适用于无烟煤燃烧的新型涡流拱特性的研究

提出一种能够用于链条炉燃用无烟煤的涡流拱新技术。通过模化试验对涡流拱特性进行了试验研究,分析了其工作机理,获得确定涡流拱最佳结构尺寸的要素。结果表明,涡流拱能有效地增加后拱气流向前拱的卷吸输送量,有助于提高前洪温度。在首次应用实践中,对于燃用Ⅲ类末煤型无烟煤的炉膛能够及时着火、强化燃烧,取得了满意效果。     

无烟煤链条锅炉炉拱布置的分析与探讨

结合Ⅱ类无烟煤的特点,讨论燃用无烟煤,特别是低挥发份Ⅱ类无烟煤链条锅炉燃烧室炉拱的合理布置,有利改善燃烧条件。     

燃用菜子油乳化燃料时涡流室式柴油机的性能和排放特性

燃用植物油比燃用柴油更引人注目，因为植物油可以人为再生，属再生能源。本文仅介绍涡流室式柴油机燃用菜子油水乳化燃料和柴油时的试验结果。并就ＮＯＸ，ＨＣ，ＣＯ，排烟浓度和燃料消耗率等与直喷比柴油机燃用相同燃料时的试验结果进行对比。由对比试验结果年出，从ＮＯＸ，ＨＣ，ＣＯ的排放及排烟浓度和有效热效率得到改善的角度出发，涡流室式柴油机更适合燃用菜子油乳化燃料。另外，涡流室式柴油机燃用菜子油乳化燃料时与燃用     

一种高效低污染燃烧装置的试验研究

福建电厂锅炉大多燃用本省无烟煤。福建无烟煤挥发份含量很低，燃烧性能差，属劣质煤种。劣质煤燃烧有两大难题，一是难以着火稳燃，二是排放物多，难以洁净燃烧。为了解决福建无烟煤燃烧难题，在“六五”、“七五”期间我们进行了国家重点科技攻关项目“福建低挥发份无烟煤改进燃烧技术的试验研究”，在省内几台攻关试验炉上采用综合治理措施，进行了钝体燃烧器、中心火炬预燃室、大速差射流燃烧器等新型燃烧器应用于福建无烟煤燃烧的试验研究，在稳定燃烧和节油节煤方面取得了显著效果。为了进一步提高福建低挥发份无烟煤燃烧经济性，又在…     

燃用菜子油乳化燃料时涡流室式柴油机的性能和排放特性

燃用植物油比燃用柴油更引人注目，因为植物油可以人为再生，属再生能源。本文仅介绍涡流室式柴油机燃用菜子油水乳化燃料（以下称菜子油乳化燃料）和柴油时的试验结果。并就ＮＯＸ、ＨＣ、ＣＯ、排烟浓度和燃料消耗率等与直喷式柴油机燃用相同燃料时的试验结果进行对比。由对比试验结果看出，从ＮＯＸ、ＨＣ、ＣＯ的排放及排烟浓度和有效热效率（ＢＴＥ）得到改善的角度出发，涡流室式柴油机更适合燃用菜子油乳化燃料。另外，涡流室式柴油机燃用菜子油乳化燃料时与燃用柴油时相比较，可得到更低的ＮＯＸ排放和排烟浓度。     

燃高灰分劣质无烟煤角管式链条炉排锅炉技术改造

从工程实践的角度出发,针对高灰分劣质无烟煤的特点,对一台角管式链条炉排锅炉在燃用非设计煤种时,所产生的锅炉出力降低、受热面积灰严重的状况进行了研究和分析.通过对锅炉炉拱和炉内烟气流道的改造,以及二次风的运用,提高锅炉在燃用高灰分劣质无烟煤时的出力和运行效率,改善了炉内的严重积灰现象.改造突出了锅炉前、后拱在链条炉燃烧组织中极其重要的作用,可为其它在燃用非设计煤种时出力降低的锅炉技术改造提供借鉴.     

我省电力系统燃用福建无烟煤的前景分析

目前国家对电力结构进行调整，有计划淘汰小火电机组，这对我省无烟煤市场有一定影响。又由于福建煤炭的特殊性，大型电站锅炉燃用福建无烟煤至今尚无先例。为进一步开拓福建煤炭市场，又要符合国家能源政策，可发展热电联产，改扩建采用大型循环流化床锅炉和W火焰双拱锅炉，促进福建煤炭工业的发展。     

大型电站锅炉采用切向燃烧方式燃用无烟煤的研究

无烟煤的特点是挥发分低，发热量高，着火温度高。在燃烧过程中存在的主要问题是着火困难、燃烧效率低、炉膛易结渣、NOx排放高。作为我国特定地区的一种动力用煤，燃用无烟煤的电站锅炉在设计时重点考虑着火、稳燃、提高燃烧效率、防止炉膛结渣、降低NOx排放。介绍了无烟煤的主要燃烧方式和大型锅炉采用四角切向燃烧技术燃用无烟煤的设计原则。此外，还介绍了上海锅炉厂有限公司设计的300MW自然循环、切向燃烧无烟煤锅炉的特点和运行结果，并对燃用无烟煤燃烧技术在600MW无烟煤锅炉上的应用前景做了预测。     

涡流室式柴油机燃用乳化油对排放的影响

本文介绍了Ｓ１９５柴油机燃用乳化油的试验结果。根据结果，分析了涡流室式柴油机燃用乳化油对主要排气污染物ＮＯｘ和碳烟的影响。     

40t／h燃用无烟煤循环流化床锅炉的设计

介绍了循环流化床锅炉在燃用无烟煤时的结构特点,充分展示了该产品在燃用无烟煤方面所具有的节能优越性及带来的经济效益,同时阐述了作者对燃用无烟煤锅炉的研制心得。     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Wind power for pumping: The development of the ITP windpump

Water pumping has been one of the main applications for wind power in the past and despite the spread of mains-electric pumps, more than a million windpumps remain in regular use. This paper reviews the general technical and economic requirements for pumping water using wind energy and by way of example gives an overview of the development of the new ITP wind-pump. It then considers the future prospects for this kind of technology.     

Methods of creating solar-reflective nonwhite surfaces and their application to residential roofing materials

We describe methods for creating solar-reflective nonwhite surfaces and their application to a wide variety of residential roofing materials, including metal, clay tile, concrete tile, wood, and asphalt shingle. Reflectance in the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum (0.7–2.5 μm) is maximized by coloring a topcoat with pigments that weakly absorb and (optionally) strongly backscatter NIR radiation, and by adding an NIR-reflective basecoat (e.g., one colored with titanium dioxide rutile white) if both the topcoat and the substrate weakly reflect NIR radiation. Coated steel and glazed clay-tile roofing products achieved NIR reflectances of up to 0.50 and 0.75, respectively, using only cool topcoats. Gray-cement concrete tiles achieved NIR reflectances as high as 0.60 with coatings colored by NIR-scattering pigments. Such tiles could attain NIR reflectances of up to 0.85 by overlaying a white basecoat with a topcoat colored by NIR-transparent organic pigments. Granule-surfaced asphalt shingles achieved NIR reflectances as high as 0.45 when the granules were covered with a white basecoat and a cool color topcoat.     

Thermal decay of an initially hot isothermal water body with application to thermal energy storage

The thermal decay of an initially hot isothermal water body contained in a tank was studied. Analytical solutions (including a group-theoretic solution) were obtained for the one-dimensional heat conduction equation with heat loss from the sides of the tank. The convective heat transfer coefficient was assumed not to be constant over the surface of the tank but to vary with space and time. A very good agreement was obtained between the group-theoretic solution and a numerical solution using the Crank-Nicholson finite difference scheme. The analytical results are discussed in terms of the underlying physical mechanisms.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

秸秆燃烧中温度对钾转化与释放的影响

通过对稻秆原料进行常规特性分析和EDX元素含量分析,发现钾在稻秆无机元素中占有重要地位。参考原料化学分馏法和土壤中钾的分类与测试方法,给出了对生物质原料及其燃烧产物中钾的定性与定量简易方法。通过程序控温型固定床对稻秆先进行缓慢氧化,然后以100℃为间隔从400～900℃进行成灰,并分别测试其成灰率、有效钾和全钾的份额。结合稻秆原料及其灰中钾的份额分析,进行了稻秆灰中有效钾转化与释放的计算,发现有效钾在700～800℃之间有快速的释放和形态转变。稻秆灰的XRD分析结果表明秸秆灰中钾主要以KCl、K_2SO_4形式存在,得到了钾以盐的形式进行转化与释放的机理。该文中燃烧温度对钾转化与释放的影响规律对设计秸秆电厂时的炉型选择和燃烧参数确定有一定参考价值。