能谱CT对甲状腺乳头状癌的诊断价值

目的探讨能谱CT成像（GSI）技术对于甲状腺乳头状癌（PTC）的诊断价值。方法收集经手术病理证实的32例（共45个结节）甲状腺乳头状癌患者,行甲状腺能谱CT单能模式平扫及增强扫描,测量结节的碘浓度,计算能谱曲线斜率,并与病理结果对照。结果平扫期、动脉期、静脉期甲状腺乳头状癌的碘浓度（100μg/ml）分别为5.77±4.23、10.42±5.78、18.27±5.09;能谱衰减曲线斜率分别为-0.53±0.26、-0.84±0.52、-1.24±0.30。各期乳头状癌组的碘浓度及曲线斜率绝对值均小于良性结节组和正常甲状腺组（P均〈0.05）。32例中有23例出现淋巴结转移,其中18例能谱曲线与原发灶完全一致。结论能谱CT对甲状腺乳头状癌的准确诊断具有重要价值。     

宝石能谱CT对肺部良性和恶性结节病变的鉴别诊断价值

目的分析宝石能谱CT对肺部良性和恶性结节病变的诊断价值。方法选取2014年9月至2016年9月63例肺部良恶性结节病变患者的临床资料,患者均接受宝石能谱CT能谱成像模式扫描,并取得静脉期、动脉期的70 keV碘基图像与单能量图像,通过单能量图像能谱分析的功能,观察肺部良恶性结节动脉期、静脉期的水基值与碘基值以及不同keV下的CT值。结果肺部良性结节病变的静脉期与动脉期碘基值均低于恶性结节(P0.05),良性恶性结节病变的静脉期与动脉期水基值对比,差异未见统计学意义(P0.05);静脉期及动脉期肺部良性结节病变在不同keV下的CT值均低于恶性结节(P0.05)。结论肺部良恶性病变患者行能谱CT诊断,可提高诊断准确性,并初步区分肺部恶性结节与良性结节。     

CT在乳头状甲状腺结节微小癌和微小结节性甲状腺肿鉴别诊断中的应用价值

目的探究CT在乳头状甲状腺结节微小癌和微小结节性甲状腺肿鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法选取我院在2016年1月至2018年1月收治的100例患有甲状腺微小结节的病例。按病例分为乳头状甲状腺结节微小癌组和微小结节性甲状腺肿组,比较俩组患者的一般CT特征和不同部位CT值。结果乳头状甲状腺结节微小癌组CT特征中单发结节、瘤体不规则、增强后边界模糊、细颗粒状钙化和边缘中断特征高于微小结节性甲状腺肿组,混合钙化显著低,P<0.01;微小结节性甲状腺肿组腺体和结节平扫,增强CT值无差异,P>0.05。结论根据本文研究发现,CT在乳头状甲状腺结节微小癌和微小结节性甲状腺肿鉴别诊断中有很大的应用价值,值得在临床上进一步采用和进一步推广。     

探究乳头状甲状腺微小癌和微小结节性甲状腺肿的CT鉴别诊断分析

目的:研究并探讨CT在乳头状甲状腺微小癌和微小结节性甲状腺肿鉴别诊断中的应用价值。材料与方法:于2012年1月~2015年12月,选取该阶段内我院收治的50例微小结节性甲状腺肿确诊病例和50例乳头状甲状腺微小癌确诊病例作为此次研究的对象,将其设置为A组、B组,A组有78枚微小结节性甲状腺肿瘤体,B组有62枚乳头状甲状腺微小癌瘤体。两组患者均进行CT平扫、CT增强扫描,对两组患者的CT图像进行观察,计算诊断符合率,并对比两组患者的结节大小、腺体各部位体积大小以及瘤体情况。结果:CT对微小结节性甲状腺肿的诊断符合率为96%,对乳头状甲状腺微小癌的诊断符合率为94%,两组相比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),与病理确诊结果比较也无明显差异(P0.05)。与A组相比,B组患者的单发结节占比、不规则瘤体占比、增强后边界模糊占比、细颗粒状钙化率、边缘中断征发生率均明显更高(P0.05),但其混合钙化率明显更低(P0.05)。与A组相比,B组的甲状腺腺体左叶体积、右叶体积均明显更小(P0.05),其峡部体积和结节体积均明显更大(P0.05)。结论:在乳头状甲状腺微小癌、微小结节性甲状腺肿的鉴别诊断中,CT可通过对瘤体发生状态、形态、边界、钙化等情况,有效区分乳头状甲状腺微小癌、微小结节性甲状腺肿。     

CT对乳头状甲状腺结节微小癌和微小结节性甲状腺肿鉴别诊断的价值探讨

目的:探讨分析CT对乳头状甲状腺结节微小癌和微小结节性甲状腺肿鉴别诊断的价值。方法:选取我院2018年11月至2019年10月收治的50例甲状腺微小结节患者,按照病理检查结果划分为乳头状甲状腺结节微小癌组(A组)和微小结节性甲状腺肿组(B组),比较分析两组患者CT检查结果。结果:通过对两组患者CT常规征象进行比较,结果显示,A组患者在结节单发、形态不规则、边界模糊、钙化等征象上均与B组患者表现出显著差异(P<0.05);且A组患者在结节体积、峡部体积、右叶体积及左叶体积等指标上与B组患者存在显著差异(P<0.05)。结论:在鉴别诊断乳头状甲状腺结节微小癌和微小结节性甲状腺肿患者时,应用CT诊断技术的效果比较显著,能够为临床治疗提供参考依据。     

能谱CT评价射频消融治疗非小细胞肺癌的早期疗效

目的 探讨CT宝石能谱成像(GSI)在射频消融治疗非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)早期疗效评价中的应用价值。方法 收集经临床和病理证实的NSCLC患者20例,其中腺癌12例,鳞癌8例。于射频消融治疗前和治疗后早期(< 1个月)进行能谱CT扫描,获得肺动脉期图像,并进行图像重建,得到碘基物质图像、水基物质图像、70 keV水平的单能量CT值及能谱曲线斜率,并对治疗前后进行对比分析。结果 20例患者病灶射频消融治疗后的碘(水)基含量、70 keV水平CT值、能谱曲线斜率明显低于治疗前,水(碘)基含量略高于治疗前,差异均有统计学意义(P均< 0.05)。结论 GSI可反映NSCLC射频消融治疗前后病灶的血供特点及灌注程度变化,有助于评价射频消融治疗NSCLC的早期疗效。     

Revolution CT能谱成像在诊断肺结节中的应用价值

目的分析Revolution CT能谱成像在诊断肺结节中的临床价值。方法选取肺结节患者162例,根据手术病理学检查结果分为良性结节组(n=55)和恶性结节组(n=107),均行Revolution CT能谱成像扫描,比较2组Revolution CT能谱成像动脉期、静脉期增强扫描参数[标准化浓度(NIC)、净增碘浓度(ΔIC)、能谱曲线斜率(K)、40 keV的CT值(CT 40 keV)及净增CT值(ΔCT 40 keV)],分析其对肺结节良恶性诊断价值。结果恶性结节组动脉期、静脉期增强扫描NIC、ΔIC、K、CT 40 keV、ΔCT 40 keV均低于良性结节组(P<0.05);Revolution CT能谱成像诊断肺结节良恶性的特异度为98.18%,敏感度为96.26%,准确性为96.91%。结论Revolution CT能谱成像通过NIC、ΔIC、K、CT 40 keV、ΔCT 40 keV定量参数,可为鉴别诊断肺结节性质、实施个性化治疗方案、促进预后改善等提供参考依据。     

宝石CT能谱成像140 keV单能图结合水基图检查肝脏

目的 探讨宝石CT能谱成像(GSI)140 keV单能图结合水基图扫查肝脏的价值。 方法 对45例接受肝脏平扫和增强扫描CT患者,在完成常规平扫及三期增强扫描后,采用肝脏能谱后处理分析软件生成140 keV单能图和水基图;比较平扫图像、140 keV单能图和水基图对肝内病灶的显示情况,对比分析平扫图像与140 keV单能图中肝脏、肌肉的CT值、SNR以及单期和总容积CT剂量指数(CTDIvol)、剂量长度乘积(DLP)。 结果 在显示病灶方面,140 keV单能图、水基图与平扫图像无明显差异;肝脏CT值140 keV单能图略高于平扫图像,而SNR 140 keV单能图低于平扫图像(P均<0.05);140 keV单能图和水基图的总CTDIvol和DLP均低于平扫图像(P均<0.05)。 结论 GSI肝脏三期增强扫描中,利用140 keV单能图结合水基图有可能取代平扫图像,以利于降低辐射剂量。     

比较宝石能谱CT与常规超声诊断甲状腺结节良恶性的临床意义

目的:研究宝石能谱CT、常规超声诊断甲状腺结节良恶性的异同点,总结宝石能谱CT临床诊断价值。方法:在我院就诊的数名甲状腺结节患者中,有72例患者自愿参与研究并经病理学检查确诊为甲状腺结节,患者分别进行能谱CT扫描及超声检查,按照检查结果分良性、恶性组,对比分析超声诊断与CT诊断效果。结果:良性组、恶性组的碘浓度、标准化碘浓度、能谱曲线斜率在CT平扫存在明显差异(P<0.05),动脉扫描期参数差异不显著。能谱CT扫描比超声诊断更能清楚确定结节边界、结节形态,CT扫描敏感度、特异度高于超声诊断。结论:与常规超声诊断相比,能谱CT诊断准确性较高,可作为甲状腺结节良恶性判定的重要标准。     

能谱CT成像技术指标与脂肪密度模型相关性

目的探讨能谱CT成像技术指标与脂肪密度模型的相关性。方法 11组已知脂肪密度的离体组织行CT能谱成像技术扫描,测量其40、70、140keV下的CT值、能谱曲线和3种基物质对的密度值,采用Pearson相关分析法分析测量值与实际脂肪密度值的相关性。结果 keV相同时,CT值与脂肪密度值呈负相关(r=-0.938,P=0.021);脂肪密度相同时,CT值与keV值呈正相关(r=0.936,P=0.035);脂肪密度与能谱曲线斜率呈正相关(r=0.994,P=0.027);脂肪密度与水(碘)、水(脂肪)和脂肪(碘)基物质对的密度值均呈正相关(r=0.939,P=0.016;r=0.995,P=0.008;r=0.939,P=0.016)。结论脂肪密度与单能量图像的CT值、能谱曲线斜率及基物质对的密度值具有良好的相关性,初步认为能谱CT成像可对人体组织进行精确测量和定量分析,为诊断和治疗提供参考数据。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."