碳纳米管场发射阴极的制备及其场发射特性

采用电泳法将碳纳米管组装到电化学淀积的银台阵列上作为场发射阴极并研究了它的场发射特性.场发射特性测试结果表明:该阴极具有优异的场发射特性,开启电场为2.8V/μm,在应用电场为5.5V/μm时,发射电流密度达到1.7mA/cm2.具有优异的发射性能的原因可以归结到银台的边缘和银台类山状的表面增强了碳纳米管的场致电子发射.该阴极制备工艺简单、发射特性优异,且容易实现大面积制备,可以应用到大面积场发射显示器件中.     

微图形定向碳纳米管场发射阵列冷阴极的研究

本文介绍了一种微图形化碳纳米管场发射阵列冷阴极,每个图形的直径仅为1μm,构成一个发射单元。制作工艺如下：首先在硅（100）基片上沉积氮化钛缓冲层,然后采用曝光工艺获得直径为1μm的胶孔阵列,沉积催化剂铁,最后采用直流等离子体增强化学气相沉积（DC-PECVD）生长直立的碳纳米管。并对17500个发射单元的阵列阴极进行了表面形貌表征及场发射特性测试。结果表明,碳纳米管阵列阴极的一致性较好;最低开启电场为1 V/μm;电场为17 V/μm时,测得的电流密度已达到90 mA/cm^2;发射电流为550μA时,在2.5 h内的波动小于5.6%。     

类金刚石薄膜作为阴极阵列的场发射显示器研制

采用真空磁过滤弧沉积（FAD）的方法制备的金刚石（DLC）薄膜具有良好的场发射性能。通过离子束技术和微细加工技术可以实现DLC薄膜的图形化并能大大提高薄膜的场发射性能。测试表明，DLC薄膜孔洞阵列具有很好的电子场发射性能，阈值电场达到了2.1V/μm，当场强为14.3V/μm时，电流密度达到了1.23mA/cm^2。利用图形化的DLC薄膜作为阴极，设计和制作了矩阵选址单色场发射显示器（FED）样管。     

碳纳米管/二氧化硅复合材料制备及场发射特性研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了碳纳米管/二氧化硅复合材料,并对复合材料的场发射特性进行了研究,结果表明:复合材料有很好的场发射特性,含有10%(质量分数)CNTs的复合材料开启场较低(0.98V/μm).研究了用稀HF溶液处理复合材料表面后场发射性能,发现场发射性能明显改善,开启场由0.98V/μm下降到0.73V/μm,发射电流为1mA/cm2时的电场由2.1V/μm下降到1.0V/μm.研究表明碳纳米管/二氧化硅复合材料非常适用于场发射平面显示器中的阴极.     

衬底电极对丝网印刷CNT阴极场发射性能的影响

通过丝网印刷技术,将碳纳米管(carbon nanotube,CNT)浆料直接转移到CrCuCr薄膜衬底电极、掺Sn的In_2O_3(indium tin oxides,ITO)透明导电薄膜衬底电极和Ag浆导电厚膜衬底电极上,高温烧结后得到CNT阴极,并对CNT阴极进行表面形貌和场发射性能的研究.结果表明,不同衬底电极对CNT阴极场发射性能的影响不一样,CrCuCr薄膜衬底电极CNT阴极、ITO透明导电薄膜衬底电极CNT阴极及Ag浆厚膜导电衬底电极CNT阴极场发射的开启电场分别为0.99、2.05和2.46V/μm;当电场为3.0V/μm时,它们的亮度分别为2472、1889、587cd/m~2.CrCuCr薄膜衬底电极CNT阴极的场发射性能最优,ITO透明导电薄膜衬底电极CNT阴极次之,Ag浆厚膜导电衬底电极CNT阴极最差,并根据金属-半导体理论模型分析了原因.     

高场发射性能碳纳米管薄膜的沉积与表征

利用电泳法将碳纳米管（CNTs）沉积在表面镀覆了50～150 nm Ti薄膜的Si基底表面,900℃真空退火后形成了具有良好场发射性能的Ti-CNTs薄膜阴极.利用X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜对制备的Ti-CNTs薄膜进行了表征.结果表明,高温退火过程中,CNTs的C原子和基底表面的Ti原子发生化学反应,在CNTs与基底之间形成了导电性钛碳化物,明显改善了CNTs与基底之间的电导性和附着力等界面接触性能;与Si基底表面直接电泳沉积的CNTs薄膜相比,制备的Ti-CNTs薄膜的开启电场从1.31 V/μm降低到1.19 V/μm;当电场强度为2.50 V/μm时,Ti-CNTs薄膜的场发射电流密度可达13.91 mA/cm^2;制备的Ti-CNTs薄膜显示出改善的发射稳定性.     

碳纳米管和镓掺杂碳纳米管场发射性能研究

采用催化热解方法分别 制备出碳纳米管和镓掺杂碳纳米管, 并利用丝网印刷工艺将其制备成纳米管薄膜. 对此薄膜进行低场致电子发射测试表明, 碳纳米管和镓掺杂纳米管开启电场分别为2.22和1.0V/μm, 当外加电场为2.4V/μm, 碳纳米管发射电流密度为400μA/cm², 镓掺杂纳米管发射电流密度为4000μA/cm². 可见镓掺杂碳纳米管的场发射性能优于同样条件下未掺杂时的碳纳米管. 对镓掺杂纳米管场发射机理进行了探讨.     

一种植入玻璃表面的碳纳米管电极及其场发射性能研究

实现了一种通过水玻璃粘结剂将碳纳米管植入玻璃基底表面并呈现均匀"植布"效果的场发射电极。通过低温工艺固化碳纳米管形态,并保证高选择比的湿法刻蚀工艺,实现碳纳米管端部刻蚀露出作为场发射源,而根部植入水玻璃粘结介质中的分散植布效果。通过高温强化工艺,在碳纳米管与粘结剂结合界面形成1层稳定的-Si-O-薄膜,增加碳纳米管与阴极薄膜的结合力,提高其场发射性能。高温强化后电极开启电压由1.52V/μm降至0.74V/μm明显降低。同时,在外加场强2.3V/μm时,可以得到大于233μA的稳定场发射电流持续发射40h。     

碳纳米管表面化学镀银及场发射性能研究

利用化学镀方法对碳纳米管(carbon nano-tubes,CNTs)表面金属化镀银,研究表面化学镀银碳纳米管的场发射性能。碳纳米管经氧化处理后,表面存在一些羰基(CO)、羧基(—COOH)和羟基(—OH)等活性基团,经敏化、活化处理后,形成金属钯活化中心,进而还原金属银离子,从而获得表面化学镀银的碳纳米管。表面化学镀银碳纳米管阴极的开启电场约为0.19V/μm,当电场强度为0.37V/μm时,最大发射电流达6mA/cm2,场增强因子约为25565。实验结果表明,化学镀银层可以提高碳纳米管的电子传输和热传输能力,提高碳纳米管的场发射电流和发射稳定性,有利于碳纳米管在场发射平板显示领域的应用。     

用玻璃粉作粘结剂制备碳纳米管厚膜及其场发射特性

研究了用涂敷法制备的碳纳米管（CNT）厚膜及其场发射特性,裂解法获得的碳纳米管与玻璃粉等混合、研磨,直接涂敷在Si基底上,经烧结后制成碳纳米管厚膜,二极结构测量的结果表明,碳纳米管厚膜有较低的开启电场（1.0～1.25V/μm）,场强为5V/μm时,电流密度达到了50μA/cm^2.该工艺的烧结过程应控制好,加热时间稍长会使CNT厚膜的场发射性能很快下降,时间过长会使CNT处在厚膜表面之下,无法有效发射电子.浆料中的玻璃粉比例增大时,碳纳米管阴极的场发射性能会有所降低.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.