氮化碳负载钯催化剂催化苯酚加氢制环己酮

为了开发苯酚加氢制环己酮高效催化剂,将脲在550 ℃高温聚合,制备了片层状氮化碳催化剂载体g-CN;负载钯纳米粒子后,得到Pd/g-CN催化剂。采用红外光谱、X射线粉末衍射、透射电镜和X射线光电子能谱对催化剂进行表征。将Pd/g-CN催化剂用于催化苯酚水相加氢,考察了不同载体和反应温度对催化性能的影响,并对催化剂重复使用性能进行研究。结果表明,载体g-CN含有大量的含N基团,能有效稳定金属纳米粒子,从而获得粒径较小、分散较好的Pd纳米粒子;同时,g-CN具有较强碱性,有利于苯酚的吸附,可提高苯酚的反应速率和环己酮选择性。采用负载Pd质量分数2%的Pd/g-CN催化剂,在反应温度80 ℃、反应压力0.1 MPa、n(Pd)∶n(苯酚)=0.02、苯酚1 mmol、水3 mL和反应时间3 h条件下,苯酚可完全转化,环己酮选择性高达99%。Pd/g-CN催化剂制备工艺简单,原料价廉,催化性能优异。     

Vapour phase hydrogenation of phenol over Pd/C catalysts: A relationship between dispersion,metal area and hydrogenation activity

A series of palladium supported on activated carbon catalysts, with Pd varying from 0.5 to 6.0 wt%, were prepared via wet impregnation method using PdCl₂ · xH₂O as a precursor salt. The dried samples were further reduced at 573 K in hydrogen and characterized by CO adsorption at room temperature in order to determine the dispersion, metal area and particle size. The catalysts were tested for vapour phase phenol hydrogenation in a fixed-bed all glass micro-reactor at a reaction temperature of 453 K under normal atmospheric pressure. The decrease in metal surface area as well as dispersion with corresponding increase in turn-over frequency (TOF) against palladium loadings suggest the unusual inverse relationship that exist between Pd dispersion and phenol hydrogenation activity over Pd/carbon catalysts. The stability of TOF at larger crystallite size indicates that phenol hydrogenation is less sensitive reaction especially beyond 3 wt% of Pd content. It is evident from the results that structural properties of the catalysts strongly influence the availability of Pd atoms on the surface for CO chemisorption and hence for phenol hydrogenation. A comparison between selectivity and product yield of the reaction against overall phenol conversion indicates that changes in reaction selectivity for cyclohexanone or cyclohexanol is independent of phenol conversion level and either of the product is not formed at the cost of another. The stability of the catalysts with reaction time suggests that coke formation on the surface of the catalyst is less significant and the formation of cyclohexanone remains almost total even at higher reaction temperatures.     

Phenol hydrogenation to cyclohexanone over palladium nanoparticles loaded on charming activated carbon adjusted by facile heat treatment

Selective phenol hydrogenation is a green approach to produce cyclohexanone. It still remains a big challenge to prepare efficient supports of the catalysts for the phenol hydrogenation via a simple and cost-effective approach. Herein, a facile approach was developed, i.e., direct calcination of activated carbon (AC) under argon at high temperature, to improve its structure and surface properties. The modified AC materials were supported with Pd nanoparticles (NPs) to fabricate the Pd/C catalysts. The as-prepared Pd/C600 catalyst exhibits superior catalytic performance in the phenol hydrogenation, and its turnover frequency (TOF) value is 199.2 h^-1, 1.31 times to that of Pd/C-raw. The Pd/C600 catalyst presents both better hydrophobicity and more structural defects, contributing to the improved dispersibility in the reaction solution (phenol-cyclohexane), the better Pd dispersion and the smaller Pd size, which result in the enhancement of the catalytic performance. Furthermore, the as-prepared Pd/C600 catalyst shows a good recyclability.     

Ca助剂对钯负载催化剂在苯酚液相原位加氢反应中的影响

利用等体积浸渍法制备了一系列不同助剂的Pd／Al2O3催化剂,并利用固定床管式反应器考察了以上催化剂在“苯酚＋甲醇＋水”耦合反应体系中的性能。结果表明Ca的促进作用较明显,进一步考察了Ca助剂的含量对催化剂活性的影响,并通过BET和CO吸附表征探讨了Ca助剂对催化剂结构以及Pd分散度的影响。     

Selectivity in heterogeneous catalytic processes

The selectivity of several catalytic systems was studied. Shape selectivity of Pt on carbon-fiber catalysts was demonstrated in the competitive hydrogenation of 1-hexene and cyclohexene and in the parallel dehydrogenation of cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone and phenol. Both reactions were carried out in a gas-phase fixed-bed reactor. Catalysts prepared on carbon fibers, containing pores with small constrictions (5 Å) yielded significantly higher rates of hydrogenation of 1-hexene compared to those of cyclohexene and selectively produced cyclohexanone from cyclohexanol. Other catalysts, supported on carbon fibers with large constrictions (7 Å) or activated carbon, displayed comparable rates of hydrogenation for both reactants and yielded cyclohexanone as well as phenol from cyclohexanol. Nitration of o-xylene with nitrogen dioxide was carried out in the gas phase over a series of solid acid catalysts packed in a fixed bed. Several zeolites, supported sulfuric acid, and sulfated zirconia were tested. Zeolite H-β was found to be the most active and selective catalyst for the production of 4-nitro-o-xylene. A preliminary kinetic model indicated that the selectivity to 4-nitro-o-xylene increased with decreasing concentration of nitrogen dioxide. Alkylation of phenol with methanol was performed on zeolites, supported sulfuric and phosphoric acids, and sulfated zirconia packed in a fixed-bed. The ratio of o- to c-alkylation, measured at 180°C and methanol to phenol feed molar ratio of unity, ranged from 4 with the supported acids to 2 with zeolite H-β. This ratio decreased with temperature. The ratio of o- to p-cresol changed from about 2 in zeolites in supported sulfuric acid and to 0.5 in phosphoric acid supported on carbon fibers.     

Nb2O5 promoted Pd/AC catalyst for selective phenol hydrogenation to cyclohexanone

Phenol hydrogenation is a green route to prepare cyclohexanone, an intermediate for the production of nylon 66 and nylon 6. The development of high-performance catalysts still keeps a great challenge. Herein, the activated carbon (AC) was modified with an acidic material Nb₂O₅ to adjust the microstructure and surface properties of AC, and the influences of the calcination temperature and Nb₂O₅ content on the catalytic performance of the Pd/AC-Nb₂O₅ catalysts for the phenol hydrogenation to cyclohexanone were investigated. The Nb₂O₅ with proper content can be highly uniformly distributed on the AC surface, enhancing the acidity of the Pd/AC-Nb₂O₅ catalysts with comparable specific surface area and Pd dispersion, thereby improving the catalytic activity. The hybrid Pd/AC-10Nb₂O₅-500 catalyst exhibits the synergistic effect between the Pd nanoparticles and AC-10Nb₂O₅, which enhances the catalytic activity for the hydrogenation of phenol. Furthermore, the as-prepared Pd/AC-10Nb₂O₅-500 catalyst shows good reusability during 7 reaction cycles.     

Phenol hydrogenation to cyclohexanone over palladium nanoparticles loaded on charming activated carbon adjusted by facile heat treatment

Selective phenol hydrogenation is a green approach to produce cyclohexanone. It still remains a big challenge to prepare efficient supports of the catalysts for the phenol hydrogenation via a simple and cost-effective approach. Herein, a facile approach was developed, i.e., direct calcination of activated carbon (AC) under argon at high temperature, to improve its structure and surface properties. The modified AC materials were supported with Pd nanoparticles (NPs) to fabricate the Pd/C catalysts. The as-prepared Pd/C600 catalyst exhibits superior catalytic performance in the phenol hydrogenation, and its turnover frequency (TOF) value is 199.2 h⁻¹, 1.31 times to that of Pd/C-raw. The Pd/C600 catalyst presents both better hydrophobicity and more structural defects, contributing to the improved dispersibility in the reaction solution (phenol-cyclohexane), the better Pd dispersion and the smaller Pd size, which result in the enhancement of the catalytic performance. Furthermore, the as-prepared Pd/C600 catalyst shows a good recyclability.     

环己酮合成技术的研究进展

环己酮合成工艺主要为苯酚加氢法、环己烯水合法以及环己烷氧化法,文章综述了这三种工艺的技术现状及最新进展,并指出工业上现有工艺存在的不足,分析苯酚加氢法、环己烯水合法以及环己烷氧化法催化剂的选择对环己烷转化率及环己酮选择性的影响。环己烷仿生催化氧化法是一种新型催化氧化体系,可获得高转化率和选择性,实现清洁生产,该生产工艺将成为合成环己酮的发展趋势。     

苯酚液相原位加氢合成环己酮和环己醇

基于吸热的甲醇水相重整制氢反应和放热的苯酚液相催化加氢反应使用相同类型的催化剂，比较接近的反应温度和压力，且都在液相状态下进行的特点，提出在Raney Ni催化剂的作用下，将甲醇水相重整制氢反应产生的氢气原位地应用于苯酚加氢合成环己酮和环己醇的反应，实现了水相重整制氢和液相催化加氢两个反应的耦合。消除了传统方法中需要专门的氢气制备、存储和输送等环节，简化了工艺、降低了生产成本。通过这两个反应的耦合，甲醇水相重整过程中甲醇转化率和氢气选择性都得到明显提高;同时，在Raney Ni催化剂[JP2]作用下实现了苯酚的高选择性还原(环己酮和环己醇总选择性达99％以上)，比传统的氢气还原法具有更好的效果。     

Highly selective hydrogenation of phenol and derivatives over Pd catalysts supported on SiO2 and γ-Al2O3 in aqueous media

Pd/Al₂O₃ and Pd/SiO₂ catalysts containing Pd nanoparticles in the size range of 3–13 nm were prepared and investigated in direct selective hydrogenation of phenol to cyclohexanone. Catalysts with 3 nm Pd nanoparticles present highly active and promoted the selective formation of cyclohexanone under atmospheric pressure of hydrogen in aqueous media without additives. Conversion of 99% and a selectivity higher than 99% were achieved within 3 h at 333 K. The generality of Pd/Al₂O₃ catalyst with 3 nm Pd nanoparticles for this reaction was demonstrated by selective hydrogenation of other hydroxylated aromatic compounds with similar performance.     

用于合成4-(反-4′-正丙基环己基)环己酮催化剂的研究

环己酮衍生物作为一种重要的液晶中间体,其制备方法尤其是催化加氢合成法的研究受到关注。以质量分数55%HNO₃处理的工业椰壳活性炭为载体,采用等体积浸渍与沉积-沉淀结合的方法制备0.9%Au-5%Pd/C-IM-DP催化剂,并应用于选择性加氢制备4-(反-4′-正丙基环己基)环己酮的反应。以环己烷作为溶剂,在反应温度150 ℃和反应压力0.8 MPa条件下反应2 h,原料转化率为98.7%,目标产物选择性达91.2%。相比于单金属5%Pd/C催化剂,0.9%Au-5%Pd/C-IM-DP催化剂具有较高的活性和选择性。通过XRD和TEM等对催化剂组成和形貌进行表征分析,结果表明,Au和Pd均以单金属颗粒形式存在,而Pd和Au之间的氢溢流作用可能是催化剂具有优异性能的原因。     

Hydrogenation of phenol in scCO2 over carbon nanofiber supported Rh catalyst

A catalyst of Rh nanoparticles supported on a carbon nanofiber, 5 wt.% Rh/CNF, with an average size of 2–3 nm has been prepared by a method of incipient wetness impregnation. The catalyst presented a high activity in the ring hydrogenation of phenol in a medium of supercritical CO₂ (scCO₂) at a low temperature of 323 K. The presence of compressed CO₂ retards hydrogenation of cyclohexanone to cyclohexanol under the reaction conditions used, and this is beneficial for the formation of cyclohexanone, increasing the selectivity to cyclohexanone. But the selectivity to cyclohexanone is very low at the completion of reaction in the absence of CO₂, at low CO₂ pressures, and in the presence of pressurized N₂ instead of CO₂. That is, high selectivity to cyclohexanone can be achieved with CO₂ species at higher pressures but not with the application of an inert hydrostatic pressure on the liquid substrate phase.     

Raney Ni催化剂上苯酚液相原位加氢表观动力学

考察了Raney Ni催化剂作用下,反应条件（温度、压力、空速、苯酚浓度和甲醇与水的配比）对苯酚液相原位加氢反应性能的影响规律。结果表明,较高的反应温度和压力以及较低的液体空速和甲醇含量有利于提高苯酚的转化率和环己醇的选择性,但是苯酚的浓度对反应性能的影响不大。针对该反应体系的动力学研究表明,苯酚原位加氢生成环己醇和环己酮的表观浓度级数α₁和α₂分别为0.93和1.09,β₁和β₂分别为3.82和3.47,表观活化能E_a1和E_a2分别为67.8 kJ•mol^-1和80.2 kJ•mol^-1。将动力学研究结果与各个反应条件对反应性能的影响规律相关联,解释了不同反应条件引起苯酚加氢反应速率以及生成环己醇和环己酮选择性差异的原因。     

A Tuneable Bifunctional Water‐Compatible Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Selective Aqueous Hydrogenation of Phenols

A water‐tolerant bifunctional heterogeneous catalyst is able to effectively catalyse the selective hydrogenation of phenol to cyclohexanone in water at atmospheric pressure and room temperature with >99.9% selectivity to cyclohexanone at phenol conversions >99.9%. The catalyst was found to be highly active and reusable, giving identical activities and selectivities after >5 uses. Moreover, this reported simple bifunctional catalyst is also able to hydrogenate a range of substituted phenols in high yields under the investigated aqueous conditions.     

Ni2P/Fe-HAP催化剂的表征及其苯酚加氢表面作用机理

以低品级羟基磷灰石(HAP)为原料,通过离子交换法合成载体Fe-HAP,然后用浸渍法制备出负载型Ni_2P/HAP和Ni_2P/Fe-HAP催化剂。通过BET、SEM、XRD、FTIR和TG等手段对催化剂进行了表征。Fe~(3+)的引入极大地提高了载体的比表面积,Ni_2P分散在Fe-HAP表面,热稳定性较好。以苯酚加氢制备环己酮为反应体系,在反应温度为150℃、压力为0.5 MPa、时间为3.5 h的条件下,对比了Ni_2P/HAP和Ni_2P/Fe-HAP催化剂的催化性能。结果发现,Ni_2P/Fe-HAP催化剂对苯酚的转化率为65.73%,环己酮选择性为85.47%,催化性能相对良好。     

Electrocatalysis over Pd catalysts: A very efficient alternative to catalytic hydrogenation of cyclohexanone

Electrocatalytic reaction was examined as an alternative method for the catalytic hydrogenation of cyclohexanone over Pd catalysts. The behavior of Pd/alumina catalyst and finely divided Pd catalyst in the electrocatalytic and catalytic hydrogenation of cyclohexanone in aqueous solution were investigated as a comparative study. The role of the pH of the solution was studied both in electrocatalytic and catalytic hydrogenation over Pd/alumina catalyst using acetic acid as a supporting electrolyte. High current yields were obtained for the electrocatalytic process, whereas, as expected from the literature, the catalytic hydrogenation was inefficient.     

Hydrogenation of phenol with supported Rh catalysts in the presence of compressed CO2: Its effects on reaction rate, product selectivity and catalyst life

Hydrogenation of phenol to cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol in/under compressed CO₂ was examined using commercial Rh/C and Rh/Al₂O₃ catalysts to investigate the effects of CO₂ pressurization on the total conversion and the product selectivity. Although the total rate of phenol hydrogenation with Rh/C was lowered by the presence of CO₂, the selectivity to cyclohexanone was improved at high conversion levels >70%. On the other hand, the activity of Rh/Al₂O₃ was completely lost in an early stage of reaction. The features of these multiphase catalytic hydrogenation reactions using compressed CO₂ were studied in detail by phase behavior and solubility measurements, in situ high-pressure FTIR for molecular interactions of CO₂ with reacting species and formation/adsorption of CO on the catalysts, and simulation of reaction kinetics using a simple model. The CO₂ pressurization was shown to suppress the hydrogenation of cyclohexanone to cyclohexanol, improving the selectivity to cyclohexanone. The formation and adsorption of CO were observed for the two catalysts at high CO₂ pressures in the presence of H₂, which was one of important factors retarding the rate of hydrogenation in the presence of CO₂. It was further indicated that the adsorption of CO on Rh/Al₂O₃ was strong and caused the complete loss of its activity.     

载体对不饱和醛/酮中C=O选择性加氢催化剂性能的影响

研究载体活性炭对沉淀法制备的Pd/C催化剂催化活性的影响,在不饱和醛/酮加氢反应中通过考察载体粒度和试剂改性等条件对催化剂催化活性以及C=O选择性的影响。结果表明,将粒度(100~200)目的活性炭在80℃的10%HNO_3溶液中浸泡120 min,洗涤干燥后得到活性炭载体制备的Pd/C催化剂具有较高的活性和C=O选择性,不饱和醛转化率达95.2%,不饱和醇选择性达96.3%。     

催化剂制备与研究 预处理对钯炭催化剂及其在肉桂醛加氢中性能的影响

采用不同预处理方式对活性炭表面进行改性,并制备钯炭催化剂。对活性炭的比表面积、孔结构等物理性质和含氧官能团种类以及钯炭催化剂进行表征,探究预处理对活性炭表面物化性能产生的变化和对钯炭催化剂在肉桂醛加氢反应中催化活性的影响。结果表明,氧化预处理使活性炭的比表面积和孔容下降,使钯炭催化剂上的钯粒子尺寸相对更小;碱预处理有一定的扩孔作用,使钯炭催化剂上的钯粒子尺寸更大。在肉桂醛加氢反应中,钯粒子尺寸越小的催化剂催化活性更高,而钯粒子尺寸更大的催化剂上肉桂醇选择性更高。     

Tailoring electronic properties and kinetics behaviors of Pd/N-CNTs catalysts for selective hydrogenation of acetylene

Pd catalyzed selective hydrogenation of acetylene shows remarkable electronic effects. In this work, a strategy is proposed to tailor the electronic properties of Pd nanoparticles by nitrogen doping of carbon nanotubes (CNT) support toward the improved reaction kinetics. While excluding the Pd size effects, the intrinsic promotional effects of the nitrogen doping are demonstrated, which are mainly due to the increased Pd electron density resultant from the presence of more graphitic nitrogen species based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Kinetics analysis and C₂H₂/C₂H₄-temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) measurements reveal that the electron-rich Pd catalyst with the moderately weakened adsorption strength can give rise to the decreased activation energy and thus the simultaneously enhanced activity, selectivity, and stability. The aspects demonstrated here could guide the rational design and optimization of Pd catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of acetylene.