The occurrence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in fluoropolymer raw materials and products made in China

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), its salts, and related compounds were listed as new persistent organic pollutants by the Stockholm Convention in 2019. In this study, the occurrence of residues of PFOA and other per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in raw materials and fluoropolymer products from the Chinese fluoropolymer industries are reported for the first time. The PFOA concentrations in raw materials and fluoropolymer products were in the range of 6.7 to 1.1 × 10⁶ ng/g, and <MDL (method detection limit) to 5.3 × 10³ ng/g, respectively. Generally, the levels of PFOA in raw materials were higher than in products, implying that PFOA in the emulsion/dispersion resin could be partly removed during the polymerization or post-processing steps. By tracking a company's polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) production line, it was found that over a 5 year period, the residual levels of PFOA in emulsion samples declined from 1.1 × 10⁶ to 28.4 ng/g, indicating that the contamination of PFOA in fluoropolymer products from production source gradually decreased after its use had been discontinued. High concentrations of HFPO-TrA (2.7 × 10⁵ to 8.2 × 10⁵ ng/g) were detected in some emulsion samples indicating this alternative has been widely applied in fluoropolymer manufacturing in China.     

垃圾填埋与焚烧渗滤液全(多)氟化合物赋存特征

采样分析了来自中国西南地区6个生活垃圾填埋场的渗滤液、3个生活垃圾焚烧厂的渗滤液原液及场内处理出水，发现3种水样中17种全（多）氟化合物（PFAS）浓度分别在1805~43310，7228~16565和55~185ng/L之间；呈现以全氟丁烷羧酸（PFBA）和全氟丁烷磺酸（PFBS）等短链、偶数链PFAS为主的污染特征.对比位于相近地理区域的焚烧厂和填埋场渗滤液，发现两者PFAS组成类似，而前者PFAS浓度与运行时间为2a的填埋场渗滤液相似，高于运行时间较长（15a）的填埋场渗滤液.研究结果将为我国西南地区垃圾渗滤液PFAS赋存现状提供基础信息，并为预防和控制PFAS产品生产和使用带来的环境污染提供重要数据支持.     

电镀含铬废水的处理和利用

论述了电镀含铬废水的处理和以铬污泥为原料制取红帆钠的原理和条件。经处理后的废水Ｃｒ（Ⅳ）、Ｃｒ（总）含量均达到规定的排放标准：产生的铬污泥可用于制取红矾钠，不会产生二次污染。整个流程简单，铬的转化率高，经济效益与社会效益明显。     

Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) probe for effectively sampling of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in waters and sediments

The passive sampling technique, diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) has attracted increasing interests as an in-situ sampler for organic contaminants including per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). However, its effectiveness has been questioned because of the small effective sampling area (3.1 cm²). In this study, we developed a DGT probe for rapid sampling of eight PFAS in waters and applied it to a water-sediment system. It has a much larger sampling area (27 cm²) and as a result lower method quantification limits (0.15 – 0.21 ng/L for one-day deployment and 0.02 – 0.03 ng/L for one-week deployment) and much higher (by > 10 factors) sampling rate (100 mL/day) compared to the standard DGT (piston configuration). The sampler could linearly accumulate PFAS from wastewater, was sensitive enough even for a 24 hr deployment with performance comparable to grab sampling (500 mL). The DGT probe provided homogeneous sampling performance along the large exposure area. The use of the probe to investigate distributions of dissolved PFAS around the sediment-water interface was demonstrated. This work, for the first time, demonstrated that the DGT probe is a promising monitoring tool for trace levels of PFAS and a research tool for studying their distribution, migration, and fate in aquatic environments including the sediment-water interface.     

污水处理厂削减耐药菌与抗性基因的研究进展

长期滥用抗生素导致细菌耐药性增强,并使抗性广泛传播.污水处理厂既是耐药菌(antibiotic resistance bacteria,ARB)与抗性基因(antibiotic resistance gene,ARG)的储存库,排放的污水与污泥是向自然环境中传播抗性的重要污染源,也是削减ARB和ARG及控制抗性传播的重要环节.本文总结了天然水体中的耐药菌和抗性基因污染现状,分析了近年来耐药菌与抗性基因在污水/污泥处理过程中的转归与去除方面的研究进展,同时对将来的重点研究方向提出展望,以期为今后耐药菌和抗性基因的污染控制提供参考.     

Determination of polyfluoroalkyl compounds in water and suspended particulate matter in the river Elbe and North Sea, Germany

The distribution of polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) in the dissolved and particulate phase and their discharge from the river Elbe into the North Sea were studied. The PFCs quantified included C₄-C₈ perfluorinated sulfonates (PFSAs), 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS), C₆ and C₈ perfluorinated sulfinates (PFSiAs), C₄-C₁₂ perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs), perfluoro-3,7-dimethyl-octanoic acid (3,7m₂-PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA), and n-ethyl perfluroctane sulfonamidoethanol (EtFOSE). PFCs were mostly distributed in the dissolved phase, where perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) dominated with 2.9–12.5 ng/L. In the suspended particulate matter FOSA and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) showed the highest concentrations (4.0 ng/L and 2.3 ng/L, respectively). The total flux of ΣPFCs from the river Elbe was estimated to be 802 kg/year for the dissolved phase and 152 kg/year for the particulate phase. This indicates that the river Elbe acts as a source of PFCs into the North Sea. However, the concentrations of perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) in the North Sea were higher than that in the river Elbe, thus an alternative source must exist for these compounds.     

渤海湾西岸入海径流量和输沙量的变化及其环境效应

以渤海湾西岸天津段入海河流的径流量和输沙量数据为基础,采用Kendall秩相关检验法和Mann-Kendall法对近50年入海径流量和输沙量进行了趋势分析和突变性检验.结果表明,近50年来渤海湾西岸天津段入海径流量和输沙量均呈显著下降的趋势.近50年来华北地区降水量减少、天然径流偏低是导致入海径流量减少的自然因素,而流域人类活动如水库和防潮闸的建设,以及沿河取水取沙也是不可忽视的重要因素.该段海岸入海径流量和输沙量的减少已导致河口区盐度上升、水质恶化、沉积物污染等问题,最终会影响河口生态系统的结构和生物资源的可持续发展与利用.     

Levels, distributions, and sources of legacy and novel per- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the topsoil of Tianjin, China

Soil is a major sink for per- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), wherein PFAS may be transferred through the food chain to predators at upper trophic levels, which poses a threat to human health. Herein, the concentrations and distributions of legacy and novel PFAS in topsoil samples from different functional areas in Tianjin were comprehensively investigated. Seventeen PFAS congeners were identified, with concentrations ranging from 0.21 ng/g to 5.35 ng/g, with a mean concentration of 1.25 ng/g. The main PFAS in the topsoil was perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA; <MDL–1.95 ng/g, mean 0.11 ng/g), as an emerging substitute for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), was also detected in the topsoil. It showed slightly higher concentrations than PFOS (<MDL–1.62 ng/g, mean 0.10 ng/g), indicating it has gradually replaced legacy PFOS in this area. Based on the positive-definite matrix factor (PMF) receptor model, the major PFAS sources was dominated by textile treatment, metal electroplating plants, and some potential precursors of PFAS with longer chains (>C8) were the major sources (43.4%), followed by food packaging as well as coating materials (25.5%). In addition, Spearman correlation analysis and the structural equation model showed that population density significantly impacted the PFAS distribution in the topsoil of Tianjin.     

给水厂浓缩污泥的稳态流变特征研究

针对给水厂浓缩污泥,采用旋转流变仪研究了其稳态流变特性,分别探讨了污泥的典型流变图、污泥浓度和温度对浓缩污泥极限粘度的影响.结果表明,污泥具有触变及剪切变稀的性质,其极限粘度(η∞)与污泥浓度(TSS)的关系符合指数关系,可用方程η∞=24.43-494.62e-0.14TSS描述.极限粘度与温度的关系服从于阿伦尼乌斯公式,相应的反应活化能为14.91J·mol-1.此外,宾汉模型可以描述污泥的流变性质,屈服应力随污泥浓度的升高而增加.     

缅甸皎漂农村地区饮用水源地土壤金属释放特征及水质安全策略

缅甸皎漂农村地区以水塘水为主要饮用水水源,此类水源普遍存在金属离子超标的问题.针对该问题,选取拟新建水塘选址地内不同深度的土壤样品,并对其进行理化指标、金属含量测定,同时对其进行浸泡及金属元素赋存形态提取实验.结果 表明,土壤中除Ni元素含量超过农用地土壤污染风险筛选值外,其他金属元素含量均低于筛选值,且在垂直尺度空间...     

2010-2013年舟山污水处理厂排污口邻近海域的表层水质评价

根据2010—2013年对浙江舟山2个污水处理厂排污口邻近海域14个站位的表层海水铜、铅、锌、镉、砷、总铬、总汞、p H值、无机氮、活性磷酸盐、石油类、化学耗氧量、悬浮物和粪大肠菌群等14项污染因子的调查,采用单因子指数法和营养指数法对监测海域海水水质进行评价。结果表明,舟山污水处理厂排污口邻近海域表层海水质量总体良好,基本符合第二类海水水质标准;主要污染因子为无机氮、活性磷酸盐和悬浮物,其他水质指标则较低;2个污水处理厂排污口邻近海域海水均呈高富营养化状态,并受到一定程度的铅污染。     

长江、汉江水源水及其自来水中有机物生物毒性的比较

应用XAD-2大孔树脂对长江、汉江(武汉)水源水及其自来水水样中的有机物进行吸附和富集,经洗脱、浓缩、干燥,提取其非挥发性有机物(NVOCs),通过致突变试验(Ames test)和重组酵母雌激素测评试验(YES)分别检测其致突变性与类雌激素效应.结果显示,2008年平水期,水中NVOCs除了长江出厂水对TA98(＋S9)的致突变性检测结果为阴性外,其他水样均为阳性;丰水期除长江水源水外,其他水样对TA98的致突变性为阳性;枯水期在不加S9的条件下,仅长江出厂水、管网末梢水对TA98的致突变性为阳性,其余水样均为阴性.各水样的NVOCs对TA100(±S9)的结果均为阴性.平水期长江、汉江水源水和枯水期长江水源水中的NVOCs均可检出类雌激素效应,丰水期水源水以及各水文期自来水中的NVOCs未显类雌激素效应.2007～2009年不同水文期长江和汉江自来水中NVOCs的致突变比活性均高于水源水;长江、汉江各水样中具有致突变作用的有机物主要为移码型直接致突变物.长江水源水NVOCs的类雌激素效应高于汉江,经自来水厂处理后的出厂水以及管网末梢水中的NVOCs未检出类雌激素效应.     

铝氧化物-水界面化学及其在水处理中的应用

天然水体中,铝氧化物矿物表面上的吸附等各种反应在很大程度上影响着金属阳离子、无机阴离子和一些天然有机物的迁移转化和归趋.在水处理等工业领域中,铝氧化物由于其水合表面的吸附能力而被用做离子交换剂和催化剂载体.因此,对铝氧化物表面化学过程的研究具有重要意义.铝氧化物-水界面上的反应十分复杂,对各种无机、有机污染物的吸附结合能力取决于氧化物固相表面性质、溶液条件和吸附质的性质.从对铝氧化物表面荷电特性和吸附活性的认识出发,就各种铝氧化物的结构特征和表面反应活性及其在水处理技术中的应用进行了简要综述.     

电吸附水处理技术(EST)对污水悬浮物去除效果研究

为了研究电吸附水处理技术(EST)对污水悬浮物的去除效果,本文采用电吸附水处理技术对生活污水中悬浮物进行处理分析,结果表明电吸附水处理系统对悬浮物的去除效果较好,去除率达到74.07%,而电吸附模块本身对悬浮物去除率仅为14.29%,氯离子、进水中悬浮物的浓度及进水中的硬度值均对悬浮物去除效率没有影响。因此,电吸附水处理技术可作为污水处理的一种新型有效方法。     

沈阳地区水环境和生物样品中全氟化合物的污染分布特征

采用高效液相色谱/电喷雾负电离源串联质谱法对沈阳市各类水环境和生物样品中全氟化合物(PFCs)进行测定,研究了PFCs的河流分布及季节分布特征.同时,对通过饮用水及家禽和鱼摄入全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)和全氟辛酸(PFOA)的人体健康风险进行了评价.结果表明,沈阳市各类水环境样品中总PFCs浓度范围为nd～6.01ng·L-1,平均浓度为5.23ng·L-1.PFOS和PFOA是沈阳地区所有水环境样品中最主要的PFCs污染物,浓度范围分别为nd～2.83ng·L-1和nd～5.71ng·L-1,平均浓度分别为1.11和2.13ng·L-1.细河的PFOS含量最高,约为浑河PFOS含量的2倍,蒲河PFOS含量的3倍.一些PFCs化合物之间呈正相关关系,说明其可能具有相同的来源.PFOS与PFOA之间无相关关系,由此推断沈阳水体中二者具有不同来源.浑河流经沈阳市时,PFOS和PFOA浓度升高.流经沈阳市区后,PFOS和全氟己烷磺酸钾(PFHxS)浓度明显升高.细河中PFHxS也有检出,表明沈阳市是周边水体中PFOS及PFHxS的主要污染来源.丰水期地表水中PFOS和PFOA浓度与枯水期相比没有明显差异,但丰水期水中PFCs组成更为丰富,出现了大量全氟庚酸(PFHpA).沈阳地区自来水中PFOS和PFOA浓度平均值分别为0.39和0.85ng·L-1,最高浓度分别为1.16和2.55ng·L-1,均低于美国饮用水健康参考值.沈阳生物样品中PFOS和全氟十一酸(PFUnDA)是最普遍的化合物.总PFCs平均含量在鱼样品中为6.59ng.g-1(以干重计),鸡和鸭血清样品中分别为1.65和0.69ng·mL-1,鸡和鸭肝脏样品中分别为0.41和1.68ng.g-1(以干重计),与文献报道相比处于较低水平.     

泗河水体及污水厂出水中全氟烷基酸类化合物及其前体物空间分布特征

为探究河流水体和污水厂出水中全氟烷基酸(Perfluoroalkyl Acids,PFAAs)及其前体物的污染特征,采用羟基自由基氧化、WAX固相萃取分离富集、超高效液相色谱-质谱串联相结合的方法,以泗河水体及其附近污水厂出水为例,对上述不同水体中的PFAAs及其前体物的空间分布特征及前体物对水体污染的贡献进行了系统研究.结果表明,泗河水体和附近污水厂出水中PFAAs的总浓度(∑PFAAs)分别为3.87~40.84和55.59~110.91 ng·L~(-1),均值分别为24.92和88.04 ng·L~(-1);PFOS、PFHx S、PFOA、PFHx A和PFNA是浓度较高的污染物;污水厂出水中PFAAs的浓度明显高于泗河,泗河上游水体PFAAs的浓度低于下游.在对水样进行氧化处理后,泗河水体中碳原子数为4~12的全氟羧酸类化合物(Perfluorinated Carboxylic Acids,PFCAs)浓度增加值(∑Δ[PFCAC4-12])低于附近污水厂出水,但污水厂出水中前体物的转化率(Δ[PFCAs]/[PFCAs]氧化前)低于泗河水体,因此,污水处理过程中可能存在前体物的降解.     

含氯有机废水在流化床中焚烧HCl生成与控制的实验研究

在内径32mm的鼓泡流化床焚烧炉中，以含三氯乙醛有机废水为研究对象，在700－900℃的温度范围内，进行了含氯有机废水的焚烧及脱氯试验。研究了有机氯转化为HCI的转化率随温度的变化规律，发现随温度的升高，CI－HCI的转化率增加，900℃时CI－HCI的转化率达到98．5％，进行了高温下加CaO脱除HCI的实验研究，结果表明，温度升高，HCI脱率下降；在相同温度下，随着Ca/CI比的增中，HCI脱除率增加。通过对生成产物进行X射线能谱分析（EDAX）及扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析的结果，解释了高温下CaO脱除HCI的效果差的原因。     

“引江济太”工程对太湖水体交换的影响研究

为了探究"引江济太"工程对太湖水体的交换范围及能力的影响，本研究耦合对流扩散及水体交换模型，依据不同流量与常规风场共设置10种工况，对太湖水体的交换区域及交换周期进行数值模拟.结果表明：（1）流量是影响水体交换率的主要因素，200m³/s下贡湾的半交换周期与常规风场联系不大，稳定在8~9d左右；（2）常规风场对局部交换区域的空间分布有着明显影响，在北风和西北风条件下，太湖水体的交换区域主要集中在东湖区，东风和东南风条件下，太湖水体的交换区域主要集中在西北湖区；（3）为降低长江水体对太湖水质的不利风险，"引江济太"工程引水时间/方案应结合太湖区域气象预报，尽量选择在以东风或者东南风为主的条件下进行引水工作.     

松花江水系江水中全氟辛烷磺酸和全氟辛酸污染现状调查

为阐明松花江江水中全氟辛烷磺酸(Perfluorooctane sulfonate,PFOS)、全氟辛酸(Perfluorooctanoic acid,PFOA)的污染现状,以及中国石油吉林石化双苯厂爆炸事件对松花江江水和哈尔滨市内饮用水中PFOS、PFOA浓度的影响,于2005-10-12至2005-10-16间采集嫩江吉林大安江段、第二松花江吉林扶余江段、第一松花江黑龙江肇源江段及哈尔滨江段江水样品共22份.在吉林石化爆炸事件后,于2005-11-24至2005-11-28间每日定时在固定地点采集松花江哈尔滨江段江水样品;于2005-11-23和2005-11-28分别采集哈尔滨市内饮用水样品.采用高效液相色谱/质谱联机法(HPLC/MS)检测样品中PFOS和PFOA.结果表明,松花江水体中普遍存在PFOS、PFOA污染.全部江水样品中PFOS和PFOA浓度范围分别为0.06～8.04ng·L-1和0.02～2.68 ng·L-1,几何平均值分别为1.214 ng·L-1和0.166 ng·L-1.松花江上游江段水中PFOS、PFOA浓度明显低于下游.流经哈尔滨市区时江水中PFOS和PFOA浓度逐渐升高.2005-11-26江水中PFOS浓度水平比2005-11-24江水浓度水平高5.8倍,而PFOA浓度未见变化.哈尔滨市内饮用水PFOS、PFOA平均浓度在2005-11-23停水前和2005-11-28恢复供水后未见差异.研究结果显示,松花江水体中普遍存在PFOS、PFOA污染;吉林石化公司爆炸事件后暂时性升高松花江江水中PFOS浓度,但未对哈尔滨市内饮用水中PFOS、PFOA的浓度产生影响.     

Transformation mechanism and fate of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in a full-scale drinking water treatment

Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) has attracted much attention in drinking water treatment due to its potential to produce nitrogenous disinfection by-products (N-DBPs). This work was designed to explore the transformation and fate of DON and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in drinking water treatment. The changes of DON and formation of N-DBPs were evaluated along the water treatment route (i.e., pre-ozonation and biological-contact oxidation, delivery pipes’ transportation, coagulation-sedimentation, sand filtration, post-ozonation, biological activated carbon, ultrafiltration and disinfection) of drinking water treatment plant (DWTP). The transformation mechanism of DON was comprehensively investigated by molecular weight fractionation, three-dimensional fluorescence, LC-OCD (Liquid Chromatography-Organic Carbon Detection), total free amino acids. A detailed comparison was made between concentrations and variations of DON and DIN affected by seasons in the drinking water treatment. Regardless of seasonal variation in raw water concentration, the DON removal trends between different treatment processes remain constant in the present study. Compared to other treatment processes, pre-ozonation and coagulation-sedimentation exhibited the dominant DON removal in different seasons, i.e., 11.13%-14.45% and 14.98%-22.49%, respectively. Contrary, biological-contact oxidation and biological activated carbon negatively impacted the DON removal, in which DON increased by 1.76%-6.49% in biological activated carbon. This may be due to the release of soluble microbial products (SMPs) from bacterial metabolism, which was further validated by the rise of biopolymers in LC-OCD.