Effect of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) muscle hydrolysates and fish skin hydrolysates on the quality of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) during 4 °C storage

Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) skin and muscle were hydrolysed, respectively, and then used as part of an edible coating to preserve fish. The effects of muscle and skin hydrolysates as edible coatings for shelf life extension of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were evaluated over 18 days at 4 °C, by comparing these two treatments, a chitosan coating with muscle hydrolysate, chitosan alone, and an untreated control. All coatings were made up with 5% glycerol. The quality of the carp was assessed by using total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB‐N), total viable counts (TVC), thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and K value. Compared with the control group, the rate of increase in TVB‐N, TVC, TBA and K value of carp coated with fish skin hydrolysates, fish muscle hydrolysates and chitosan added to fish muscle hydrolysates were lower. According to the total viable counts, the storage life of fish with fish skin hydrolysates coatings and chitosan added fish muscle hydrolysates coatings were 16 days, 2 days longer than those with the chitosan coatings and twice as long as the control group.     

壳聚糖复合涂膜对冷藏虾蛄保鲜效果的影响

以虾蛄为研究对象,选用壳聚糖、维生素C、玉米淀粉为复合涂膜材料,以壳聚糖单一涂膜和空白作为对照,以感官、菌落总数(TVC)、pH值、挥发性盐基氮含量(TVB-N)、硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA)等为指标,研究复合涂膜对冷藏虾蛄品质的影响。结果表明:壳聚糖—维生素C—玉米淀粉复合涂膜有效延缓了虾蛄样品的菌落总数、pH值、TVB-N值、TBA值的上升,且效果优于空白组和壳聚糖单一涂膜组;与空白组相比,壳聚糖—维生素C—玉米淀粉复合涂膜可延长冷藏虾蛄货架期2~3 d。     

Effects of chitosan coating combined with essential oils on quality and antioxidant enzyme activities of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) fillets stored at 4 °C

Effects of chitosan coating combined with essential oils from clove, cinnamon and lemon grass on quality and antioxidant enzyme activities of grass carp fillets stored at 4 ± 0.5 °C were evaluated. The quality parameters (including pH, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB‐N), K value, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value, shear force and total viable count (TVC)) and antioxidant enzyme activities were analysed periodically. The results indicated that composite chitosan coatings presented better preservation effects than chitosan coating alone. In addition, chitosan–clove essential oil coating had the best quality enhancement effects among treatments by inhibiting deterioration of physicochemical quality and microbial growth and maintaining antioxidant enzyme activities of fillets during refrigerated storage. The negative correlation was observed between the changes in TBA values and antioxidant enzyme activities in fillets. Based on these findings, chitosan–essential oil coatings effectively mitigated oxidative stress and extended shelf life of refrigerated grass carp fillets.     

白藜芦醇和壳聚糖复合生物保鲜剂对冷藏鱿鱼品质的影响

为了降低鱿鱼中甲醛含量和改善鱿鱼的贮藏品质,研究了白藜芦醇和壳聚糖对鱿鱼品质和货架期的影响。实验分为对照组、白藜芦醇组(0.2%)、壳聚糖组(1.0%)、白藜芦醇(0.2%+壳聚糖1.0%)组。鱿鱼在(0±0.5) ℃贮藏20 d。以挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA)、硬度、弹性、甲醛含量的变化、菌落总数(TVC)和感官评分作为评价指标,研究其对鱿鱼的保鲜效果。结果表明:相对对照组,白藜芦醇+壳聚糖显著(p<0.05)降低菌落总数、TVB-N、TBA值和甲醛含量,使硬度和弹性下降程度变缓,显著提高感官评分。白藜芦醇+壳聚糖能够改善鱿鱼的品质,抑制微生物的增殖,并减缓脂肪氧化,延长鱿鱼的货架期,可以用于鱿鱼的保鲜。     

竹叶抗氧化物结合不同包装方式对鲜罗非鱼片保鲜效果的影响

以感官特性、菌落总数、汁液流失率、pH值、挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)值及硫代巴比妥酸(2-thiobarbituric acid,TBA)值为评价指标,研究竹叶抗氧化物结合不同包装方式对鲜罗非鱼片保鲜效果的影响。结果表明,竹叶抗氧化物对鲜罗非鱼片具有良好的抗菌和抗氧化作用,0.1 g/100 m L竹叶抗氧化物处理的罗非鱼片比对照组货架期延长了4~6 d;竹叶抗氧化物结合真空包装或气调包装均能够明显抑制微生物生长繁殖,降低TVB-N值和TBA值,减缓感官品质的下降速率,延长货架期;冰藏条件下各组鲜度指标均明显优于冷藏条件,冰藏条件下0.1 g/100 m L竹叶抗氧化物结合真空包装或气调包装处理的罗非鱼片保鲜效果提高明显,货架期增加至18 d。研究表明,竹叶抗氧化物结合真空包装或气调包装在鲜罗非鱼片保鲜方面具有应用的潜力。     

基于电子鼻技术判定冷鲜罗非鱼片品质劣变进程

应用电子鼻采集贮藏过程冷鲜罗非鱼片顶空挥发性气味,同步进行感官评价、微生物和理化分析。结果表明：传感器响应信号随着鱼片气味浓度增大而增大,且对不同新鲜度气味有良好响应。线性判别(LDA)比主成分分析(PCA)更能有效区分鱼片的不同新鲜度、微生物及挥发性盐基氮含量,表明电子鼻可快速检测鱼片的品质劣变进程。通过负荷加载分析和相关分析表明,W2W、W1W、W1S、W2S对区分冷鲜罗非鱼片不同新鲜度的贡献较大,并与感官可接受性、菌落总数和挥发性盐基氮的相关性良好,可作为今后研制鱼用电子鼻系统精选传感器的理论参考。     

不同CO_2比例气调包装对冰温贮藏鲜罗非鱼片品质的影响

采用不同的气体组成A(50%CO2/10%O2/40%N2)、B(60%CO2/10%O2/30%N2)、C(70%CO2/10%O2/20%N2)和空气(对照)分别包装鲜罗非鱼片,在-0.5±0.2℃贮藏,研究不同CO2比例气调包装在冰温贮藏条件下对鲜罗非鱼片品质的影响。实验结果表明,罗非鱼的冰点在-0.8～-0.9℃之间,贮藏7d以后,与对照相比,气调包装能显著抑制产品细菌菌落总数和嗜冷菌数的增长(p<0.05)。在冰温贮藏期间,气调包装样品的肉汁渗出率要高于对照产品,随着贮藏时间的延长,四组样品的TVB-N值均有不同程度的上升,但是贮藏10d以后,对照的TVB-N值开始高于三种气调包装样品;包装方式对产品pH的影响并不明显,但是对照的pH随着贮藏时间的延长基本呈上升趋势,四种处理的罗非鱼片在整个贮藏期间TBA值几乎都没有变化。三组CO2比例气调包装样品在贮藏期间的品质差异并不明显,但是在冰温条件下,气调包装处理能明显延长鲜罗非鱼片的货架期。     

Combined Effect of Polyphenol‐Chitosan Coating and Irradiation on the Microbial and Sensory Quality of Carp Fillets

Irradiation can extend the shelf‐life of fish, but it may cause unacceptable change on quality. Since rose polyphenols have high antioxidant and antibacterial activities, this study evaluated the combined effect of polyphenol‐chitosan coatings and irradiation (3 kGy) on the microbial and sensory qualities of carp fillets during storage at 4 °C. A dose of 3 kGy irradiation reduced the initial total viable counts (TVC) and psychrophiles, and increased the initial b^* and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values. During storage, TBARS, TVC and psychrophiles of nonirradiated samples increased faster and were higher than those irradiated. Regardless of irradiation treatment, samples coated with chitosan containing rose polyphenols had lower TBARS, pH and bacteria than that in no coating or chitosan coating batches. Carp treated with combined treatment could preserve an acceptable sensory quality at the end of storage. The result indicated that polyphenol‐chitosan coating combined with irradiation can maintain fish quality by preventing bacterial growth, oxidation, and changes in color and sensory acceptability.     

Physicochemical,microbiological, and sensory attributes of chitosan-coated grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) fillets stored at 4°C

This study investigated the effect of chitosan coating (1 and 2%) on the quality of grass carp fillets stored at 4°C for 20 days. During storage, the physicochemical properties (pH, thiobarbituric acid value, total volatile basic nitrogen value, trimethylamine nitrogen value, K-value, water loss, and instrumental texture), microbiology (total viable count and psychrotrophic count), and sensory properties were evaluated. The results showed that chitosan coating could effectively inhibit bacterial growth, improve physicochemical and sensory qualities, and it reduced the deterioration of the quality of grass carp fillets. Compared with fillets without chitosan coating, the shelf life of fillets with 1 and 2% chitosan coating was extended by ~3 and 6–7 days, respectively.     

Quality Properties,Fatty Acids,and Biogenic Amines Profile of Fresh Tilapia Stored in Ice

This work determines quality properties and fatty acids content of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) stored in ice for 21 d. The quality properties consist of thiobarbituic acid (TBA), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB‐N), trimethylamine (TMA), and microbiological analysis (total viable count (TVC), total coliform, Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus) and determination of biogenic amines content (histamine, cadaverine, putrescine, spermine, spermidine, 2‐phenylethylamine, agmatine, tyramine, and ammonia). Moreover, the fat, moisture, and ash composition as well as fatty acids profile have also been analyzed. The TBA, TVB‐N, and biogenic amines analysis showed rather low levels of spoilage even after 21 d of storage. The microbiological analysis, however, showed that tilapia was unsuitable for consumption after just 10 d. The fat, ash, moisture, and fatty acids profile analysis showed that tilapia is not a good source of n?3 fatty acids. The research indicated that the microbiological analysis was the best method to establish spoilage of tilapia stored in ice, of all analytical methods performed in this study.     

USING GELATIN-BASED ANTIMICROBIAL EDIBLE COATING TO PROLONG SHELF-LIFE OF TILAPIA FILLETS

Skinless tilapia (Dreochromis niloticus x D. aureus) fillets were covered with a gelatin coating containing benzoic acid as an antimicrobial agent. Benzoic acid content of fish fillets was used to estimate the amount of gelatin coated on fillet surface, and it was found that the gelatin contents were between 16.3 mg and 17.3 mg per g of fillets. Aerobic and anaerobic microbial loads, volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) contents, and sensory evaluation were used as indicators to survey the feasibility of an antimicrobial gelatin coating to prolong the shelf‐life of tilapia fillets under refrigeration. After 7 days of storage under refrigeration, tilapia fillets coated with gelatin containing benzoic acid had acceptable VBN contents, increased moderately in microbial loads, and showed no significant sensory difference (P < 0.05) from fresh fillets. The results indicate that an antimicrobial gelatin coating is suitable for preservation of tilapia fillets.     

负载山梨酸的壳聚糖微囊-EVOH抗菌薄膜对黑鱼鱼肉保鲜的影响

分别以质量分数3%山梨酸(sorbic acid,S)、3%壳聚糖(chitosan,CS)、3%山梨酸-壳聚糖微囊粉末(sorbic acid-chitosan microcapsules,S-MP)为抗菌物质,以乙烯-聚乙烯醇共聚物(ethylene-vinyl alcohol,EVOH)为基材树脂,通过共混造粒、挤出吹塑等工艺,制备山梨酸-EVOH(S-EVOH)、壳聚糖-EVOH(CSEVOH)、山梨酸-壳聚糖微囊-EVOH(S-MP-EVOH)3种抗菌薄膜,并以对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(polyethylene terephthalate,PET)薄膜为外层薄膜进行复合,制备出S-EVOH/PET、CS-EVOH/PET、S-MP-EVOH/PET复合薄膜以及纯EVOH/PET,在(4±1)℃对黑鱼鱼块进行冷藏保鲜,通过菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮含量、硫代巴比妥酸值、pH值、汁液流失率、K值和感官评定对抗菌薄膜的保鲜效果进行评价。结果表明,若以菌落总数小于6?(lg(CFU/g))为可食用的标准,在(4±1)℃贮藏环境下,相对于EVOH/PET薄膜,CS-EVOH/PET薄膜能有效延长黑鱼货架期2 d,S-EVOH/PET、S-MP-EVOH/PET两种复合薄膜均能有效延长黑鱼货架期4 d。     

鱼精蛋白结合壳聚糖对草鱼片的冷藏保鲜效果

为探讨鱼精蛋白-壳聚糖复合保鲜剂对草鱼贮藏保鲜的可行性,本研究采用3种不同复合比例处理草鱼,4 ℃冷藏期间定期测定其菌落总数、TVB-N、汁液流失率、pH、鲜度指标K值并进行感官评价,反应鱼肉品质变化情况。结果表明:复合处理组(CP1、CP2、CP3)贮藏期间感官评分均显著高于对照组(CK),但处理组对pH变化影响较小。各组感官评分值与菌落总数、TVB-N、汁液流失率、K值变化趋势均表现出极显著相关性(p<0.01),相关系数r在-0.887~-0.991之间。其中CP2处理组(1%壳聚糖+0.5%鱼精蛋白溶液)保鲜效果最佳,贮藏10 d各指标均在可接受范围,相比对照组至少延长保鲜期4 d以上。这表明壳聚糖-鱼精蛋白复合保鲜剂能在贮藏期间较好的保持草鱼品质,延长其货架期。     

Effect of Chitosan Coating Enriched with Ergothioneine on Quality Changes of Japanese Sea Bass (Lateolabrax japonicas)

The effect of chitosan–ergothioneine coating (CHER) on the post-mortem quality and shelf life of Japanese sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicas) stored at 4?±?1 °C for 16 days was investigated. Four different treatments were used: control without coating, CH with chitosan coating, ER with 0.3 % ergothioneine immersion, and CHER with chitosan containing 0.3 % ergothioneine coating. Sea bass pH value, total volatile basic nitrogen, peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, biogenic amines, color, texture profile, and microbiological and sensory qualities were measured. The results indicate that treatment with CHER coating inhibited increase of total volatile basic nitrogen, peroxide value, and TBA value; maintained tissue hardness; and reduced microorganism counts, such as Pseudomonas, compared with control treatment. The efficiency was better than that of ER or CH treatment. Furthermore, sea bass treated with chitosan–ergothioneine coating also exhibited a positive effect, causing low biogenic amine content, especially putrescine, cadaverine, and histamine. Sensory evaluation proved the efficacy of chitosan–ergothioneine coating by maintaining the overall quality of sea bass during the storage period. Our study suggests that chitosan–ergothioneine coating might be a promising candidate for maintaining sea bass quality and extending their shelf life.     

Gelatin/pectin-based film incorporated with essential oils: Functional characteristics and shelf life extension of tilapia fillets under refrigeration

Fish gelatin-pectin (Gel_Ext/Pec) composite films incorporated with Mentha pulegium essential oil (MEO) and Lavandula angustifolia essential oil (LEO) at two concentrations (0.5% and 1.5%) were developed and their physicochemical, mechanical, and antimicrobial properties were determined. Gel_Ext/Pec-based film incorporated with 1.5% MEO (Gel_Ext/Pec + 1.5% MEO) showed the highest antimicrobial activity against all bacterial strains tested. Incorporation of essential oils decreased significantly the tensile strength of all the films investigated. The film showing the best functional and antimicrobial properties (Gel_ext/Pec + 1.5% MEO) was used to prolong the shelf life of tilapia fillets under refrigeration. Control (unwrapped) and wrapped fillets were analyzed every 3 days in terms of microbiological (total viable count (TVC), psychrotrophic bacteria count (PC), lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and Enterobacteriaceae (ENT), and physicochemical parameters (total volatile base nitrogen [TVB-N] and pH). Gel_ext/Pec + 1.5% MEO antimicrobial film retarded significantly (p < .05) the growth of TVC, LAB, PC, and ENT, throughout 12 days of storage compared with the control. Gel_ext/Pec + 1.5% MEO could be considered as an effective packaging to maintain the quality and extend the shelf life of tilapia fillets under refrigeration.     

Chitosan and Protein Coatings Affect Yield, Moisture Loss, and Lipid Oxidation of Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) Fillets During Frozen Storage

The effects of chitosan (CH1 = 1% and CH2 = 2% solution), egg albumin (EA), soy protein concentrate (SPC), pink salmon protein powder (PSP), and arrowtooth flounder protein powder (AFP) as edible coatings on quality of skinless pink salmon fillets were evaluated during 3 mo frozen storage. Coating with 2% chitosan (CH2) resulted in significantly higher yield than coating with PSP and AFP. The thaw yield of salmon fillets coated with CH2 was higher than those of the control and fillets coated with AFP. The noncoated, CH1‐, and CH2‐coated fillets had similar drip loss (0.4% to 1.2%), which was lower than those observed for PSP‐ and AFP‐coated fillets. All fillet samples had similar cook yield (84.2% to 88.8%). The fillet coated with CH1, CH2, SPC, and EA had significantly higher (P < 0.05) moisture content after thawing than the control noncoated fillets. Coating with CH1 and CH2 was effective in reducing about 50% relative moisture loss compared with the control noncoated fillets. Chitosan (CH1 and CH2) and SPC delayed lipid oxidation. There were no significant (P > 0.05) effects of coating on a*, b*, and whiteness values for cooked fillets after 3 mo frozen storage.     

半干鲐鱼片冷风干燥工艺优化及货架期预测

实验以鲐鱼为原料,分析了冷风干燥工艺参数对半干鲐鱼片品质和风味的影响,通过U*₉(94)均匀设计实验,以不同的干燥工艺因素(温度、相对湿度、风速)为自变量,测定半干鲐鱼片的挥发性盐基氮值(TVB-N值)、菌落总数(TVC)与硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA值),进行感官评价,并建立干燥条件下的回归模型,对其结果进行综合分析,确定冷风干燥工艺的最优参数组合,并结合一级动力学模型与Arrhenius方程,研究其货架期预测模型。结果表明:温度、风速对TVB-N值有显著影响(p<0.05),温度对TBA有显著作用(p<0.05)。半干鲐鱼片冷风干燥工艺的最优条件为温度15℃,风速2.4 m/s,相对湿度25%。在此条件下验证得到实测值与预测值的一致性较好,TVB-N、TBA值误差分别为0.71%、1.16%。半干鲐鱼片干燥时间为21 h,TVB-N值为25.33 mg/100 g,TVC为5.93×103 CFU/g,TBA值为1.11 mg/kg,感官评分为94.38分,鲜度好,风味佳。在-5~10℃范围内,建立的TVB-N值、TVC、TBA值与贮藏时间的动力学模型有较高拟合度,选用TVB-N、TBA值作为评判指标,可以准确预测半干鲐鱼片的货架期,本研究结果可为半干鲐鱼片的工业化生产提供理论依据。     

Assessment of Color and Sensory Evaluation of Frozen Fillets from Pangasius Catfish and Nile Tilapia Imported to European Countries

The current study was designed to assess the color and sensory evaluation of frozen fillets of Pangasius catfish and Nile tilapia imported to Poland, Germany, and Ukraine in order to evaluate the possible impact of negative media image of these fish fillets on the sensory expectations of the consumers. The study used two trials of sensory evaluation: Blind and informed, on a group of untrained respondents and additional color analysis using the Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage (CIE) L*a*b* scale. The lowest grades during sensory evaluation in all measured parameters were given to Pangasius imported to Ukraine and Poland. The grades of Pangasius and tilapia imported to Germany were similar and significantly higher than of other Pangasius groups. Generally tilapia fillets were marked as better than Pangasius fillets. Moreover the present study found that there was considerable percentage of customers which are susceptible to various commercial frauds since they marked Pangasius higher when they thought they are consuming turbot. This study also showed that the negative image of Pangasius presented through various mass-media might have a negative impact on consumer’s perspective of Pangasius consumption.     

不同冻结条件下罗非鱼片的质构分析

对不同条件(-7,-21,-31℃)下冻结的罗非鱼片进行质地剖面分析(TPA)。研究罗非鱼片的硬度、内聚性、弹性、胶着性、咀嚼性的参数变化;分析罗非鱼片的干耗、汁液流失率的品质变化特征。结果表明,随着冻结温度的降低,弹性呈下降趋势;硬度、内聚性、胶着性、咀嚼性呈上升趋势;干耗、汁液流失率也呈现明显下降趋势,说明低温快速冻结条件比缓冻条件抑制罗非鱼体内酶活性更有效,减少蛋白质分解变性,从而保持鱼片的风味和品质。     

Effects of lysozyme combined with cinnamaldehyde on storage quality of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) fillets

Effects of lysozyme (LYS) combined with cinnamaldehyde (CA) on quality enhancement of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) fillets during refrigerated storage at 4 °C for 20 days were assessed. Changes of total viable count (TVC), K-value, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), texture profile analysis (TPA), and trichloroacetic acid-soluble peptide (TCA-soluble peptide) in samples were determined periodically. Results demonstrated that the combination of LYS and CA treatment enhanced the antibacterial activity against S. putrefaciens and P. fluorescens, and lowered TVC values. Meanwhile, LYS combined with CA significantly retarded the increases of TBA value, TVB-N, K-value, and TCA-soluble peptide content compared to the control. Furthermore, the combined treatment also effectively maintained the texture properties of flounder fillets during the storage period. The efficiency was better than that of LYS or CA treatment alone. Thus, LYS combined with CA is promising in olive flounder shelf life extension.