Discussion of “Investigating the Vulnerability of dry-Season Water Supplies to Climate Change: A Case Study of the Gwangdong Reservoir Drought Management System, Korea” by Donghoon Cha; Sangeun Lee; and Heekyung Park

Cha et al. (Water Resources Management, 26(18):4183–4201 2012) improved the method used to measure the vulnerability of a reservoir water supply that arises due to water scarcity in a dry season. Water supply vulnerability is expected to increase due to climate change. The authors showed that the Gwangdong Reservoir Drought Management Model (GRDM2), developed in a previous study and based on the adaptation mechanism, is useful to estimate the vulnerability of water supplies. The authors assumed 48 future scenarios, consisting of a combination of 6 future inflow scenarios and 8 future water requirement scenarios, of the Gwangdong reservoir drought management system. They computed damage cost of water scarcity in dry seasons until the 2050s. Simulation results showed that severe damage may take place from the 2020s and damage four times greater than in the 2009 water scarcity event may occur in the 2050s. As a result, GRDM2 was reported to be useful to measure the magnitude of climate change vulnerability, concentrating on damage of water scarcity in a dry season.     

“Rosshelf” company and development of the arctic shelf of Russia

Power Technology and Engineering -     

Late developers and the inequity of “equitable utilization” and the harm of “do no harm”

This paper critically examines the Helsinki Rules (1966 Helsinki Rules, 1966. http://www.colsan.edu.mx/investigacion/aguaysociedad/proyectofrontera/Helsinki%20Rules%201966.pdf (http://www.colsan.edu.mx/investigacion/aguaysociedad/proyectofrontera/Helsinki%20Rules%201966.pdf) (Accessed: April 2010).  [Google Scholar]), the United Nations Convention (1997) and the Berlin Rules (2004 Berlin Rules, 2004. http://www.cawater-info.net/library/eng/l/berlin_rules.pdf (http://www.cawater-info.net/library/eng/l/berlin_rules.pdf) (Accessed: April 2010).  [Google Scholar]), looking at their emphasis on the principle either of equitable utilization or of doing no harm and analysing the effect of these principles on late developers within a river basin. The analysis reveals that these rules increasingly favour first developers. Today, late developers have even less incentive to subscribe to these rules, but instead must either utilize their own dominance or have a powerful ally to develop their water resources. Given the Millennium Development Goals, the existing recommendations on the sharing of international rivers should be revised so as not to favour the early developers.     

Design & Construction Progress and Prospect of TGP

Ｓｉｎｃｅｔｈｅｙｅａｒｏｆ195 0 ,ｔｈｅＣｈａｎｇｊｉａｎｇＷａｔｅｒＲｅｓｏｕｒｃ ｅｓＣｏｍｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ (ＣＷＲＣ)ｈａｓｂｅｅｎｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｉｂｌｅｆｏｒｔｈｅｓｕｒｖｅｙａｎｄｄｅｓｉｇｎｏｆｔｈｅＴＧＰｆｏｒｎｅａｒｈａｌｆｏｆａｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ .Ｏｎｔｈｅｂａ ｓｉｓｏｆａｌａｒｇｅａｍｏｕｎｔｏｆｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎ ,ｄｅｓｉｇｎａｎｄｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ ,ｔｈｅＣＷＲＣｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｉｖｅｌｙｐｒｅｐａｒｅｄｔｈｅ“ＲｅｐｏｒｔｏｎＦｅａｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙＳｔ…     

Review and Prospect for the Resettlement of TGP

Ｓｉｎｃｅ 1994ｔｈｅＴｈｒｅｅＧｏｒｇｅｓＰｒｏｊｅｃｔｂｅｇａｎｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃ ｔｉｏｎ ,ｔｈｅｒｅｓｅｔｔｌｅｍｅｎｔｈａｓｂｅｅｎｍａｄｅｐｒｏｇｒｅｓｓｓｍｏｏｔｈｌｙ .Ｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔｐｈａｓｅｒｅｓｅｔｔｌｅｍｅｎｔｈａｄｂｅｅｎｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅｄｉｎｔｉｍｅｉｎ 1997,ｗｈｉｃｈｅｎｓｕｒｅｔｈｅｒｉｖｅｒｃｌｏｓｕｒｅｏｆＹａｎｇｔｚｅｒｉｖｅｒ .Ｎｏｗｔｈｅｓｅｃｏｎｄｒｅｓｅｔｔｌｅｍｅｎｔｉｓｂｅｉｎｇｃａｒｒｉｅｄｏｕｔｉｎｌａｒｇｅｓｃａｌｅ ,ｉｔｓｈｏｕｌｄｆｏｌｌｏ…     

Winds of change – Predicting water-based recreationists' support and opposition for offshore wind energy development in the Great Lakes

This study examined the factors influencing water-based recreationists' perceptions of support and opposition towards off-shore wind energy development (OWD) on Lake Erie. Much of the proposed or future Lake Erie OWD infrastructure may either be within or adjacent to public lands, waters, and protected areas, raising concerns about the potential environmental and social impacts upon recreation stakeholders. The limited body of OWD research within the United States has suggested there are numerous factors that may influence overall perceptions of support and opposition such as political orientation and beliefs in climate change. Moreover, recent research has proposed that the perceived recreation impact of OWD may be the most important predictor of support and opposition. This study confirmed this premise and found the perceived recreation impact of OWD to be the strongest predictor of support. Results of a multiple linear regression suggested that political orientation (β?=?0.135), beliefs in the anthropogenic causation of climate change (β?=?0.207), beliefs in the occurrence of climate change (β?=?0.213), and the perceived recreation impact of OWD among water-based recreationists (β?=?0.439) were significant predictors of support for OWD on Lake Erie (R²?=?0.46). Study findings corroborated previous research which suggested that regional climate change beliefs and political attitudes may influence support for OWD. From a policy and management standpoint, study results highlight the importance of assessing and communicating recreation experience and use impacts when planning, developing, and managing OWD and related decisions in the United States.     

The Research and Application of BP Neural Networks in River-basin Water and Sediment

1　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＲｉｖｅｒ-ｂａｓｉｎｗａｔｅｒａｎｄｓｏｉｌｙｉｅｌｄｉｓａｃｏｍｐｌｅｘｎｏｎｌｉｎ ｅａｒｓｙｓｔｅｍ．Ｆｕｎｄａｍｅｎｔａｌｌｙｓｐｅａｋｉｎｇ，ａｓａｒｅｓｕｌｔｏｆｍｕｔｕａｌｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｒａｉｎｆａｌｌａｎｄｂａｓｉｎｕｎｄｅｒｌｙｉｎｇｓｕｒｆａｃｅ，ｉｔｉｓａｍａｔｈｅｍａｔｉｃａｌｍａｐｐｉｎｇｆｒｏｍｒａｉｎｆａｌｌａｎｄｂａｓｉｎｕｎｄｅｒｌｙｉｎｇｓｕｒｆａｃｅｔｏｒｕｎｏｆｆａｎｄｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔ．Ａｓｂａｓｉｎｕｎ…     

Engineering Geological Problems of Levee Along Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River

1　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＢｅｃａｕｓｅｏｆｔｈｅｃｏｍｐｌｉｃａｔｅｄｓｕｂｓｏｉｌｐｒｏｆｉｌｅ ,ｔｈｅｌｅｖｅｅａｌｏｎｇｍｉｄｄｌｅａｎｄｌｏｗｅｒｒｅａｃｈｅｓｏｆＹａｎｇｔｚｅ ,ａｂｏｕｔ 36 0 0ｋｍｌｏｎｇ ,ｈａｓｍａｎｙｈｉｄｄｅｎｐｅｒｉｌｓ .Ａｍｏｎｇｔｈｅｄａｎｇｅｒｏｕｓｅｖｅｎｔｓｄｕｒｉｎｇ 1998’ｓｆｌｏｏｄｓｅａｓｏｎｉｎｔｈｅｗｈｏｌｅｖａｌｌｅｙ ,12 .7%ｏｃ ｃｕｒｒｅｄａｌｏｎｇｔｈｅｔｒｕｎｋｓｔｒｅａｍｄｙｋｅｓ,ｏｆｗｈｉｃｈ 6 98ｗｅｒｅｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｄ…     

Application of Finite Element Method to the Analysis and Computation of Gradient current

In this paper the finite element method is used to solve the two-dimensional gradi-ent current problem,The solution is obtained by two-step explicit method.It is verified withgood agreement by the field data offered by Xiamen E.P.A.,Fujian,P.R.C.The authors rec-ommend that the proposed method is suitable for the analysis and computation of long waves ofepeiric sea at the seaward firth.     

Reproductive Potential and Fecundity of Lake Trout Strains in Southern and Eastern Waters of Lake Ontario, 1977–1994

We assessed the reproductive potential of various genetic strains of hatchery lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in southern and eastern Lake Ontario from indices of fecundity and indices of male abundance. Indices were constructed from catches of mature lake trout in gill nets during September 1980 to 1994 after correcting for mortality from sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) which occurred between September sampling and late fall spawning. Strain and age were assigned to individual lake trout based on clipped fins and maxillary bones or coded wire tags. Fecundity-length relationships for fish of the same age, determined from mature females collected in 1977 to 1981 and 1994, were not different (P > 0.05) among genetic strains. For all strains combined, fecundity-length relationships in 1977 to 1981 were not different among fish of various ages but in 1994, age-5 and -6 fish had fewer eggs (P < 0.003) than age-7 fish, and age-7 fish had fewer eggs (P < 0.003) than fish of age 8, 9, or 10. Annual indices of fecundity varied 19 fold and indices of mature males varied 11 fold; both indices were low in the early 1980s, increased sharply in the mid 1980s, and peaked in 1993. The strain which dominated fecundity and mature male indices shifted during the study from Seneca Lake strain to Lake Superior strain and then back to Seneca Lake strain. However, changes in either reproductive potential or genotypes do not appear responsible for the abrupt appearance of naturally-produced yearling lake trout throughout southern and eastern Lake Ontario in 1994–1995, the first widespread occurrence of juveniles produced by hatchery lake trout in Lake Ontario.     

Hydrogeothermal theory of earthquakes — Basis of prediction,warning systems,and counteractions

Conclusions The developed theory of the hydrogeothermal origin of earthquakes should be considered sufficiently well-founded and having universal application both to technogenic and to ordinary earthquakes. It has great prospects for developing automatic earthquake warning and counteraction systems.Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 2, pp. 58–61, February, 1990.     

Changes in the Coastline and Water Level of the Akşehir and Eber Lakes Between 1975 and 2009

The Ak?ehir and Eber Lakes, relatively shallow, small freshwater lakes with an area of 361 km² and 150 km² and average depth of 7 m and 2 m (1998), respectively in southwestern Turkey, have experienced a severe decline in water levels in recent decades. This study aimed to investigate coastline and water level changes of lakes and identify the causes for the decline in lake levels. Nine Landsat images from different times, monthly temperature, precipitation, discharge, lake level records and population data were used to analyze these changes. From 1975 to 2009, the water surface areas of the Ak?ehir and Eber Lakes decreased from 356,929 to 126,482 km² and from 119,882 to 85,663 km², a loss of 64.5% and 28.4% over the 34-year period, respectively. From 1975 to 2004, the Ak?ehir Lake level declined by 2.67 m from 956.02 m to 953.35 and the Eber Lake level declined by 2.03 m from 966.75 m to 964.72 m from 1975 to 2004 based on ground lake level data (in situ). The results of the temperature and precipitation analysis showed that although the annual mean climatic factors vary substantially, they show small increasing trend over the record periods. Annual discharge records on the Akarçay River and its tributaries decreased over the basin during the same period. Irrigation systems, three dams and seven pounds built in recent decades for agricultural irrigation and domestic use, made the major impact on lowering the lake levels because they derive water from the river for human use upstream of the lakes’ catchments. Population growth, rising water consumption for agricultural and domestic purposes and building dams has led to lake levels declining. The change of lake levels might depend more on anthropogenic factors than on climatic factors.     

Experience in the Operation and Modificaton of P-61 Boilers of BGRÉS-1

The period of commissioning of P-61 boilers at stations Nos. 1 and 2 of the Berezovsk state regional thermal power plant (BGRÉS-1) and measures for improving the operation of boiler components in order to prolong steady performance of 800-MW power generating units in the load range of 650 – 700 MW are considered. Suggestions of the personnel of BGRÉS-1 and ZiOSib on modification of the P-67 boiler of unit 3 are presented including reshaping of the platens above the furnace, replacement of the convection superheater by double-stage L-shape platens, corridor arrangement of the loops of the convection superheater, and 30% widening of the surface of the economizer. Planned renovations of the P-67 boiler of units 1 and 2 are discussed.     

Relative Effects of Water Temperature and Water Chemistry on the Fish of the Thames Tideway

1 IntroductionThe Tidal Thames is a well mixed estuary stretching some140 km from Teddington to the North Sea , which provideshabitats for both resident and migrant fish species . With tidalwater enteringfromthe ocean and fresh water flowingfromtheland ,t…     

Modifiers and Amplifiers of High and low Flows on the Ping River in Northern Thailand (1921–2009): The Roles of Climatic Events and Anthropogenic Activity

We analyse an 89-year streamflow record (1921?C2009) from the Upper Ping River in northern Thailand to determine if anomalous flows have increased over time (Trenberth, Clim Res 47:123?C138, 1999; Trenberth, Clim Chang 42:327?C339, 2011). We also relate the temporal behavior of high and low flows to climatic phenomena and anthropogenic activities. Peak flows have not increased significantly since 1921. However, minimum flows showed a very significant downward trend over the study period (???=?0.01). Annual and wet season discharge show significant downward trends (???=?0.05). All flow variables appear to be more variable now than 90?years ago especially annual peak flows. Both annual peak and minimum flows are correlated with annual and wet season rainfall totals. Minimum flow is also sensitive to the length of the monsoon season and number of rainy days in the previous monsoon season. Peak flow activity is driven predominantly by climate phenomena, such as tropical storm activity and monsoon anomalies, but the relationship between peak flows and ENSO phenomena is unclear. In general, annual discharge variables did not correspond unequivocally with El Nin? or La Nin? events. Minimum flows show a major decline from the mid-1950s in line with major anthropogenic changes in the catchment. The plausible intensification of the hydrological cycle that may accompany global warming is of concern because of the potential to affect tropical storm activity and monsoon anomalies, phenomena that are linked with very high flows in this river system. The obvious effect of human activities such as reservoir management on low flows calls for careful management to prevent droughts in the future.     

Derivation and verification of soil hydrodynamic parameters in cinnamon soil

Soil dynamic parameters are essential in guiding agriculture production, engineering designfor soil and water conservation and irrigation works. In this paper, RETC software is used to deduce thesoil water retention equations and soil hydraulic conductivity of van Genuchten model based on soilmechanical composition and bulk density in cinnamon soil. The soil specific water capacities are obtainedform differential coefficients of the equations for soil water retention. The result is verified by fieldmeasurement using EQ15 equilibrium tensiometers and Trime-IT soil moisture sensors. It is concludedthat the relative error of soil water retention is less than 10% and that of soil hydraulic conductivity is inthe range of 18%～39%, both of them tends to decrease with the decrease of soil water potential.Therefore, it is feasible to use RETC software to derive soil hydrodynamic parameters.