IVIg preparations. IL-6 binding to cellular receptors was strongly inhibited by one class of aAb-IL-6. These antibodies recognized epitope(s) on IL-6 essential for the binding of IL-6 to the α subunit of the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R). Another class of aAb-IL-6 recognized epitope(s) on IL-6, which is not essential for the binding to IL-6R but nevertheless important for the formation of high-affinity cellular IL-6 binding. These antibodies presumably interfered with the association of IL-6 receptor β chains (gp130) with IL-6/IL-6R complexes, implicating that small IL-6/aAb-IL-6 immune complexes bound saturably (low affinity/high capacity) to cellular IL-6 receptors. There was no detectable binding of IL-6 through aAb-IL-6 and Fc receptors on U-937, and IVIg had no direct IL-6 receptor antagonizing activity. Dissociation kinetics of IL-6/aAb-IL-6 complexes at 37 °C revealed that IL-6 was liberated from 75% of the aAb-IL-6 with a half-time (t/2) ≈ 4 h but bound almost irreversibly to the remaining aAb-IL-6 (t/2 > 20 h). Cellular IL-6 uptake and degradation was suppressed by aAb-IL-6. Taken together, the data suggest that loss of immunologic tolerance against IL-6 might be a novel physiological mechanism by which IL-6 activities are effectively attenuated. Finally, binding of IL-6 in complex with IgG1 aAb-IL-6 on cells expressing IL-6 receptors implicates that such cells could be targets of antibody-dependent immunological reactions, including cytotoxic reactions.