恒星光干涉仪主动镜偏转角的检测

采用激光干涉检测的方法,综合应用计算机控制、数字图像处理等技术对高精密仪器主动镜的偏转角进行了检测.设计了主动镜的光干涉CCD数字图像检测系统,推导出了干涉条纹与主动镜偏转角之间的对应数学关系式,对条纹图像进行了噪音分析和相应的预处理,在干涉条纹细化的基础上对每条干涉条纹采用最小二乘法进行直线拟合,得到条纹间的间距以及条纹的方向角,最终检测出主动镜X轴方向的偏转分辨率为0″.113,最大偏转角为56″.872,Y轴方向的偏转分辨率为0″.112,最大偏转角为49″.835,完成了主动镜偏转角的检测.     

一种完整测量膜片法拉第效应和损耗的方法

提出了一种能完整测量零锁区激光陀螺法拉第偏频组件中旋光膜片的法拉第旋光效应和超低损耗的方法和自动测量系统.该方法利用双光路正交分解平衡测量原理,通过测量两束光光强平衡时起偏器的偏振方向来确定旋光膜片的法拉第转角和超低损耗.测量结果表明：系统对法拉第转角的测量分辨率小于0.9″,损耗测量分辨率为10 ppm.环境温度的波动对法拉第转角的测量变化很小,但对膜片超低损耗测量影响很大,温度变化8.1 K,膜片损耗测量值变化一个周期.实验及结果证明,该系统能满足超高精度测量的要求.     

衍射现象对高精度偏转器设计的影响

基于波动光学理论,计算了由衍射、球差和色差三者共同作用的电子束斑电流分布,得到了电子束斑的精确信息和电子束曝光机的轴上分辨率。针对某一个具体系统的不同电子束孔径角,以偏转器的位置和相互转角为变量进行了偏转系统的优化设计;综合考虑了电子光学系统的衍射、轴上像差和偏转像差三者与光阑孔径角的不同关系。得到了光柱体的最佳总体性能,保证了电子束曝光机的高分辨率和均匀性。     

恒星光干涉仪中主动镜的研究

主动镜是恒星光干涉仪中的关键部件之一。介绍了主动镜在干涉仪主动镜系统中的作用和主动镜的结构。给出了用光电法设计的用来测试主动镜动程、分辨率和频率响应特性的两套系统。对所研制的主动镜的性能进行了实测并给出了测试结果。实测结果表明 ,主动镜两个轴上的转角行程和分辨率均方根值完全达到了设计指标。     

锥头弹体攻角贯穿薄钢靶数值模拟

为了研究攻角对锥头弹体贯穿薄钢靶破坏模式和弹体偏转的影响,利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元软件建立了锥头弹体以2°～10°攻角贯穿薄钢靶的模型。先验证了模型及参数的可靠性,在此基础上进行了锥头弹体在不同攻角和初始速度条件下的贯穿数值模拟。结合靶板的破坏与弹体的偏转过程提出了一种四阶段分析模型,并系统地研究了攻角对弹道和弹体偏转角变化规律的影响。结果表明:攻角贯穿薄钢靶失效模式为非对称花瓣形破坏;攻角越大,初始速度越小(大于弹道极限速度),弹道偏转越明显;弹体偏转角变化规律与初始速度范围相关,当初始速度高于1.4倍弹道极限时,弹体偏转角呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势;弹体出靶时刻的角速度随攻角的增大而增大,随着初始速度的增加先反向增大后减小。     

无衍射光的干涉实验与理论分析

分析了两束无衍射光的干涉场分布形式和干涉条纹轨迹。将一束单色光入射两小孔产生的两束相干光照射轴锥镜,在轴锥镜后将产生两束无衍射光。根据单束倾斜光入射轴锥镜的无衍射理论,分析出这两束无衍射光产生的干涉场为每束无衍射光的无衍射场的线性叠加。利用零阶贝塞尔函数的零点公式,推导出两束无衍射光的干涉条纹的轨迹为双曲线。计算结果表明,干涉场中两中心的间距与两孔实际的间距和干涉场距轴锥镜的距离成正比。实验结果与理论仿真相一致。     

基于微扫描镜的激光投影

利用微机械加工技术制造出一种新型微扫描镜,结合半导体激光器,可用于投影显示.激光器发出的光束被两个分别沿着X轴、Y轴扭转的镜面相继反射,扫描出二维图形.实验测得扫描镜在15 V电压,频率为扫描镜谐振频率2倍的方波信号驱动下,镜子的光学扫描角度达±12°.由于每个镜子都沿各自轴以简谐规律扭转,扫描所得投影为李萨如图形.通过分析图形的形成原理并用Matlab仿真,选出了适用用于任意图案显示的扫描镜谐振频率组合(X轴2 400 Hz, Y轴2 425 Hz).该组合可以形成194×192个像素点,刷新频率为25 Hz.在此基础上提出了一种通过调制激光开关来进行投影显示的方法.     

非均匀光斑导致相变镜镜面偏转的研究

 针对高功率激光器中非均匀光斑热致变形导致光轴偏转的问题，提出用相变致冷镜作为腔镜来减小镜面变形峰谷值和角向偏转，在2kW连续二氧化碳激光器上进行了热变形和光束漂移实验。实验表明，与普通实心硅镜相比，相变致冷镜镜面温度分布更均匀，可有效地减小镜面偏转角和光斑中心漂移，提高远场光束质量。     

汽车贴膜上出现彩色条纹的机理研究

当戴上偏光眼镜看贴有车膜的汽车前挡风玻璃时会看到一系列彩色条纹,通过理论分析和实验验证,发现汽车贴膜能够产生彩色条纹的原因类似于正交偏振光路中各向异性晶体所产生的消光干涉。在车内观察时,自然光以近似布儒斯特角入射到前挡风玻璃后透射出的光为部分偏振光,此时前挡风玻璃相当于起偏器;车膜就是具有双折射特性的各向异性晶体,部分偏振光通过车膜后形成振动方向相互垂直的o光和e光;偏光眼镜相当于检偏器,o光和e光在检偏器透振方向上的分量相互干涉,当光程差为半个波长的奇数倍时形成与该波长相对应颜色的干涉亮条纹。由于太阳光为复色光,所以随着入射角的变化会产生一系列的彩色等倾干涉圆环。在车外观察时,与在车内观察时类似,主要区别是在贴膜与空气的界面处o光和e光发生反射后再先后通过贴膜和前挡风玻璃返回到车前方,这时用偏光眼镜观察时即可看到彩色干涉条纹。有时如果观察角度和位置合适时,即使不佩戴偏光眼镜也能看到较浅的彩色条纹,这主要是因为光2次通过前挡风玻璃,此时的前挡风玻璃既是起偏镜,又是检偏镜。     

Sagnac棱镜角公差与干涉光谱仪光谱分辨率的关系分析

根据干涉成像光谱仪光谱分辨率对角向差的要求,通过对实体Sagnac干涉仪结构和光路进行分析,从三个相互垂直的方向出发,研究了光谱分辨率和棱镜角公差之间存在的关系;并推导了满足光谱仪光谱分辨率要求的实体Sagnac干涉棱镜的角公差公式;用实例说明了关系式的应用方法,如果不考虑棱镜变形引起的色散及棱镜的面型误差和付氏镜的残余像差的影响,而只考虑棱镜的角误差对光谱分辨率的影响,则通常情况下干涉棱镜的角公差要求较严,约20″以内.     

Homodyne full-field interferometer for measuring dynamic surface phenomena in microstructures

We describe a stabilized homodyne full-field interferometer capable of measuring vertical surface deformations of microstructures in the time domain. The interferometer is stabilized to a chosen operation point by obtaining a feedback signal from a non-moving, freely selectable, reference region on the sample surface. The stabilized full-field interferometer enables detection of time-dependent changes in the surface profile with nanometer scale vertical resolution, while the temporal resolution of the measurement is ultimately limited by the refresh rate of the camera only. The lateral resolution of the surface deformation is determined by the combination of the imaging optics together with the pixel size of the camera. The setup is used to measure the deformation of an Aluminum nitride membrane as a function of time-dependent pressure change. The data analysis allows for unambiguous determination of surface deformations over multiple fringes of the interferogram, hence enabling the study of a wide range of physical phenomena with varying magnitude of vertical surface movement.     

基于干涉条纹跟踪实现纳米级位移测量的方法研究

设计了一套干涉条纹图像实时采集处理系统。在分析迈克尔逊干涉条纹特征表象的基础上 ,给出了通过跟踪干涉条纹的移动量测量被测对象纳米级位移量的理论公式 ;提出了干涉条纹特征点的提取与跟踪算法 :分段线性变换、方形窗口中值滤波和门限化边缘提取 ,给出了基于统计学原理的通过计算多条干涉条纹移动量获得被测对象纳米级位移量的计算公式。实验结果表明了该方法的有效性和实用性     

Precise interferometric length measurement using real-time fringe fitting

We created a simple device for the measurement of nanoscale displacements consisting in a Twyman-Green interferometer with one mirror having a slight offset in the horizontal plane with respect to the direction perpendicular to the incoming beam and one mobile mirror, a CCD array camera that captures frames of fringes (interferograms) generated by the interferometer and a software that acquires the interferograms captured by the camera and fits the fringes in order to determine the initial spatial phase of the series of fringes and, consequently, to monitor the movement of the mobile arm of the interferometer. Because the interferograms were acquired and analyzed sequentially, the algorithm could be parallelized easily on a multiprocessor/multicore platform. The device can work in real-time in which case the maximum speed of the mobile arm of the interferometer for which we can obtain unambiguous results is 30 λ/8/s, which is, assuming a He-Ne laser as the light source, almost 2.5 μm/s. In real-time conditions, the precision and accuracy of the measurement are low. In stationary conditions, however, the precision was determined to be below 1 nm.     

Remote and high precision step height measurement with an optical fiber multiplexing interferometric system

An optical fiber multiplexing low coherence and high coherence interferometric system, which includes a Fizeau interferometer as the sensing element and a Michelson interferometer as the demodulating element, is designed for remote and high precision step height measurement. The Fizeau interferometer is placed in the remote field for sensing the measurand, while the Michelson interferometer which works in both modes of low coherence interferometry and high coherence interferometry is employed for demodulating the measurand. The range of the step height is determined by the low coherence interferometry and the value of it is measured precisely by the high coherence interferometry. High precision has been obtained by searching precisely the peak of the low coherence interferogram symmetrically from two sides of the low coherence interferogram and stabilizing the Michelson interferometer with a feedback loop. The maximum step height that could be measured is 6 mm while the measurement resolution is less than 1 nm. The standard deviation of 10 times measurement results of a step height of 1 mm configurated with two gauge blocks is 0.5 nm.     

Determination of shock wave velocity from photographs obtained using a polarization interferometer

A polarization shear interferometer is described in which one of the two images of the flow being studied is produced outside the interference field and serves as a shadow pattern. This image is recorded again using an additional light source — a pulsed laser. In this way one can determine the shock wave velocity and establish, on the basis of gas-dynamic relationships, the proper numeration of the interference fringes on the interferogram.     

基于多级组合棱镜提高激光中心波长检测精度的研究

为了在保证抗干扰能力不下降的条件下提高对激光中心波长的检测精度,设计了多级组合棱镜系统,并提出了多级组合棱镜的干涉条纹拼接处理方法及相位耦合的计算公式.通过计算多级组合棱镜的干涉图强度、光程差函数及光谱分辨率,分析了采用三块子棱镜的组合结构的光谱获取,给出了用于分段干涉条纹拼接的处理方法及步骤,最终光谱分辨率可达2.8...     

Calibration of a low-cost piezoelectrical mirror for DSPI

A cheap piezoelectrically driven mirror can be easily constructed in the laboratory. It can be located in one arm of a DSPI interferometer in order to introduce a controlled phase step. A procedure to calibrate this device is shown, that is based on the evaluation of the fringes obtained with the interferometer, by mean of the cross-correlation between profiles of the fringes. To evaluate the performance of the calibrated device, the phase map of a simulated plane object is calculated, using the four-step algorithm for the images of a speckle interferogram.     

Interferometric determination of refraction and dispersion of a birefringent material: numerical procedure

Air, liquid and solid sample interferometric gaps of the same thickness and simultaneously enclosed in a wedge interferometer are used to produce fringes of equal chromatic order. A mica sample of dimensions 2×5 mm² and an immersion liquid of the same refractive index are used. A single shot interferogram containing fringes in the three gaps is sufficient to deduce the needed experimental data. Locations of fringe maxima are introduced in a numerical procedure to retrieve the sample and liquid refractive indices across the visible spectrum. The numerical procedure is based on a simple dispersion function of wavelength and wavenumber. A modified two-term Sellmeier dispersion formula has been used for fitting the experimental data and deducing the needed dispersion parameters.     

Real-time surface shape measurement by an active interferometer

We have succeeded in video rate analysis of fringes stabilized by an active interferometer placed outside optical benches. The interferometer uses the closed loop control of injection current of a laser diode to compensate for fringe movement that is detected by a spatial filtering detector. A video image of the locked fringes with tilt is supplied to the real-time fringe analyzer that delivers unwrapped phase distribution from the three phase shifted fringes generated by the electronic moiré method. For a concave mirror of 130 mm diameter placed on a wooden desk we observed the repeatability of λ/60 for P-V surface error of λ/5.