Fast physical drying, high water and salt resistant coatings from non-drying vegetable oil

This paper reports fast physical drying, high water and salt resistances of coating materials from non-drying palm oleic acid. Short oil-length alkyd was synthesized and copolymerized with methyl methacrylate. Three copolymers of the alkyd and methyl methacrylate with different alkyd/MMA ratios were prepared via free radical polymerization. The copolymers were characterized by FTIR and H NMR spectroscopy, and glass transition temperatures (T_g) were measured by DSC. The decreasing amount of alkyd was noticed to increasing conversion and T_g. The overall thermal stability has increased with higher amount of alkyd in the copolymer. Moreover, incorporation of alkyd has improved the adhesion and film hardness of the coatings.     

Relationships derived from physical properties of vegetable oil and biodiesel fuels

The aim of this study was to estimate mathematical relationships between higher heating value (HHV) and viscosity, density or flash point measurements of various biodiesel fuels. The HHV is an important property defining the energy content and thereby efficiency of fuels, such as vegetable oils and biodiesels. The biodiesels were characterized for their physical and main fuel properties including viscosity, density, flash point and higher heating value. The viscosities of biodiesels (2.8–5.1 mm²/s or cSt at 311 K) were much less than those of pure oils (23–53 mm²/s at 311 K), and their HHVs of approximately 41 MJ/kg were 10% less than those of petrodiesel fules (～46 MJ/kg). Compared to No. 2 diesel fuel, all of the vegetable oil methyl esters were slightly viscous. The density and flash point values of vegetable oil methyl esters are highly lower than those of vegetable oils. The HHVs of vegetable oils and their biodiesels were measured and correlated using linear least square regression analysis. There is high regression between viscosity and higher heating value for vegetable oil and biodiesel samples. An increase in density from 848 to 885 g/L for biodiesels increases the viscosity from 2.8 to 5.1 cSt and the increases are highly regular. There is high regression between density and viscosity values vegetable oil methyl esters. The relationships between viscosity and flash point for vegetable oil methyl esters are considerably regular.     

Waterborne vegetable oil epoxy coatings: Preparation and characterization

The utilization of renewable resources such as vegetable oils [VO] for the development of environment friendly waterborne [WB] materials is encouraged worldwide. The preparation of WB materials from VO is a challenging task due to their hydrophobic nature. The present work describes the synthesis of WB epoxy from VO [WBOE]. WBOE was characterized for its structural and physico-chemical attributes. The cured material was subjected to physico-mechanical, chemical resistance tests, and thermal analyses. The coatings of WBOE showed good physico-mechanical, chemical resistance as well as thermal stability and may find application as eco-friendly WB coatings with safe usage up to 220 °C.     

Fast drying cobalt-free high solids alkyd paints

The drying of trade sales alkyd paints at adverse conditions has always been critical. Several routes are available for improving the physical drying properties of alkyd paints at low temperatures. Unfortunately, these approaches will always result in an increase in the VOC of these paints, which is not desired for high solids alkyd paints. Therefore, a new curing mechanism has been developed within Akzo Nobel Decorative Coatings for the improvement of the drying of high solids alkyd paints at adverse conditions.     

Correlating chemical structure and physical properties of vegetable oil esters

The influence of FA ester chemical structures on the rheology and crystallization temperature of those compounds was evaluated using methyl, n-butyl, n-octyl, and 2-ethyl-1-hexyl FA esters with different chain lengths and different degrees of unsaturation. The rheological properties were analyzed in a high-precision rheometer at various temperatures, and the crystallization temperatures were determined by DSC. Esters produced from the esterification of pure FA and from the transesterification of vegetable oils (i.e., soybean, corn, linseed, and babassu coconut oils) were evaluated. The length of the FA chain was shown to have a marked influence on the viscosity and crystallization temperature of the systems, whereas branching affected only the crystallization temperature to a significant extent. The viscosity and crystallization temperature of the systems were also influenced by the degree of unsaturation. One double bond was shown to increase viscosity, whereas two or three double bonds caused a decrease in the viscosity of the systems. Unsaturation lowered the crystallization temperature in all cases, regardless of the number of double bonds. From all the oils studied, methyl esters from babassu coconut oil presented the lowest crystallization temperatures.     

Hydrate formation from high water content-crude oil emulsions

Methane hydrate formation and dissociation studies from high water content ( water) - crude oil emulsions were performed. The hydrate and emulsion system was characterized using two particle size analyzers and conductivity measurements. It was observed that hydrate formation and dissociation from water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions destabilized the emulsion, with the final emulsion formulation favoring a water continuous state following re-emulsification. Hence, following dissociation, the W/O emulsion formed a multiple o/W/O emulsion (60 vol% water) or inverted at even higher water cuts, forming an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion (68 vol% water). In contrast, hydrate formation and dissociation from O/W emulsions ( water) stabilized the O/W emulsion.     

新型抗温抗盐稠化剂的合成

本文用丙烯酰胺(AM)和甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DMC)进行二元共聚,合成了一种新型的阳离子型高分子酸液稠化剂。并研究了引发剂的类型和用量、单体配比、单体的总浓度、反应温度和反应时间等因素对聚合反应的影响,确定了聚合反应最佳合成条件。结果表明,合成的稠化剂具有良好的增粘性能,是一种优良的酸液稠化剂。     

Production of FAME from acid oil,a by-product of vegetable oil refining

Simple alkyl FA esters have numerous uses, including serving as biodiesel, a fuel for compression ignition (diesel) engines. The use of acid-catalyzed esterification for the synthesis of FAME from acid oil, a by-product of edible vegetable oil refining that is produced from soapstock, was investigated. Soybean acid oil contained 59.3 wt% FFA, 28.0 wt% TAG, 4.4 wt% DAG, and less than 1% MAG. Maximum esterification occurred at 65°C and 26 h reaction at a molar ratio of total FA/methanol/sulfuric acid of 1∶15∶1.5. Residual unreacted species under these conditions, as a fraction of their content in unesterified acid oil, were FFA, 6.6%; TAG, 5.8%; and DAG, 2.6%. This corresponds to estimated concentrations of FFA, 3.2%; TAG, 1.3%; and DAG, 0.2%, on a mass basis, in the ester product. In an alternative approach, the acylglycerol species in soapstock were saponified prior to acidulation. High-acid (HA) acid oil made from this saponified soapstock had an FFA content of 96.2 wt% and no detectable TAG, DAG, or MAG. Optimal esterification conditions for HA acid oil at 65°C were a mole ratio of FFA/methanol/acid of 1∶1.8∶0.17, and 14 h incubation. FAME recovery under these conditions was 89% of theoretical, and the residual unesterified FFA content was approximately 20 mg/g. This was reduced to 3.5 mg/g, below the maximum FFA level allowed for biodiesel, by washing with NaCl, NaHCO₃, and Ca(OH)₂ solutions. Alternatively, by subjecting the unwashed ester layer to a second esterification, the FFA level was reduced to less than 2 mg/g. The acid value of this material exceeded the maximum allowed for biodiesel, but was reduced to an acceptable value by a brief wash with 0.5 N NaOH.     

Self-emulsifiable soybean oil phosphate ester polyols for low-VOC corrosion resistant coatings

A series of soybean oil phosphate ester polyols (SOPEP) was prepared by reaction of fully epoxidized soybean oil with phosphoric acid and simultanoeous hydrolysis in the presence of a polar solvent. The polyols were characterized by determination of acid value, oxirane number, hydroxyl value, molecular weight (GPC), and FTIR spectra. These polyols with varying amounts of acid phosphate groups could be self-emulsified to form aqueous dispersions after neutralization with organic base. These aqueous dispersion showed varying degrees of stability and their appearance ranged from opaque dispersions to translucent to clear solutions. Waterborne coating compositions were prepared using these aqueous dispersions as principal components and their thermally cured film properties were studied. it was found that by careful selection and formulation, SOPEPs can be successfully used for low-VOC waterborne coating formulations. SOPEPs with 3.5% phosphate ester content showed visibly superior corrosion resistance properties.     

Biodiesel from minor vegetable oils like karanja oil and nahor oil

The present study investigated the scope of two minor vegetable oils, i.e. karanja (Pongamia glabra) oil and nahor (Mesua ferrea L., Guttiferae) oil, as raw material for biodiesel fuel. The distilled fatty acid methyl esters obtained from karanja oil and nahor oil have the following characteristics: cetane indices 56.2, 54.6; heat of combustion (kcal/mol) 8.26, 8.39; flash points (°C) 134, 142; cloud points (°C) 8.3, 6.1, respectively. All these properties of the distilled methyl esters reveal that karanja oil and nahor oil can be suitably used as cheap raw material for the synthesis of biodiesel.     

高水分蒙煤干燥特性的研究

研究了蒙煤和鲁煤的干燥和吸水性能,模拟计算了以蒙煤为燃料的窑头烧成带火焰温度,用扫描电镜（SEM）观察了蒙煤的微观形态,用差热分析（DSC-TG）研究了蒙煤的脱水过程。结果表明,蒙煤比鲁煤更难烘干,以内水含量6.8%的蒙煤模拟计算火焰温度为1 762℃。改变内水含量重复模拟计算表明,煤粉中每增加1%的内水,火焰温度下降约12℃。     

一种抗温抗盐调剖堵水剂的研究

用木质素磺酸钠丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物与苯酚/甲醛交联,制成了抗温抗盐凝胶型堵水剂,考察了聚合物质量浓度、交联剂浓度、反应pH值、聚合物的接枝率等对凝胶成胶的影响,并对堵水剂的抗温抗盐性能进行了评价。结果表明,聚合物质量浓度为10 g/L,交联剂浓度为0.8%,pH=7,聚合物接枝率51.4%为堵剂最优化方案。堵水剂能抗温160℃,抗盐达20%。采用红外光谱、扫描电镜分析了堵水剂结构、接枝共聚物及凝胶状态、作用机理。     

Effects of sugar,salt and water on soybean oil quality during deep-frying

The effects of flour dough components (water, sugar and salt) on soybean oil deterioration during deep-fat frying have been investigated. Flour dough sheets made from flour and water were used as the carrier of salt and sugar. Several analyses, including acid value, carbonyl value,p-anisidine value, color, dielectric constant, Fritest, total polar compounds and polymer content, were used to evaluate deterioration of oil quality during deep-fat frying. The relationship between frying time and analytical data was analyzed by Duncan's multiple range test. Oil quality after frying simple flour dough sheets without additives was inferior to that after frying dough sheets with added sugar or salt. The sugar and salt in the flour dough sheets may play a role as water-binding substances during frying. Among the effects of water, salt and sugar, the rate of oil deterioration was found to be highest for water, followed by salt and sugar. The combined addition of salt and sugar had no enhancing effect on the oil deterioration during deep-fat frying.     

植物油加氢制备高十六烷值柴油组分研究进展

介绍了植物油加氢制备柴油的主要化学反应、工艺方法以及该项技术的工业化状况,分析了植物油直接加氢、先加氢后异构、直接脱羧工艺以及植物油与矿物柴油掺炼工艺的特点,阐述了各工艺采用的催化剂类型、工艺条件以及产品属性。指出了该领域存在的问题和研究方向。     

油脂废水综合利用及处理工艺设计及实践

对油脂废水采用“隔油＋气浮”可回收废水中的油及皂脚，综合利用后废水采用“厌氧＋SBR”法生物处理。可使废水达标排放，废水中各项指标低于一级排放标准。     

Interfacial tensions of vegetable oil/water systems: Effect of oil purification

Methods were developed to determine the interfacial tension (IT) of vegetable oil/water systems as a function of time, and to remove interfacially active contaminants from commercial vegetable oils. Interfacial tensions between commercial vegetable oils and water decreased with time due to the presence of impurities. Interfacial tensions of purified oils against water were substantially higher than those reported in the literature, and remained unchanged with time, thereby indicating the absence of surface chemical impurities in the oil. The lowering of IT in the case of commercial oils was ascribed to the presence of mixtures of monoglycerides.     

Some chemical and physical properties of tailings water from oil sands extraction plants

We have carried out quantitative analyses of dissolved sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, carbonate, bicarbonate, ‘alkalinity’, sulphate, aluminum, iron, and silicon in tailings water from the GCOS tailings pond and from the Syncrude pilot plant. Surface tensions of these waters have been measured over a range of pH values, and effects of added Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ ions on surface tension have been investigated. Some similar measurements have been made on ‘synthetic pond water’. Infrared and proton n.m.r. measurements have been made on the organic material extracted from GCOS pondwater. This information on tailings water is relevant to the large accumulation of tailings that has become known as the ‘pondwater problem’ in connection with extraction of bitumen from mined Alberta oil sands.     

Preparation of foams from vegetable oil derivatives

Dimer acid was hydroxyethylated at 110–240C in the presence of alkaline catalysts. Products having ethylene oxide: dimer acid mole ratios of 0.8 to 1.4 were transformed into flexible urethane foams of density 2.0 to 4.4 lb/ft³. Hydrogenated “aldehyde oil” gave a rigid foam which had a density of 1.2 lb/ft³. A laboratory of the Northern Utilization Research and Development Division, Agricultural Research Service, USDA.     

Solvent and water evaporation from coatings

The evaporation of volatiles from coatings is influenced both by internal factors, such as activity coefficients, and external factors such as rates of heat and mass transfer. A review of recent progress in the area of film formation by evaporation is given, with emphasis on water-reducible coatings, where the distribution of solvent between aqueous and polymer phases is an additional complicating, but important, effect.