棕榈糖对油凝胶基巧克力起霜特性的影响

为探究棕榈糖(PS)在生产耐霜巧克力方面的应用潜能,使用PS(0%、25%、50%、100%)部分或全部代替蔗糖制备油凝胶基巧克力(Choc PS0、Choc PS25、Choc PS50、Choc PS100),并通过测定表面白度、表面晶体形态(偏振光显微镜观测)、晶型(X射线衍射法)、热力学性质(差示扫描量热法),以及感官评价监测在温度循环波动环境(20℃下16 h, 32℃下8 h)中储藏60 d的巧克力品质变化。结果表明：温度循环波动储藏60 d, Choc PS25和Choc PS50具有较低的表面白度指数,白色斑点的大小和数量较少,4个样品均呈现出单一的熔化峰,除了Choc PS25和Choc PS50中仍以β_Ⅴ晶型为主外,其他样品总体表现出β_Ⅴ向β_Ⅵ的晶型转变;温度循环波动储藏前后4个样品在回味、香气和甜味方面的得分差异不显著,而硬度和颜色评分降低。综上,当PS添加量为25%～50%时,巧克力表面白度指数较低,晶型为稳定的β_Ⅴ结晶,感官接受度高,产品的抗起霜稳定性较好,具有生产耐霜巧克...     

Impact of two Williopsis yeast strains on the volatile composition of mango wine

The aim of the research was to study the volatile composition of mango wine fermented with two Williopsis yeast strains: Williopsis saturnus var. mrakii NCYC500 and W. staurnus var. suaveolens NCYC2586. Thirty terpenoids, twenty‐six esters, ten alcohols, nine acids, seven aldehydes and ketones, two ethers, two phenols and one sulphur compound were identified in the mango wine fermented with strain NCYC500, while twenty‐seven terpenoids, thirty esters, eleven alcohols, eight acids, eight aldehydes and ketones, three ethers, two phenols, one sulphur compound and one furan were detected in the mango wine fermented with the strain NCYC2586. The kinetic changes, final concentrations and odour activity values of major volatiles were compared between the two Williopsis yeast strains and also with other yeast reported in the literature. The results showed that Williopsis yeast strains NCYC500 and NCYC2586 were high producers of acetic acid and acetate esters, but low producers of medium‐ to long‐chain fatty acids and their corresponding ethyl esters. Unlike mango wine fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, most terpenoids derived from mango juice were retained in the resultant mango wine fermented with the two Williopsis yeast strains, suggesting the mango wine could retain the aromatic hints of fresh mango.     

Olfactory and quantitative analysis of volatiles in elderberry (Sambucus nigra L) juice processed from seven cultivars

Aroma compounds emitted from elderberry juices processed from seven cultivars were collected by the dynamic headspace technique and analysed by GC–FID and GC–MS. Forty aroma compounds were identified and quantified, including nine compounds which had not previously been detected in elderberry juice. Significant differences were found among cultivars in the concentration levels of 30 compounds. The sensory characteristics of the individual aroma compounds in elderberry juice were determined by a GC‐sniffing technique, and the compounds were grouped according to their odour. The characteristic elderberry odour is due to dihydroedulan and β‐damascenone, of which the former occurs in relatively high concentrations in the headspace of elderberry juice. The fruity group consisted of aliphatic alcohols and aldehydes and aromatic esters, of which 1‐pentanal, 2‐methyl‐1‐propanol, 2‐ and 3‐methyl‐1‐butanol, 1‐octanal, 1‐octanol and methyl and ethyl benzoate contributed with fruity notes. In the flowery group, 1‐nonanal, nerol oxide and (Z)‐ and (E)‐rose oxide contributed with characteristic elder flower odour, whereas other flowery notes were associated with hotrienol, linalool and α‐terpineol. Fresh and grassy odours were correlated with 1‐hexanal, (E)‐2‐hexen‐1‐al, (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol, (E)‐2‐hexen‐1‐ol and (E)‐2‐octen‐1‐al of the grassy group, whereas 1‐octen‐3‐ol and 1‐octen‐3‐one of the agrestic group contributed significantly with the characteristic aroma of mushrooms. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

色谱分析法在葡萄酒农药残留检测中的应用进展

葡萄酒具有丰富的营养价值和良好的保健功效,近年来深受人们的喜爱。葡萄栽培中滥用农药会使其残留在葡萄上并最终转移到葡萄酒中,长期饮用会损害人体健康。随着人们食品安全意识的提高,葡萄酒的农药残留问题逐渐受到关注,因此建立适合葡萄酒中农药残留的分析方法对保障食品安全有非常重要的意义。目前研究葡萄酒中农药残留分析的方法很多,其中以色谱技术为主。本文对近年来应用于检测葡萄酒中农药残留的色谱分析方法——气相色谱法、气相色谱质谱法、气相色谱串联质谱法、高效液相色谱法、液相色谱串联质谱法和气/液相色谱-高分辨质谱法的优点和限制因素进行了概述,并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

Vinification Effects on Changes in Volatile Compounds of Wine

Alcohols, esters and fatty acids in wines from red, rose and carbonic maceration of Monastrell grapes were measured during yeast fermentation. Isolated volatile compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography alone and with-mass spectrometry. Increases in these compounds was most important during the first days of fermentation and concentrations varied between vinifications. The lower fermentation temperature and shorter skin contact time of rose vinification produced higher concentrations of esters and acids than in red wine. The intracellular fermentation in carbonic maceration vinification resulted in formation of almost all esters and fatty acids before alcoholic fermentation started. The final wine was closer to rose than red wine in aromatic composition.     

三重四极杆气质联用法测定白酒中的16种邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂

建立了一种可用于白酒中邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂检测的三重四极杆气质联用（GC-MS/MS）分析方法。白酒除去乙醇后,采用正己烷提取,采用GC-MS/MS的多反应监测模式,以保留时间和离子对（母离子和子离子）信息来定性,以母离子和响应值高的子离子进行定量。结果表明,该方法的检测限为0.4ng/g,相对标准偏差为1.74%⁴.95%,目标化合物的回收率为84%¹18%;该方法快速准确可用于白酒中的增塑剂的定性确认和含量测定。      

Assessment of the effect of the non-volatile wine matrix on the volatility of typical wine aroma compounds by headspace solid phase microextraction/gas chromatography analysis

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the whole non‐volatile wine matrix composition on the volatility of typical wine aroma compounds by comparing the slopes of regression lines of five deodorised and reconstituted wines with the slopes calculated for the same compounds in a control wine with no matrix effect. RESULTS: The main effect observed was a reduction in the slopes, or a retention effect, that was largest for the reconstituted sparkling wine, which showed between 11 and 69% lower slopes than the control wine. In addition, an increase in the slopes, or a ‘salting‐out’ effect, in the most compositionally complex reconstituted aged‐red and sweet wines was also noticed for some volatiles with a very low boiling point or a low hydrophobic constant value. CONCLUSION: This study has shown that the non‐volatile composition of wines strongly affects the volatility of wine aroma compounds. In addition, the aroma chemical class, in particular its physicochemical properties (volatility and hydrophobicity), strongly influences this behaviour. On the basis of these results, many odour threshold values calculated in simple hydroalcoholic solutions and usually employed to evaluate the odour importance of specific volatile compounds may have been over‐ or underestimated. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effects of branched‐chain amino acid addition on chemical constituents in lychee wine fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae

This study investigated the impact of single branched‐chain amino acid addition (L‐valine, L‐leucine, L‐isoleucine) on nonvolatile and volatile constituents in lychee wine fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae MERIT.ferm. The individual addition of branched‐chain amino acids decreased the consumption of proline with significantly different rates. The lychee wine with added L‐leucine and L‐isoleucine had higher odour activity values (OAVs) of isoamyl alcohol, active amyl alcohol and isoamyl acetate. The lychee wine with added L‐valine had higher OAVs of isobutyric acid and isobutyl alcohol (5.55 and 2.98, respectively), which were lower in the wine with added L‐leucine (2.91 and 1.02, respectively) or L‐isoleucine (3.43 and 1.73, respectively) relative to the control wine (4.18 and 1.77, respectively), suggesting interactive effects among the amino acids. These findings demonstrated that lychee wine aroma can potentially be manipulated via the addition of selected branched‐chain amino acids.     

葡萄酒中8种主要半挥发性成分的快速测定

目的建立在线凝胶渗透色谱-气相色谱-质谱法(gel permeation chromatography-gas chromatographymass spectrometry,GPC-GC-MS)快速测定葡萄酒中8种主要半挥发性成分的分析方法。方法 8种主要半挥发性成分用凝胶渗透色谱-气相色谱-质谱仪的选择离子模式测定,外标法定量。对凝胶渗透色谱的收集时间、提取剂的种类、用量及提取时间进行优化。采用优化后的方法对我国7个葡萄酒主要产区的135个样品进行测定。结果 8种半挥发性成分的浓度与其峰面积间呈良好的线性关系,线性相关系数均大于0.993。获得了我国7个主要葡萄酒产区、不同品质的葡萄酒中8种主要半易挥发性成分的含量范围,初步对其含量进行了排序。结论该方法操作简单、快速,适用于葡萄酒中半挥发性成分的快速测定。通过对获得的数据进行客观分析,可提供一种评价葡萄酒的风格、典型性和酿酒质量等技术指标的新途径。     

Influence of clarifying agents on the quality of pasteurised palmyra palm sap (Borassus flabellifer Linn.)

The effects of clarifying agents, including bentonite, polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP), gelatin and chitosan, on the quality attributes of pasteurised palmyra palm sap were evaluated. After clarification and pasteurisation, the lowest polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and invertase activities were detected in the sample clarified with bentonite. PVPP and gelatine were found to be the most effective for removing polyphenol content. In addition, the sample treated with chitosan had the highest transmittance values. However, the sucrose, glucose and fructose contents were not affected by clarification. During storage, the PPO activity, invertase activity, polyphenol content and sucrose level decreased, while the fructose and glucose levels increased with the storage times. According to the Thai Community Product Standard, all pasteurised samples treated with a clarifying agent were acceptable for up to 25 days, whereas the nonclarified sample was spoiled because of the microbial loads. Thus, the clarification process prior to pasteurisation was able to improve the quality and microbiological shelf life of the pasteurised palmyra palm sap for at least 25 days.     

顶空固相微萃取-气质联用测定樱桃酒中的挥发性成分

采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)与气质联用技术(GC-MS)测定樱桃酒中的挥发性成分,通过对萃取参数的优化,建立快速、准确测定樱桃酒中香气物质的方法。优化后的最佳分析条件为65μm PDMS/DVB萃取头、萃取温度40℃、萃取时间30min、酒精度(体积分数)12%。在此条件下测定中樱狄墨尔樱桃酒中的挥发性成分,共鉴定出65种挥发性物质,其中酯类是樱桃酒中种类最多和含量最多的一类挥发性物质。     

野生蓝莓冰酒发酵工艺及其香气成分的研究

目的以人工冰冻野生蓝莓为原料,在不外加糖源条件下,探究酿造野生蓝莓冰酒皀冰冻压榨、低温发酵工艺。方法通过单因素和正交试验优化发酵工艺,采用冰冻压榨和优化后皀低温发酵工艺制作蓝莓冰酒,采用传统工艺制作蓝莓酒,对2种酒按照国家标准进行感官、理化指标检测,采用气相色谱-质谱联用法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)进行香气成分分析。结果适宜酿造蓝莓冰酒酵母为GX1201,最佳发酵温度为12℃,酵母添加量为1.4%,残糖量为165 g/L;蓝莓冰酒皀感官评分优于蓝莓酒,同时经GC-MS法香气分析,蓝莓酒和蓝莓冰酒主香型一致,蓝莓冰酒含有15种香气物质明显高于蓝莓酒,拥有更加丰富皀香气层次。结论使用长白山野生蓝莓,经冷冻浓缩、冷压榨后,在不外加糖源皀情况下,酿造皀野生蓝莓冰酒,各项理化指标和感官指标,均符合标准,酿造出皀蓝莓冰酒口感醇厚,果香酒香浓郁、纯正、圆润、独特。     

SPME-GC-MS结合电子鼻技术分析不同品种猕猴桃酒香气物质

采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱（gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS）联用和电子鼻技术对徐香、海沃德和黄金果猕猴桃酿造的3 种猕猴桃酒中香气物质进行测定和分析。结果表明：3 种猕猴桃酒中共检出63 种挥发性香气物质,其中最主要的为醇类、酯类、酸类及萜烯类。徐香酒、海沃德酒和黄金果酒中分别检出52、45 种和46 种香气物质,总质量浓度分别为81.56、43.92 mg/L和15.07 mg/L,且3 种酒共有特征香气物质包括丁酸甲酯、乙酸异戊酯、正己酸乙酯、丁香酚、辛酸、桉叶油醇和对乙烯基愈创木酚。此外,电子鼻与GC-MS测定结果基本一致,均表明不同猕猴桃酒间香气特性有较大差异,其中徐香酒与海沃德酒风味差异最显著;且利用主成分分析法可完全将3 种酒区分。     

大麦若叶米酒酿造方法研究

目的 以大麦若叶粉、糯米为主要原料酿造营养型大麦若叶米酒。方法 采用单因素试验和正交试验优化大麦若叶粉添加量、酒曲添加量、发酵温度、发酵时间对酒精度和感官评分的影响,并用气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS)分析大麦若叶米酒中风味物质成分。结果 大麦若叶米酒的工艺参数为:大麦若叶粉添加量为3.0%,甜酒曲添加量为1.3%,发酵温度为30℃,发酵时间为3d。在此条件下,大麦若叶米酒还原糖含量(以葡萄糖计)为85.77 g/L,酒精度为14.80%vol,总糖含量为101.00 g/L,非糖固形物含量为15.00 g/L, pH为4.06,总酸含量(以乳酸计)6.28 g/L,氨基酸态氮含量为0.25 g/L。大麦若叶米酒中共检测出26种化合物,其中醇类有5种、烷烃类有3种、酮类有5种、酯类有4种、醛类有2种、酸类有1种、苯酚类有1种、其他类有5种。结论 大麦若叶米酒色泽浅绿,大麦若叶粉香气与米香相互协调,酸甜可口,风格独特,各项指标符合黄酒标准。     

发酵桂圆酒加工工艺研究

研究了桂圆酒的加工工艺及其关键技术,从原料的选择、活性干酵母的应用、发酵果汁的起始糖度、发酵温度等方面进行了研究,通过对比不同发酵条件得到桂圆酒的糖、酸、酒精度含量选出各单因素中理想发酵条件,最后采用正交试验法优选出最佳发酵条件。结果表明,发酵的桂圆酒最适控制条件为温度30℃,接种量0.30%,糖度180g/L,发酵时间5d,在此条件下发酵可得到果香浓郁、典型性突出的低度桂圆酒。     

GC/MS法测定五加皮保健酒的挥发性特征成分

建立了用气相色谱-质谱联用法测定五加皮保健酒中桂皮醛、4-甲氧基水杨醛、丁香酚、藁本内酯、对甲氧基桂皮酸乙酯含量的方法，并对10个样品酒进行了检测。采用石油醚-乙醚提取法进行样品前处理，HP INNOWAX毛细管柱分离，离子法(SIM)定量。加标回收率均在91．6％以上。检测结果表明，五加皮保健酒中的挥发性特征成分含量在不同产品之间有较大差异。     

影响荔枝酒甲醇含量的因素

以荔枝肉为原料,采用传统酿酒的方法制备荔枝酒,通过正交试验分析方法优化了影响荔枝酒甲醇含量的主要因素。采用气相色谱法测定其甲醇含量。试验结果表明,影响荔枝酒甲醇含量的因素排序为:温度pH果胶酶量,荔枝酒酿造过程的甲醇含量最少的最佳工艺参数:温度为25℃,pH为5.0,果胶酶0.6g/100mL。     

桑椹果酒挥发性成分的GC/MS分析

利用顶空固相微萃取方法对桑椹果酒中的挥发性成分进行提取,并用气相色谱-质谱技术(GC-MS)对化合物进行分析和分类,并经过NIST 05谱库检索对比。结果表明:在桑椹果酒中共检测出52种挥发性成分,主要有醇类9种、酯类14种、酸类8种、醛类3种、烷烃类9种、酚类2种、烯烃类2种、酮类3种及其他化合物2种。其中醇类、酯类、酸类和醛类化合物的含量最高,分别为54.26%、23.62%、11.22%和7.96%。     

Changes in Volatile Compounds and Some Physicochemical Properties of European Cranberrybush (Viburnum opulus L.) During Ripening Through Traditional Fermentation

The changes in volatile compounds and some physicochemical properties of European Cranberrybush (Viburnum opulus L.) were investigated during traditional fermentation. Using the principal component analysis (PCA), relations between volatile compounds and fermentation were associated with dynamics of these compounds. In total, 58 volatile compounds were identified, 3‐methylbutanoic acid (25.4% to 66.4% of identified volatile compounds) being the major constituent in raw, 2‐, 3‐, and 4‐mo fermented European Cranberrybush fruits, while 2‐octanone was dominant in 1‐mo fermented sample with a 30% of the total identified volatiles. The amount of total volatile compounds was increased in the 1st month of fermentation and then decreased gradually in the following months. Acids were the dominant volatile compounds in raw and 3‐ to 4‐mo fermented European Cranberrybush. Ketones and alcohols had the highest percentage in total volatile compounds in the 2nd and 3rd months of fermentation, respectively.     

气相色谱法测定自酿葡萄酒中甲醇的含量

目的:针对人们所担忧的葡萄酒中甲醇含量超标的问题,本实验建立一种测定自酿葡萄酒中的甲醇含量的方法。方法:采用气相色谱法对葡萄酒中的杂质甲醇进行定量检测。色谱条件:固定相为Gs BP-Ino WAX毛细管柱,柱温为90℃,载气为氮气,流速为1.4 m L/min;以氢焰离子化检测器（FID）为检测器,温度为200℃;进样口温度为150℃。结果:该方法在16¹000μg/m L的浓度范围内线性关系良好（R2=0.9987）,精密度为1.2%,回收率为90.03%⁹4.00%。结论:该方法快速准确,分析成本低,能够满足快速分析自酿葡萄酒中甲醇的要求。