双胎妊娠中、晚期一胎死亡后的期待疗法

双胎妊娠中、晚期一胎宫内死亡是一种少见的妊娠并发症。临床处理时既要防止死胎对活胎及母体凝血功能的影响,又要兼顾活胎的成熟度,选择合适的分娩时机及方式,以获得最佳的妊娠结局。现对我院10例双胎妊娠一胎宫内死亡的病例进行分析,以探讨死胎的原因以及进行期待疗法的可行性。一、资料与方法1984～1998年我院共有中、晚期双胎妊娠一胎宫内死亡病例10例,占同期双胎妊娠总数的5.7%,10例均为初产妇。发现死胎的孕周为17周 6～38周 3,均经Ｂ超检查证实。Ｂ超表现为双胎中一胎胎心消失,头颅变为扁圆形并出现双环征,或颅骨呈叠瓦状;脊柱失去张…     

双胎之一宫内死亡期待疗法的可行性探讨

随着促排卵药物的临床广泛应用及辅助生育技术的开展 ,双胎妊娠的发生率越来越高。双胎妊娠一胎宫内死亡是一种少见的妊娠并发症。临床处理时既要防止死胎对活胎及母体凝血功能的影响 ,又要兼顾活胎的成熟度 ,选择合适的分娩时间及方式 ,以获得最佳的妊娠结局。本文就我院 4 0例双胎之一胎儿宫内死亡的病例进行分析 ,以探讨死胎的原因及进行期待疗法的可行性。1　资料与方法1 1　一般资料　 1989年 1月至 2 0 0 1年 10月 ,我院双胎分娩总数 80 4例 ,其中 4 0例双胎之一为死胎 ,发生率约为5 %。初产妇 35例 ,经产妇 5例 ,平均年龄 2 5 74岁…     

四胎妊娠并发妊高征一胎宫内死亡三胎成活

患者,30岁,农民,孕1产0.因停经36 +2周,双下肢水肿半月入院.患者婚后4年一直未孕,应用克罗米芬促排卵治疗后妊娠,早孕期B超检查为4 个胚囊,16周妊娠时复查B超有4个胎儿,双顶径分别为4.1cm、4.2cm、4.1cm及4.0cm, 在不同位置可见到四个胎心搏动,均为140次/分,20周妊娠时感胎动,未坚持定期产前检查 ,入院查体:T?37℃,P?90次/分,R?22次/分,BP?19/13kPa,心肺听诊无异常,肝脾未及,腹水征阴性,双下肢Ⅱ°水肿.宫高45cm,腹围101cm,胎位触诊不清,可听到3个胎心,分别为130次/分、136次/分、142次/分.B超检查:四胎妊娠其一为死胎,三个活胎双顶径分别为:8.0cm、7.4cm、7.1cm,血常规Hb?86g/L,WBC?4.2×109/L,PLT?182×1 09/L,PT?13.9秒,正常对照14秒,纤维蛋白原3.0g/L,3P试验(+).入院诊断:①36 +2周妊娠,G1P0;②LOT、LSA、RScP、RSP;③四胎妊娠;④妊高征;⑤一胎死亡 .入院后降压、解痉、保胎、抗贫血治疗,并给复方氨基酸促进胎儿发育,给地塞米松、氨茶碱促进胎儿肺成熟,11天后复查B超,双顶径分别为8.2cm、7.6cm、7.2cm,行剖宫产术,术中娩出长子1400克,次子1800克,三女1400克,四女死亡已软化变形,术后检查四个胎盘连接成片,胎盘血管互不相通,死胎胎盘大小约8×8×0.5cm3,纤维化,脐带帆状附着,术后子宫收缩好,无出血倾向,7日拆线,刀口愈合良好.新后儿娩出后立即保温,肌注VitK1 和青霉素预防出血和感染,经2周精心护理,未发生任何并发症,母婴健康出院.     

三胎与单胎妊娠胎儿生长发育的比较

目的　探讨三胎妊娠的胎儿发育规律及平均孕周的特点。方法　采用超声测量三胎妊娠的胎儿与单胎妊娠胎儿不同孕周的双顶径、股骨长 ,比较三胎妊娠胎儿的发育状况、出生体重及分娩孕周与单胎妊娠胎儿的差异值。结果　三胎妊娠的胎儿从孕 2 8周起 ,双顶径及股骨长的平均值低于单胎妊娠胎儿 (差异均值分别为 2 1mm和 3 1mm ,P <0 0 1)。三胎妊娠的新生儿出生体重明显低于单胎妊娠的新生儿 (P <0 0 1)。 3 6 2 %的三胎妊娠的新生儿出生体重低于同孕周的第十百分位数 ;95 7%的三胎妊娠胎儿在 3 6周之前分娩 ,平均分娩孕周数为 (3 4 0± 1 6)周 ,较单胎妊娠胎儿的 (3 9 0± 1 6)周明显提前。结论　三胎妊娠胎儿有着与单胎妊娠胎儿不同的发育规律 ,其平均孕周较单胎妊娠明显缩短 ,新生儿出生体重明显降低     

马凡综合征晚期妊娠主动脉夹层破裂死亡1例

患者 2 7岁 ,孕 2产 0 ,孕 37+ 5周 ,住院号 387175。因饱食后背部疼痛难以忍受 ,伴恶心呕吐 2小时 ,肌肉注射杜冷丁不缓解 ,于 1998年 11月 17日急诊入院。末次月经 1998年 2月 2 5日 ,人工流产 1次。查体 :Bp 16 0 / 10 9kPa ,T36 .5℃ ,R 2 2 /min。身高 175cm ,四肢修长 ,神志清楚 ,营养中等 ,口唇发绀 ,无静脉怒张。手指、脚趾呈蜘蛛状 ,双下肢无水肿。叩诊心界不大 ,于胸骨左缘第二、三肋间可闻及收缩期吹风样杂音 ,P 98/min ,双肺呼吸音清 ,未闻及干湿啰音?卫呦挛创ゼ啊9?35cm ,腹围 10 0cm ,LOA ,胎心率16 6 /min。入院后心…     

多胎妊娠药物选择性减胎术后不良妊娠结局的相关因素分析

目的:分析年龄、减胎孕周、减胎数量、保留胎儿数量对多胎妊娠药物选择性减胎术后妊娠结局的影响。方法:回顾性分析2016～2019年于山东省妇幼保健院行多胎妊娠药物选择性减胎术的患者416例,随访至本次妊娠结束,其中流产28例,早产114例,足月产274例。采用单因素及多分类Logistic回归分析妊娠年龄、减胎孕周、被减胎儿数量、保留胎儿数量与不良妊娠结局(早产及流产)的关系;并对孕周<34周早产组(41例)与孕周≥34周早产组(73例)在以上相关因素中的发生占比进行比较。结果:(1)单因素分析示：行药物选择性减胎术时保留不同胎儿数量的孕妇,术后流产率、早产率及足月产率的比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。减胎时孕妇年龄、减胎孕周和被减胎数量不同,术后孕妇妊娠结局比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(2)多分类Logistic回归分析示：减胎时年龄、减胎孕周和保留胎儿数量对术后孕妇的不良妊娠结局有影响,其中年龄≥40岁、减胎孕周≥14周和保留胎儿数量≥2胎是减胎术后发生早产的独立危险因素(OR>1,P<0.05),而年龄30～35岁、年龄≥40岁和保留胎儿数量≥2胎是减胎术后导致流产的独立危险因素(OR>1,P<0.05)。(3)孕周<34周与孕周≥34周早产孕妇间不同年龄段的比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中孕周<34周孕妇中年龄<30岁的占比(56.1%)高于孕周≥34周孕妇(32.9%)。结论:被减胎儿数量不是减胎术后发生不良妊娠结局的危险因素,术前的评估指标更应该关注孕妇年龄、减胎时孕周、保留胎儿的数量;年龄<30岁的患者行多胎妊娠药物选择性减胎术应尽量避免早期早产的发生。     

体外受精/卵胞质内单精子显微注射双卵双胎减胎后妊娠结局的病例对照研究

目的探讨双卵双胎妊娠早期减胎为单胎的妊娠结局。方法 2008年1月—2014年12月期间体外受精及卵胞质内单精子注射-胚胎移植(IVF/ICSI-ET)后双胎妊娠早期(孕45~75 d)减胎为单胎者102例(A组),三胎妊娠早期减胎为双胎者73例(B组)以及双胎妊娠未减胎者4 638例(C组),比较其中晚期流产率、早产率等进一步的妊娠结局。结果 IVF/ICSI-ET后A组与B组和C组比较,早产率(10.8%,58.6%,42.1%)、低出生体质量儿率(6.8%,44.1%,30.3%)明显降低,孕周[(38.0±2.0)周,(35.7±2.3)周,(36.4±2.1)周]、出生体质量[(3.17±0.53)kg,(2.51±0.59)kg,(2.69±0.53)kg]明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),中晚期流产率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 IVF/ICSI后的双卵双胎妊娠,于孕早期行减胎术安全,具有更好的妊娠结局。     

经阴道途径与经腹部途径体外受精-胚胎移植多胎妊娠减胎术后妊娠结局的分析

目的比较体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)多胎妊娠在早孕早期(6~8孕周)经阴道减胎与早孕晚期(11~13+6孕周)经腹部减胎术后的妊娠结局,探讨多胎妊娠合适的减胎时机。方法 2014年1月—2016年12月期间于本院经超声波诊断的多胎妊娠拟行减胎手术患者,6~8孕周经阴道减胎组110例,11~13孕周经腹部减胎组78例,比较两组间早产率、流产率、低出生体质量率、胎儿体质量、孕周等。结果比较流产率、低出生体质量率、流产孕周、分娩孕周、平均胎儿体质量组间均无统计学差异。与经腹减胎组(5.13%,6.12%)比较,经阴道减胎组34~37孕周早产率明显升高(17.27%)、减胎个数分层显示6~8孕周双胎减一胎后早产率升高(19.40%)。结论与11~13+6孕周经腹部减胎比较,6~8孕周经阴道减胎组34~37孕周的早产率升高、双胎减一胎后的总体早产率升高。     

16例双胎妊娠一胎宫内死亡期待治疗结果分析

双胎妊娠晚期一胎宫内死亡是一种少见的妊娠并发症,临床处理既要防止死胎对活胎及母体凝血功能的影响,又要兼顾活胎的成熟度,因此选择合适的分娩时机及方式,以获得最佳的妊娠结局成为关键.我们回顾分析了1990～2009年我院收治的16例双胎妊娠一胎宫内死亡后期待治疗方案及妊娠结局,以探讨期待治疗的临床可行性及最佳终止妊娠时间.     

双绒毛膜多胎妊娠不同孕周选择性减胎术后临床结局分析

目的:探讨双绒毛膜多胎妊娠不同孕周选择性减胎术后的临床结局。方法:回顾性分析2012年1月至2018年12月98例双绒毛膜多胎妊娠于四川大学华西第二医院进行选择性减胎术的临床资料,根据实施减胎术孕周分为3组:G1组(孕14~19+6周,19例)、G2组(孕20~27+6周,30例),G3组(≥孕28周,49例),比较不同孕周行选择性减胎术后的临床结局。结果:①98例中行选择性减胎术原因包括染色体异常(25例)、胎儿结构畸形(68例)及其他母胎合并症(5例)等。②G1组母体无相关并发症发生;减胎术后2周G2组母体发生胎膜早破2例,宫内感染2例;G3组发生胎膜早破4例,宫内感染2例。③减胎术后流产发生率为8.2%、早产发生率为50.0%,活产儿存活率94.6%。3组分娩孕周差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。G1组流产率显著低于G2组(10.5%vs 20.0%,P<0.05);G1组的活产儿出生体质量及存活儿出生体质量也优于G2组(P<0.05);G1组的早产率、足月产率、活产儿出生体质量及存活儿出生体质量均优于G3组(P<0.05)。结论:在孕20周前对双绒毛膜多胎妊娠行选择性减胎术,其妊娠结局较好,合理使用选择性减胎技术,可以有效减灭异常胎儿和多胎妊娠的胎儿数量,减少多胎妊娠的并发症及合并症,改善多胎妊娠母胎结局。     

Expectant management of severe preeclampsia with severe fetal growth restriction in the second trimester

ObjectiveWe investigated whether women with severe fetal growth restriction (FGR <5th percentile) associated with severe preeclampsia (PE) occurring in the second trimester are candidates for expectant management.Study designThis is a retrospective study involving 33 women who developed severe PE or superimposed PE in the second trimester and were expectantly managed at a tertiary center. They were divided into groups with and without severe FGR on admission (severe FGR (+) group: 17 women; severe FGR (−) group: 16 women) for comparison of the duration of pregnancy prolongation, major maternal complications, and perinatal outcomes. The data are presented as medians (range) or frequencies (percentage).ResultsThe duration of pregnancy prolongation was 10 days in both groups. Major maternal complications occurred in 5 of 17 women (29.4%) in the severe FGR (+) and 5 of 16 (31.3%) in the severe FGR (−) group, showing very similar incidence rates in the 2 groups. The perinatal survival rates were favorable at 82.4% (14/17) in the severe FGR (+) and 100% (16/16) in the severe FGR (−) group.ConclusionRegarding expectant management of severe preeclampsia occurring in the second trimester, there was no difference in the duration of pregnancy prolongation between the groups with and without severe FGR on admission. Because favorable perinatal outcomes can be expected without compromising maternal safety by prolonging pregnancy as expectant management for severe FGR, it was suggested that women with severe FGR are suitable candidates for expectant management.     

胎儿医学框架下的氯化钾减胎术应用于早中孕期多胎妊娠的经验——来自单一中心的临床研究

目的:总结我院在胎儿医学框架下建立的氯化钾减胎术在早中孕期应用于多胎妊娠的临床经验。方法:回顾研究2011年1月至2013年12月在上海市第一妇婴保健院于孕11~16周行氯化钾减胎的32例患者的临床资料,记录围手术期母胎并发症及分娩28天后围产儿结局,总结单一中心采用该技术积累的相关经验。结果:患者的平均减胎手术孕周(13.81±0.84)周,平均分娩孕周(34.52±5.78)周,平均新生儿出生体重(2541±665.9)g。围产儿存活率为92.8%,母体并发症包括妊娠期高血压1例,重度子痫前期1例,未发生严重的分娩并发症。结论:在胎儿医学框架下进行的氯化钾减胎技术用于早中孕期减胎安全有效,改善了多胎妊娠的围产儿结局。     

Expectant management of incomplete abortion in the first trimester

Objective

To evaluate the effectiveness and acceptability of expectant management of induced and spontaneous first trimester incomplete abortion.

Methods

A prospective observational trial, conducted between June 2006 and November 2007, of 2 groups of patients diagnosed with an incomplete abortion: 66 patients who had received misoprostol for an induced abortion (group 1) and 30 patients who had had a spontaneous abortion (group 2). Transvaginal ultrasound was performed weekly. The success rate (complete abortion without surgery), time to resolution, duration of bleeding and pelvic pain, rate of infection, number of unscheduled hospital visits, and level of satisfaction with expectant management were recorded.

Results

The incidence of complete abortion was 86.4% and 82.1% in groups 1 and 2 respectively at day 14 after diagnosis, and 100% in both groups at day 30 (two group 2 patients underwent curettage and were excluded from the analysis). Both groups reported 100% satisfaction with expectant management, although over 90% of the women reported feeling anxious.

Conclusion

Expectant management for incomplete abortion in the first trimester after use of misoprostol or after spontaneous abortion may be practical and feasible, although it may increase anxiety associated with the impending abortion.     

Four-dimensional sonographic assessment of fetal facial expression early in the third trimester.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the characteristic patterns of facial expression in fetuses aged from 28 to 34 weeks using 4-dimensional (4-D) ultrasonography. METHODS: The faces of 10 healthy fetuses aged from 28 to 34 weeks were recorded continuously for 15 min with a 4-D ultrasonographic machine performing up to 25 frames per second. The occurrence rates of blinking, mouthing, yawning, tongue expulsion, smiling, scowling, and sucking were evaluated. RESULTS: Mouthing was the most frequent facial expression (median, 6.5; range, 2-19) whereas the least frequent were scowling (median, 1; range, 0-9) and sucking (median, 1; range, 0-2). Mouthing was evident in all fetuses and significantly more frequent than any other movement (P<.05). Yawning (median, 3; range, 0-6), smiling (median, 2; range, 0-9), and blinking (median, 1.5; range, 0-6) were observed in most cases. Tongue expulsion (median, 1.5; range, 0-5), scowling, and sucking were each observed in 6 cases. CONCLUSION: 4-D sonography provides a means of evaluating fetal facial expression early in the third trimester. It may be a key to predicting fetal brain function and well-being and an important modality in future fetal neurophysiologic research.     

Two-dimensional real-time ultrasound in the assessment of fetal activity in single and multiple pregnancy

One of the central issues in developmental neurology is the need to formulate concepts helping to understand human behavior, which reflects the central nervous system from early intrauterine age to the young infant and even up to adulthood. Real-time ultrasound observations have been used from the early 1980s onwards to witness the origin, occurrence and developmental course of specific fetal movement patterns emerging during early prenatal life. A large variety of movement patterns has been observed: startles; general movements; breathing movements; head, trunk and extremity movements; jaw openings; yawning; sucking; swallowing; hiccups; and hand/face contacts. In combination with fetal heart rate monitoring, two-dimensional ultrasound has been used in the third trimester to document the development of fetal behavioral states continuing from pre- to postnatal life. In the early 1990s we started to perform longitudinal examinations in twin pregnancies observing similar movement patterns to those in singletons. In multiple pregnancies, the inter-twin variance of different subsets and the possible impact of internal and external parameters can be studied. In addition, we have studied inter-twin reactions towards touch, reflecting the development of both initiative and sensitivity towards touch and finally the first inter-human contacts. Here we describe some essential issues of the documentation of fetal behavior in singleton and twin pregnancy.     

Placental biopsy for rapid fetal karyotyping in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy

Summary Rapid chromosomal analysis in the 2nd and 3rd trimester of gestation is desirable in cases of suspected or proven fetal malformation. The presence of any chromosomal aberration of the fetus influences the further prenatal and perinatal management of the pregnancy. Placental biopsy and preparation of trophoblast tissue after short term culture offers the possibility of getting satisfactory results within 2 to 3 days of biopsy. Fifty-seven patients underwent placental biopsy between the 16th and 36th weeks of gestation because of sonographically suspected or proven fetal malformation. In 51 of 57 cases fetal karyotyping was successful and no severe complications after biopsy were seen. Eight pathologic karyotypes were found. In 3 cases the chromosomal analysis yielded unsatisfactory results because of the inadequate quality of metaphases. In another 3 cases not enough chorionic tissue was aspirated in 2 biopsy attempts. In all other cases normal fetal karyotypes were found. Sonographically guided placental biopsy represents a simple method for fetal karyotyping and is a useful tool for the management of pregnancies with suspected or proven fetal malformation in the 2nd and 3rd trimester.     

Mifepristone and second trimester pregnancy termination for fetal abnormality in Western Australia: Worth the effort

Objective:  To determine the impact on the process of second trimester medical termination for fetal abnormality following the introduction of adjunctive mifepristone in an Australian tertiary hospital.
Methods:  All second trimester medical terminations for fetal abnormality between July 2006 and June 2009 were prospectively identified. Two temporal therapeutic cohorts were created: the first (1 July 2006 to 31 December 2007) using vaginal misoprostol alone and the second (1 January 2008 to 30 June 2009) using mifepristone priming prior to the administration of misoprostol. The primary outcome was to evaluate the impact of mifepristone priming upon the duration of pregnancy termination.
Results:  During the study period, 388 women with prenatally recognised fetal anomalies between 14 and 24 weeks gestation underwent medical termination: 189 with misoprostol alone and 199 with mifepristone priming followed by misoprostol. There was no difference between the groups for maternal age, parity or prior caesarean delivery. The median abortion duration was 15.5 h (interquartile ranges (IQR) 11.2–22.7) in the misoprostol group and 8.6 h (IQR 5.6–13.8) in the mifepristone primed group ( P  < 0.001). In both the groups, nulliparity and advancing gestation were associated with a significant prolongation of the abortion interval. Duration of hospitalisation was significantly longer in the misoprostol alone group (31.5 h (27–48.9) vs 27.2 h (22–31.5), misoprostol vs mifepristone priming, respectively, P  < 0.001).
Conclusions:  The introduction of mifepristone priming prior to second trimester medical termination with misoprostol has resulted in a significant reduction in the duration of the termination procedure and length of inpatient stay. These observed benefits of mifepristone provide objective support for the decision to permit use of this medication in Australia.     

The computerized fetal heart rate analysis in post-term pregnancy identifies patients at risk for fetal distress in labour

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the diagnostic ability of a computerized fetal heart rate (FHR) analysis system in the identification of patients at risk of fetal distress in labour. STUDY DESIGN: Three hundred and two healthy post-term pregnancies were enrolled in a retrospective, cross-sectional study and subdivided into two groups, with (n=42) or without (n=260) fetal distress in labour. The last computerized FHR recording before onset of labour was analyzed. RESULTS: The two groups showed a significant difference only in FHR baseline and in percentage of small accelerations on total. The multivariate analysis showed that only the percentage of small accelerations was significantly related to the labour outcome. A higher diagnostic accuracy was obtained with use of neural network analysis, which allowed a sensitivity of 56%, specificity 91%, positive predictive value 53% and negative predictive value 92% with an overall accuracy of 86%. CONCLUSIONS: The increase in FHR baseline and in small FHR accelerations can be major factors in the prediction of subsequent fetal distress in healthy term fetuses. Use of neural networks seems to further improve the ability of computerized FHR analysis in the prediction of intrapartum distress.