西北太平洋热带气旋强度与环境气流切变关系的气候分析

采用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和JTwC(美国关岛联合台风警报中心)资料,对1974～2004年5～10月西北太平洋热带气旋(TC)强度和环境风垂直切变进行了趋势特征、振荡周期和空间结构分析.结果表明:西北太平洋热带风暴强度以上TC的最大风速和环境风垂直切变在时间上有相反的变化趋势,弱的环境风垂直切变有利于TC强度的增大;前12 h的环境风垂直切变对TC强度的发展影响最大.环境风垂直切变在两北太平洋TC最强的年份表现为环境风切变值小,TC发生密集;最弱的年份表现为环境风切变值大,TC发生稀疏.     

The Effect of Asymmetric Wind Structures of Tropical Cyclones on Their Tracks

1. IntroductionStudies on the tracks of tropical cyclones (TCs)have been one of the core problems in TC dynamics.In earlier researches, TCs are often viewed aspoint vortices, Rankine vortices. For example, Yeh(1950) and Kuo (1969), adopting dynamical methods,studied the motions of TCs and the effects of environ-ments. Their findings indicated that the motion tracksof TCs are characterized by cyclonic trochoidal oscil-lations.Syono (1955), by solving the barotropic vorticityequation, obta…     

EFFECTS OF VERTICAL WIND SHEAR ON TROPICAL CYCLONE INTENSITY CHANGE

The effects of vertical wind shear on tropical cyclone (TC) intensity change are examined based on the TC data from the China Meteorological Administration and the NCEP reanalysis daily data from 2001 to 2006. First, the influence of wind shear between different vertical levels and averages in different horizontal areas are compared. The results indicate that the effect of wind shear between 200 and 850 hPa averaged within a 200–800 km annulus on TC intensity change is larger than any other calculated vertical wind shear. High-latitude and intense TCs tend to be less sensitive to the effects of VWS than low-latitude and weak TCs. TCs experience time lags between the imposition of the shear and the weakening in TC intensity. A vertical shear of 8–9 m/s (9–10 m/s) would weaken TC intensity within 60 h (48 h). A vertical shear greater than 10 m/s would weaken TC intensity within 6 h. Finally, a statistical TC intensity prediction scheme is developed by using partial least squares regression, which produces skillful intensity forecasts when potential predictors include factors related to the vertical wind shear. Analysis of the standardized regression coefficients further confirms the obtained statistical results.     

垂直风切变对热带气旋强度及结构的影响

利用一个非静力、原始方程热带气旋模式(TCM4),通过对f平面不同强度的垂直风切变下理想热带气旋的模拟后发现:29.15°C的海温下理想热带气旋最大可能强度(MPI)接近910hPa,近中心最大风力可达到76 m·s-1左右。在理想条件下,能抑制热带气旋强度甚至减弱的垂直风切变临界值在8～10m·s-1。由于切变造成涡度平流随高度变化,使得在顺切变前部以及左侧边界层附近产生辐合,伴随着空气的气旋式螺旋上升,外流层对应区域产生辐散,从而使得强对流和强降水发生在顺切变左侧。     

广西沿海热带气旋暴雨分析

利用1954-1998年的资料,以统计分析的方法,对广西沿海热带气旋暴雨与热带气旋生成地区、路径和天气形势的相互关系进行初步探讨,归纳出几点有价值的结论.     

大尺度背景下西北太平洋热带气旋的统计分析

利用大尺度再分析资料和静止卫星云图资料,对1995-2004年西北太平洋热带气旋（TC）形成的大尺度环流背景进行了分类研究。在这10a期间,有27．5％的西北太平洋TC形成于赤道辐合带,45．6％形成于季风槽,10．1％形成于东风波,10．4％形成于热带对流层上部槽,6．3％形成于斜压性扰动条件下。统计分析表明,斜压性扰动背景下形成的TC在生命史、强度方面均明显弱于其他情况,平均生命史为108．60h,平均强度为39．250kn,其余4种情况平均生命史约为200h,平均强度为70～80kn。季风槽情况下形成的TC每3个就有一个会登陆我国,其次是东风波情况下的TC,斜压性扰动背景下形成的TC必须在南海附近生成才有可能登陆我国。     

2006年“04、05”号热带气旋的诊断分析

通过诊断“04、05”号热带风暴登陆后减弱成台风低压的变化特征，分析其路径相似却出现降水实况不同的成因，结果表明：台风低压暴雨主要决定于登陆后台风低压的移动路径和高低层结构维持时间的长短，稳定的湿舌、“湿锋”、台风低压辐合线的持续加强、急流的北推西进以及有利地形都可使降水得到明显增幅。     

2006年"04、05"号热带气旋的诊断分析

通过诊断“04、05”号热带风暴登陆后减弱成台风低压的变化特征,分析其路径相似却出现降水实况不同的成因,结果表明:台风低压暴雨主要决定于登陆后台风低压的移动路径和高低层结构维持时间的长短,稳定的湿舌、“湿锋”、台风低压辐合线的持续加强、急流的北推西进以及有利地形都可使降水得到明显增幅。     

Observational Study of Cloud Microphysical Characteristics of Tropical Cyclones in Different Environmental Fields Using Multi-Source Satellite Data

In this study, a variety of high-resolution satellite data were used to analyze the similarities and differences in horizontal and vertical cloud microphysical characteristics of 11 tropical cyclones (TCs) in three different ocean basins. The results show that for the 11 TCs in different ocean basins, no matter in what season the TCs were generated when they reached or approached Category 4, their melting layers were all distributed in the vertical direction at the height of about 5 km. The high value of ice water contents in the vertical direction of 11 TCs all reach or approach about 2000 g cm–3.The total attenuated scattering coefficient at 532 nm, TAB-532, can successfully characterize the distribution of areas with high ice water content when the vertical distribution was concentrated near 0.1 km–1 sr–1, possibly because the diameter dis- tribution of the corresponding range of aerosol particles had a more favorable effect on the formation of ice nuclei, indicating that aerosols had a significant impact on the ice-phase processes and characteristics. Moreover, by analyzing the horizontal cloud water content, the distribution analysis of cloud water path (CWP) and ice water path (IWP) shows that when the sea surface temperature was at a relatively high value, and the vertical wind shear was relatively small, the CWP and the IWP can reach a relatively high value, which also proves the importance of environmental field factors on the influence of TC cloud microphysical characteristics.     

西北太平洋热带气旋尺度的气候特征研究

使用美国联合台风警报中心（Joint Typhoon Warning Center,简称JTWC）整编的2001-2006年的热带气旋（简称TC）资料,分析了TC尺度季节变化特征、区域分布情况,并讨论了TC尺度和强度的关系,初步探讨了西北太平洋热带气旋尺度的气候特征。研究结果表明：TC尺度有明显的季节变化特征,平均尺度在4月份最大,达到230．4km,2月份最小,为69．5km;TC尺度有明显的区域分布不均匀性,TC尺度出现最大值的区域位于28．6～29．5°N,131．1～133．0°E的海面上,而在123°E以东和12°N以南地区,TC尺度往往都在200km以下;对于不同强度的TC,其尺度与强度变幅有明显差异,热带风暴（TS）的24h尺度变幅最大,而台风（TY）的24h强度变幅最大;TC尺度和强度的相关性在不同路径下是有差异的,西北行、西行、北上型的TC尺度与强度呈显著的正相关,两者的相关系数达到了0．93以上,东北行和回旋型的TC尺度和强度的相关系数接近0．6,转向型TC的相关系数在0．85左右;此外,TC尺度和强度的相关性在其生命史的不同阶段也存在显著差异,在发展期,尺度和强度的相关性最好,其相关系数达到0．92,其他阶段相关性则减弱．     

环境风垂直切变与个例TC整个生命史中强度的关系

选取2006年3个典型的TC个例(碧利斯、珍珠和桑美),分别作为强热带风暴、强台风和超强台风的代表,分析在TC整个生命史中环境风垂直切变与其强度变化的关系。结果表明:在典型个例TC中,弱的环境风垂直切变有利于TC的发展;强的环境风垂直切变阻碍TC的发展;并且环境风垂直切变对TC强度的影响存在着一定的时间滞后。     

FY-2C卫星资料在热带风暴“范斯高”预报分析中的应用

运用FY-2C卫星云图及其相关定量资料TBB,对热带风暴"范斯高"的强度、路径及降水进行了综合分析,归纳出"范斯高"发生发展中云系的一些特征,从而判断其强度变化和移动方向;在降水方面,黑体亮温(TBB)场和降水量有很好的对应关系,TBB场清晰地揭示了"范斯高"的降水分布特征,即五指山以北出现强降水,其中西部最强,而南部降水较弱。     

Impact of Surface Exchange Coefficients and Sea Surface Cooling on Tropical Cyclone Simulation

The surface flux exchange associated with the exchange coefficients and upper ocean conditions is essential to the development of tropical cyclones (TCs). Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, the present study has investigated the impact of exchange coefficients and ocean coupling during Super Typhoon Saomai (2006). Firstly, two experiments with different formula of roughness are conducted. The experiment with the Donelan formula for drag coefficient (Cd) and ramped formula for enthalpy coefficient (Ck) can simulate stronger intensity compared to other experiments due to the increased surface wind and enthalpy fluxes. That is because the new formulas allows for a smaller Cd and larger Ck in the high wind regime than the former formulas did. Moreover, two coupled simulations between WRF and a one-dimensional ocean model are conducted to examine the feedback of sea surface cooling to the TC. In the experiments with a horizontal uniform mixed layer depth of 70 m, the sea surface cooling is too weak to change the evolution of TC. While in the experiment with an input mixed layer calculated using the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) data, the significant sea surface cooling induces obvious impact on TC intensity and structure. Under the negative feedback of sea surface cooling, the sensible and latent heat fluxes decreases, especially in the right part of Saomai (2006). The negative feedback with coupled ocean model plays a vital role in simulating the intensity and structure of TC.     

近30a登陆我国的西北太平洋热带气旋活动的时空变化特征

采用1979—2006年美国联合台风预警中心的热带气旋（tropical cyclone,TC）资料,对登陆我国的西北太平洋（Northwest Pacific,NWP）TC强度、路径、登陆地点的气候特征、年际变化及其演变趋势进行了统计分析。结果表明：登陆我国的TC以发源于西北太平洋的西侧以及南海中、北部为主,并且在NWP西南区生成的登陆我国的TC基本以西北移动路径为主,而在NWP西北侧和南海生成的登陆我国的TC多为打转或移动路径转向;登陆我国的TC不仅在强度上具有明显增强的变化规律,而且在登陆位置上存在向东北方向偏移的演变趋势,使得登陆厦门以北区域的TC数量具有增加的趋势,而登陆厦门以南的TC数量存在减少的趋势;登陆我国的NWP TC移动路径存在年代际的演变特征。     

影响防城港市的热带气旋灾害评估方法

对1970~2003年影响防城港市的热带气旋造成的灾情进行定量评估研究,应用灾情指数,客观划分灾情等级,用来表示受灾程度,利用逐步回归方法,建立影响防城港市的热带气旋灾情定量评估和预估方法。     

Influence of Sea Surface Temperature on the Predictability of Idealized Tropical Cyclone Intensity

The role of sea surface temperature (SST) forcing in the development and predictability of tropical cyclone (TC) intensity is examined using a large set of idealized numerical experiments in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The results indicate that the onset time of rapid intensification of TC gradually decreases, and the peak intensity of TC gradually increases, with the increased magnitude of SST. The predictability limits of the maximum 10 m wind speed (MWS) and minimum sea level pressure (MSLP) are ~72 and ~84 hours, respectively. Comparisons of the analyses of variance for different simulation time confirm that the MWS and MSLP have strong signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) from 0-72 hours and a marked decrease beyond 72 hours. For the horizontal and vertical structures of wind speed, noticeable decreases in the magnitude of SNR can be seen as the simulation time increases, similar to that of the SLP or perturbation pressure. These results indicate that the SST as an external forcing signal plays an important role in TC intensity for up to 72 hours, and it is significantly weakened if the simulation time exceeds the predictability limits of TC intensity.     

2008年西北太平洋热带气旋活动特征分析

对2008年西北太平洋及我国南海热带气旋的活动特征进行总结,并从多方面分析其成因.结果指出:2008年西北太平洋热带气旋活动的主要特征为生成总数少,源地集中,位置偏西;登陆数多、时间早;登陆地点偏南、时间集中等.其原因主要在于:在热带气旋的多发期副热带高压面积偏大、强度偏强、西伸脊点异常偏西,且脊线偏南,造成西北太平洋热带地区盛行偏东风,不利于热带扰动的生成和发展;同时,也使得在其南侧生成的热带气旋易在偏东气流的引导下登陆我国南方.另外,季风槽、垂直风切变、海表温度和热带辐合带上的对流活动等因子的异常分布都不利于热带气旋在西北太平洋东部海域生成,直接导致这一年热带气旋生成总数明显偏少,源地显著偏西.     

华东地区登陆台风降水变化的初步研究

利用华东地区129站1954—2004年逐日降水量资料,用降水客观分离的方法及其改进方案对登陆该地区的台风降水（tropical cyclone precipitation;TCP）进行分离;再用方差分析、气候趋势系数和线性回归等方法,分析TCP的气候特征,并与总降水的相应特征比较。结果表明：华东地区登陆台风降水量空间分布不均匀,福建东南沿海地区最大,具有向西北方向递减的趋势,这种趋势与地形等因素有关;TCP的年际变化明显,9 a和15 a周期显著;TCP年代际变化表现为20世纪50年代最多,70年代前开始减少,比华北地区台风降水减少出现的时间提早10 a;TCP与总降水两者的时间演变特点差异较大。     

Modulation of Tropical Cyclone Activity Over the Northwestern Pacific Through the Quasi-Biweekly Oscillation

The quasi-biweekly oscillation (QBWO) is the second most dominant intraseasonal mode for circulation overthe Northwestern Pacific (WNP) during boreal summer. In this study, we investigated how the QBWO modulatestropical cyclone (TC) activities over the WNP from dynamic and thermodynamic perspectives. The propagation of theQBWO can be divided into four phases through empirical orthogonal function analysis of the vorticity at 850 hPa, whichwas proven to be effective in extracting the QBWO signal. TC generation and landings are significantly enhanced duringthe active period (phases 1 and 2) relative to the inactive period (phases 3 and 4). Composite analyses show the QBWOcould significantly modulate TC activity as it propagates northwestward by changing the atmospheric circulation at bothhigh and low levels. Cumulus convection provides an important link between TCs and the QBWO. The majorcomponent of the atmosphere heat source is found to be the latent heat release of convection. The condensation latentheat centers, vertical circulation, and water vapor flux divergence cooperate well during different phases of the QBWO.The vertical profile of the condensation latent heat indicates upper-level heating (cooling) during the active (inactive)phases of the QBWO. Thus, the northwestward propagation of the QBWO can modulate TC activity by affecting theconfiguration of atmospheric heating over the WNP.