中远海综合测量技术设计与实施的合理化探讨

中远海测量具有作业海区远、航次时间跨度长、测区环境复杂、气象条件变化大、测区已知资料少等特点,对作业人员和测量设备都是一个大的挑战。在作业中,综合测量还要充分考虑声学设备之间的信号干扰和作业模式的相互干扰等问题。针对中远海综合测量的特点,对综合测量技术设计、仪器设备的准备、食品的补给、综合测量实施中注意的问题等提出了合理化建议。     

声学波潮仪波浪测量要素的试验分析

坐底式声学波潮仪采用遥测方法进行表层波浪测量,不干扰波浪场,测量准确度高。现有国产声学波潮仪只具备波高、波周期和潮汐测量能力,欠缺波向测量功能。针对仪器国产化需求,研制一种新型坐底式波潮仪,可同时测量波高、波周期、波向、潮汐和温度,是一种先进的海洋监测设备。本文采用基于多向不规则波的仿真模型对比声学波潮仪和诺泰克浪龙的方向谱反演能力,2019年3月在山东省海洋环境监测技术重点试验室下属岸边试验站进行比测试验,比测仪器为挪威诺泰克浪龙,实测数据分析表明,声学波潮仪和诺泰克浪龙总体上吻合好,验证了声学波潮仪的波浪测量准确性。     

关于海底沉积物声特性实验室直接测量方法的探讨

海底沉积物声学特性实验室测量是除原位(in situ)测量之外最直接的沉积物声学特性测量方法。作为一项基础性研究,利用声波参数仪准确测量海底沉积物的声速和声衰减对建立海洋地声学模型具有重要意义。文章针对RS- ST01C型数字超声测试仪在测量过程中所存在的一些问题进行了探讨,对规范海底沉积物声学特性实验室测量方法具有实际意义。     

海底底质声学原位测量电路控制系统研究

介绍了一种液压驱动贯入式海底沉积声学原位测量系统的电路控制单元的研究实现过程,以及该控制单元在南海北部海底沉积声学调查中的应用。该电路控制单元以Cortex-A8处理器为核心,集成大容量FLASH存储器,与单片机接口控制板进行串口通讯,实现对声学发射采集单元和机械液压贯入单元的可视化控制和监测。基于该电路控制单元,海底底质声学原位测量系统兼具自容式和在线式两种工作模式,可自容记录或实时采集声学原位测量单元在海底的工作状态数据、海底沉积物声速和声衰减系数等声学特性数据。该声学原位测量系统的实验室联调及南海海试结果表明,使用该电路控制单元对海底底质声学测量过程的监测与控制是有效的,对精确获取海底底质的原位声学特性有重要作用,可以促进海底底质声学原位测量系统的产品化。     

海底浅表层沉积物原位声学测量方法探讨

研究透射式和折射式两类海底沉积声学原位测量方法,通过分析10种海底浅表层沉积物声学原位测量仪器的特征,指出不同声学原位测量技术对沉积物声学特性测量结果的影响。比较黄海海底浅表层沉积声学原位测量数据与实验室测量结果的差异,分析原位声学测量数据普遍小于实验室测量数据的原因,指出原位测量的作用和重要性。探讨指出海底浅表层沉积物原位声学测量所需要配合发展的其他物理性质原位测量技术。     

海底表层沉积物声速特性研究进展与探讨

海底表层沉积物具有多相、多颗粒、多形态的组成结构,导致其声学特性复杂多样。通过分析压缩波速度和切变波速度特性的研究现状,指出有待于解决的科学问题和关键技术问题。在分析国内外有关海底沉积层声速特性研究基础上,提出采取系统、可控的实验测量手段解决当前测量存在的4点问题。综合分析了压缩波速度和切变波速度存在的统计回归关系和理论分析关系,探讨了当前地声反演、采样样品声学测量、原位声学测量3种方法存在的测量尺度、测量频率、测量状态等的差异,探讨建立不同测量方法和测量技术对测量结果进行统一性解释的方法,从而获得不同类型、不同区域的海底表层沉积物真实的声速特性。最后,从实验室声学测量、物理力学参数测量、流固耦合特性分析、原位测量及海底监测、采样测量与原位测量的误差分析及校正、海底大纵深声学测量6个方面提出技术需求,为提高声学探测海洋和海底的精度服务,推动海洋声学探测和海洋工程发展。     

水深测量的全新技术—适航水深测量

本文提出在浮泥层港口对适航水深进行测量的新技术,并介绍新研制成功的测量系统的原理、结构和特点,其技术的新颖性在于两方面:1.用声学方法来进行高速测量密度;2.大功率、大扭矩,并每分钟启、停、升、降数十次的电动智能绞车技术。上述两方面的突破使得在浮泥层中进行快速动态连续的适航水深测量成为可能,文章最后介绍了新技术在蛇口港现场测量的成果。 本文提出的声学密度高速检测技术对于河口演变、航道整治中泥沙运动监测也具有重要的实用价值。     

声学原位测量系统在胶州湾的测量试验研究

为了能够快速准确的测量海底表层沉积物的声学参数,避免取样测量产生测量误差,研制出一种海底底质声学原位测量系统。为了检验原位测量系统的工作性能,在胶州湾海域进行了初步的测量实验分析。通过对测量结果的分析研究,验证了原位测量系统的一些工作性能,同时发现了一些需要改进的问题。     

声学调查设备系统自噪声测量方法研究

声学调查设备重要功能之一是用来获取海洋中的背景噪声信号,这些信号都是弱信号,因此系统自噪声是声学调查设备中一项重要性能指标。提出了3种声学调查设备系统自噪声测量的方法,其中短路噪声测量法是实验室应用较多的一种方法,试验结果表明采用短路噪声测量法测量系统自噪声的结果可验证声学调查设备自噪声性能是否满足设计指标。低噪声环境自噪声测量法可以作为设备整机的功能及性能测试。     

便携式海底沉积声学原位测量系统研制及应用

详细介绍了最新研制的便携式海底沉积声学原位测量系统的工作原理和结构组成.与基于液压驱动的海底沉积声学原位测量系统相比,该系统操作简单,轻便灵活,易于吊放.2010年中国科学院南海海洋研究所“实验3”号科考船南海开放航次应用该系统在南海北部开展了海底沉积声学原位测量,首次获得该海区海底沉积物声速和声衰减系数原位测量数据.将原位测量声速与实验室测量声速进行了对比分析,结果表明二者存在明显差异,从而表明温度和压力等环境参数对沉积物声速具有重要影响.     

Frequency of maxima of non-narrow banded stochastic processes

In many engineering problems one deals with quantities that must be considered to be of a stochastic or random nature. This is true for the natural environment such as wind, waves, and earthquakes, which are the driving mechanism behind the loadings on a wide variety of land-based and offshore structures. From a design perspective it is important to determine the expected highest value of a stochastic process, and structural fatigue life. The relevant procedures are reasonably well established for processes that have narrow band spectra, but it is much less clear how to deal with non-narrow band cases. In this paper it is shown that the extremes of a Gaussian, non-narrow band process are asymptotically equal to the extremes calculated according to the narrow band formula. Also demonstrated is that fatigue estimates may, with good accuracy, be based on the narrow band formula unless the bandwidth becomes extremely large. These statements are illustrated by examples of a process with (1) a low pass box spectrum, and (2) a Pierson–Moskowitz wave amplitude spectrum. It is also shown that the bandwidth parameter may in some cases be counter-intuitive, as the Pierson–Moskowitz spectrum has a larger bandwidth parameter than the box spectrum, even when both cover the same frequency range.     

Joint distributions of wave height and period: A critical comparison

Three theoretical joint distributions of wave height and period are compared with data. Both crest-to-trough waves and zero-upcrossing waves are considered. The data consist of two long Waverider records (of 12 and 8 hr) and a shorter record taken from a reservoir. It is found that a distribution based on the theory of Gaussian processes fits the crest-to-trough waves well in all cases. In contrast, the two narrow band approximations only fit the data from the reservoir, which is more narrow band. The effect of high frequency cut-off on the distribution of height and period are considered.     

随机载荷下的疲劳损伤计算公式

本文推导了随机载荷下的疲劳损伤计算公式。数值计算结果表明：Ｐ．Ｈ．Ｗｉｒｓｃｈｉｎｇ给出的公式在宽带情况下与实际情况不符；Ｇ．Ｃｈａｕｄｈｕｒｙ给出的公式在窄带情况下与实际不符；本文绘出的公式不仅适合于窄带，也适合于具有各种不同带宽的宽带随机载荷。     

Adaptive detection for shallow-water acoustic telemetry withcochannel interference

Adaptive decision feedback equalization (DFE) has recently been used to enable high-rate data transmission through shallow-water acoustic channels. This adaptive receiver successfully tracks and suppresses intersymbol interference due to a dispersive multipath channel. However, acoustic modems which are used for network applications must also contend with interference due to cochannel signals from proximal modems. In this work, we propose and evaluate a multiuser receiver with cochannel interference suppression. The advantages of this multiuser receiver in the presence of strong cochannel interference are shown by a performance comparison to a bank of the single-user DFEs described above. Conclusions are supported in part by the demodulation of experimental data for two simultaneous cochannel signals and by a steady-state performance analysis     

Analysis of finite-duration wide-band frequency sweep signals forocean tomography

A group of amplitude and frequency modulated signals which generate narrow synthesized pulses are described. The pulse-compression properties of these signals should approach those of maximal (M) sequence phase-modulated signals now commonly used in ocean experiments. These amplitude-tapered linear frequency-sweep (chirp) type signals should be accurately reproducible with most acoustic sources since they have controllable limited-bandwidth frequency content and differentiable phase. The Doppler response of the signals is calculated using a wideband approach, where the frequency shift from relative motion is not constant throughout the waveform. The resultant Doppler effect on the matched-filter output is a function of the signal duration. The signals are suitable for use with tunable resonant transducers, and have adequate Doppler response for use with Lagrangian ocean drifters     

Signal detection for communications in the underwater acousticenvironment

Signal detection is a critical stage in the implementation of any effective communications system. The underwater acoustic environment, particularly in the presence of underwater vehicles, presents significant challenges to reliable detection without excessive false alarms. While there is often sufficient signal-to-noise ratio with respect to stationary broad-band background noise to permit reliable operation, the presence of strong event-like interference signals such as narrow-band signals and impulsive broad-band signals complicates the detection problem significantly. Frequency-hopped signals interleaved with quiescent bands are proposed as the basis of a robust detection system. These signals also make robust detection possible in a multi-access communications system. Two new detection algorithms that exploit the particular structure of these frequency-hopped signals are developed and their performance is analyzed. This analysis uses a modification of the doubly noncentral F-distribution that has not been used previously for such analysis. This distribution makes possible the direct calculation of probabilities of detection and false-alarm under interference and signal scenarios that cannot be analyzed using the better known noncentral F-distribution. With this analysis, the two developed detectors are shown to offer superior performance to that of either the CFAR detector or the binary data sequence detector. Experimental data confirms the theoretically derived results     

Current spectra under varying stratification conditions in the central North Sea

Given strongly different vertical stratification and not significantly different kinetic energy, ‘internal wave’ band spectral properties were studied using two 8-day representative sets of observations from the central North Sea in winter and summer. The observed similar spectral shape of the internal wave band was due to a combination of deterministic narrow band and intermittent signals. In addition to dominant tidal harmonics, 25% of total kinetic energy was found at inertial and non-linear inertial-tidal interaction frequencies in summer and about the same amount was found in broad-band response to atmospheric forcing in winter. The energy at the (seasonal) non-linear interaction frequencies was proportional to stratification, specifically, to near-inertial shear magnitude. In summer, motions at frequencies (σ) between f<σ<2.5 cpd (cycles per day) appeared in low vertical mode, whilst the power P(σ) of motions at σ>4±1 cpd obeyed canonical internal wave scaling P(σ)∼Cσ⁻², provided the shear magnitude ∣S∣ was used instead of the buoyancy frequency N for the factor C. Motions at 2.5<σ<4±1 cpd appeared as transition between the two regimes. In winter no inertial motions were observed.     

Performance analysis of digital acoustic communication in a shallowwater channel

The major obstacle to underwater acoustic communication is the interference of multi-path signals due to surface and bottom reflections. High speed acoustic transmission over a shallow water channel characterized by small grazing angles presents formidable difficulties. The reflection losses associated with such small angles are low, causing large amplitudes in multi-path signals. In this paper we propose a simple but effective model for multi-path interference, which is then used to assess the performance of a digital communication system operating in a shallow water channel. The results indicate that transmission rates in excess of 8 kbits/s are possible over a distance of 13 km and channel depth of only 20 meters. Such a system offers improved performance in applications such as data collection from underwater sensors     

目标触底瞬态地震波信号的检测

目标触底过程中通常会产生强烈的瞬态地震波信号,通过对此类地震波信号的监测、处理和分析,能够帮助判断该信号的产生是否是由异常活动产生的,并且能够根据信号分析相关信息,实现早期预警, 从而做出快速响应。 由于双谱检测具有很好的抗高斯干扰能力,对高斯平稳随机过程和试验模拟目标触底瞬态地震波信号的双谱特性进行了分析,并在高斯背景中对试验采集的瞬态信号进行了检测仿真,仿真试验结果表明:在高斯背景的干扰下,双谱检测能够有效实现对瞬态信号的检测^[1] 。     

基于单矢量水听器四种方位估计方法

单矢量水听器能同时拾取声场的声压和振速信息,可以估计目标方位。根据不同的噪声背景和信号形式,单矢量水听器有多种方位估计方法。平均声强器的处理方法能很好地抗各向同性的非相干干扰;线谱方位估计能有效检测辐射线谱信号的目标,并进行目标方位估计。当宽带信号中存在线谱相干干扰,以及线谱信号被宽带相干噪声干扰时,上述两种方法不能检测目标。为解决这个问题,新提出了直方图和加权直方图两种方法,直方图方位估计法能抗强线谱相干干扰,并能区分含线谱的多目标;加权直方图方位估计法能从宽带相干干扰中检测目标,估计目标方位。并着重介绍了后两种方法的原理,对四种方法进行了计算机仿真,并用海试结果验证了上述结论。