小麦-华山新麦草抗全蚀病新种质的分子细胞遗传学研究

对小麦-华山新麦草附加系H20和代换系H1的抗病性及分子细胞遗传学进行了研究。结果 表明,H20和H1的体细胞染色体数目范围分别为42～44和40～42,2n=44和2n=42的细胞频率分别为58.33%和90%;花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ,染色体构型分别为21．55Ⅱ十0．90Ⅰ和20．74Ⅱ十0．52Ⅰ,22Ⅱ和21Ⅱ的细胞频率分别为61．56％和86．18％;与中国春测交,21Ⅱ十1Ⅰ和20Ⅱ十2Ⅰ的细胞频率分别为70．14％和88．59％。用华山新麦草基因组DNA作探针进行原位杂交,结果显示H20和H1中均有2条华山新麦草染色体,他们的染色体构成分别为2n=44=42W 2N和2n=42=40W 2N。对全蚀病菌,H20表现近高度抗病性,H1表现中度抗病性。     

普通小麦——华山新麦草异附加系的选育及细胞遗传学研究

利用普通小麦与华山新麦草（２ｎ＝１４,ＮＮ）杂交与回产产生的七倍体杂种（ＡＡＢＢＤＤＮ,２ｎ＝４９）再与普通小麦回交,即产生单体附加（２ｎ＝４３）当以七倍体作父本时,产生单体附加的频率（２４．２％）高于七倍体母本的频率（１２．２８％）单体了会加自交产生二体附加的频率为７．１９％,不同附加系的细胞学稳定性有差异,并随着逐代选择而有所提高。     

普通小麦：华山新麦草异代换系的选育及细胞遗传学研究

利用缺体小麦－华山新麦草七倍体杂种（２ｎ＝４９,ＡＡＢＢＤＤＮ）杂交,Ｆ１再瑟相应的缺体小麦回交２次,在ＢＣ２Ｆ１镜检选出２ｎ＝４１的植株,同时套代自交,选育出５Ａ和３Ｄ两种异代换系。单体找换植侏自交产生二体代换植侏的频率为２３．１６％。５Ａ代换植侏在减数分裂中期Ⅰ２１Ⅱ的出现频率平均为８４．５２％,３Ｄ代换植侏２１Ⅱ的出现频率平均为６２．６１％。异代换系均生长旺盛,结实正常,说明异染色体能较好地     

普通小麦－华山新麦草异附加系的选育及细胞遗传学研究

利用普通小麦与华山新麦草（２ｎ＝１４,ＮＮ）杂交与回交产生的七倍体杂种（ＡＡＢＢＤＤＮ,２ｎ＝４９）,再与普通小麦回交,即产生单体附加（２ｎ＝４３）,当以七倍体作父本时,产生单体附加的频率（２４．２％）高于七倍体作母本的频率（１２．２８％）。单体附加自交产生二体附加的频率为７．１９％。不同附加系的细胞学稳定性有差异,并随着逐代选择而有所提高。     

普通小麦-华山新麦草异代换系的分子细胞遗传学研究

利用荧光原位杂交和染色体C-分带技术对普通小麦-一华山新麦草的异代换系进行了研究。荧光原位杂交结果显示：异代换系H921—6—12和H924—3—4均含有2条华山新麦草的染色体。对这2个材料和华山新麦草进行染色体C-分带带型比较,结果认为：H921—6—12可能是普通小麦-华山新麦草的5A／N5^b代换系,H924—3—4可能是3D／N4^b代换系。     

小麦背景中来自华山新麦草的抗条锈病基因的遗传学分析和分子标记

H9020—17—5是一个通过杂交和回交选育的普通小麦—华山新麦草易位系,接种鉴定表明其对条锈病具有优良抗性。遗传学分析证明易位系H9020—17—5的抗条锈性是由单基因控制的显性性状,抗性基因来自于华山新麦草,暂定名为YrHua。为了标记这个来自华山新麦草的抗条锈病基因,利用H9020—17—5与感病小麦品种铭贤169杂交,建立了F2分离群体。应用81对AFLP引物对119个经条锈菌生理小种CY30接种鉴定的F2单株进行了分析,结果得到两个与YrHua基因连锁的AFLP标记PM14(301)和PM42(249),遗传距离分别为5．4cM和2．7cM,并分别位于目标基因的两侧。将标记片段克隆、测序后,根据序列信息和酶切位点多态性设计特异性引物,将AFLP标记PM14(301)转换成了简单的PCR标记。研究结果为标记辅助育种提供了分子选择工具,同时也为进一步精细定位和图位克隆YrHua基因奠定了基础。     

普通小麦-华山新麦草异代换系的分子细胞遗传学研究

利用荧光原位杂交和染色体 C-分带技术对普通小麦 -华山新麦草的异代换系进行了研究 .荧光原位杂交结果显示 :异代换系 H92 1- 6 - 12和 H92 4 - 3- 4均含有 2条华山新麦草的染色体 .对这 2个材料和华山新麦草进行染色体 C-分带带型比较 ,结果认为 :H92 1- 6 - 12可能是普通小麦 -华山新麦草的 5 A / N5h 代换系 ,H92 4 - 3- 4可能是 3D/ N4 h代换系 .     

小麦与长穗偃麦草,中间偃麦草杂种及其衍生后代的细胞遗传学研究

十倍体长穗科草和六倍体中间偃麦草均含有一些基因促使部分同源的染色体之间发生配对,这些基因分布于不同的染色体组中,并具很强的传递力。小麦与长穗偃麦草杂种回交后代的部分植株在减少数分裂后期出现多条染色同时断裂现象,使不同染色体通过断口联结形成新的易位成为可能。上述二因素可能是造成小麦和偃麦草基因重组的主要原因之一。     

普通小麦和新麦草属间杂种的产生及细胞遗传学研究

进行了普通小麦和华山新麦草属间杂交,运用杂种幼胚培养技术,首次成功地获得了它们的属间杂种。F_1形态趋于中间型,均完全不育。F_1花粉母细胞预期类型(2n=28)的减数分裂中期Ⅰ平均染色体配对构型为26.72Ⅰ+0.62Ⅱ+0.01Ⅲ,后期Ⅰ和后期Ⅱ有落后染色体,多分体具大量微核。结果表明普通小麦和华山新麦草的染色体组间不存在同源或部分同源性。还观察到花粉母细胞异常减数分裂现象。用普通小麦回交,未获得回交后代。     

普通小麦与华山新麦草的杂交

华山新麦草是分布在秦岭山脉华山段的1个特有种,经细胞学鉴定为二倍体种(2n=14)。利用普通小麦与之杂交并通过幼胚培养获得了杂种,杂交结实率为0.19%,幼胚培养出苗率为33.3%。杂种表现为双亲的中间型,杂种F_1体细胞染色体数为2n=28,花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ每细胞平均0.99个二价体,26.01个单价体。杂种花粉粒败育,以小麦花粉与杂种回交时获得了种子,回交结实率为2.5%。回交一代体细胞染色体数为2n=49,花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体构型多数为2Ⅲ 7Ⅰ。     

华山新麦草胚和胚乳的发育研究

采用常规石蜡切片法,观察了华山新麦草胚和胚乳的发育过程,结果表明,华山新麦草胚和胚乳的发育过程与一般禾本科植物基本相同,胚胎发生属紫宛型,顶细胞和基都参与胚体的形成,胚胎发育经过二细胞原胚,多细胞原胚,球形原胚,梨形原胚,分化胚和成熟胚阶段,成熟胚具有胚根,胚芽,盾片,胚牙鞘,胚根鞘,外胚叶等典型禾本科植物成熟胚的结构,胚乳发育类型为核型,包括游离核阶段,细胞化阶段和生长成熟阶段,待大量游离核形成之后才形成细胞壁,紧贴胚囊的一层胚乳细胞最后形成种子的糊粉层,其余的胚乳细胞最后充满淀粉粒,其特点为：（1）有双球形原胚的现象;（2）反足细胞解体较早;（3）胚乳游离核时期和细胞时期胚乳细胞核的核仁多样。     

小麦远缘杂交后代对小麦全蚀病抗病性研究

研究了小麦—华山新麦草衍生系和小麦—簇毛麦衍生系19份材料苗期对小麦全蚀病菌禾顶囊壳小麦变种的抗病性,对9份抗病性较高的材料进行田间全生育期抗病性测试。结果表明：9份材料在不同生育期抗病性表现不同,苗期抗病性均高,越冬期无死亡;V2代换系、H922—9—12和V9125—2在返青期抗病性较高,病根严重度低于5．5％;H922—9—12和V9129—1在扬花期抗病性表现较好,成穗率可达80％;H922—9—12和V2代换系在成熟期抗病性较高,白穗率在13．8％以下。对照小偃6号高度感病,蒙燕94—4高度抗病。     

Functional variability of the Lr34 durable resistance gene in transgenic wheat

Breeding for durable disease resistance is challenging, yet essential to improve crops for sustainable agriculture. The wheat Lr34 gene is one of the few cloned, durable resistance genes in plants. It encodes an ATP binding cassette transporter and has been a source of resistance against biotrophic pathogens, such as leaf rust (Puccinina triticina), for over 100 years. As endogenous Lr34 confers quantitative resistance, we wanted to determine the effects of transgenic Lr34 with specific reference to how expression levels affect resistance. Transgenic Lr34 wheat lines were made in two different, susceptible genetic backgrounds. We found that the introduction of the Lr34 resistance allele was sufficient to provide comparable levels of leaf rust resistance as the endogenous Lr34 gene. As with the endogenous gene, we observed resistance in seedlings after cold treatment and in flag leaves of adult plants, as well as Lr34‐associated leaf tip necrosis. The transgene‐based Lr34 resistance did not involve a hypersensitive response, altered callose deposition or up‐regulation of PR genes. Higher expression levels compared to endogenous Lr34 were observed in the transgenic lines both at seedling as well as adult stage and some improvement of resistance was seen in the flag leaf. Interestingly, in one genetic background the transgenic Lr34‐based resistance resulted in improved seedling resistance without cold treatment. These data indicate that functional variability in Lr34‐based resistance can be created using a transgenic approach.     

Effects of wheat volunteers and blackgrass in set-aside following a winter wheat crop on soil infectivity and soil conduciveness to take-all

Two experiments were carried out in France in which disease indices were used to evaluate the effects of wheat volunteers and blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides) on soil infectivity and soil conduciveness to take-all caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. Soil infectivity was evaluated by measuring the disease index on susceptible wheat plants grown on soil samples collected from the field. Soil conduciveness to the disease was obtained by measuring disease indices on plants grown on soil samples to which different amounts of take-all fungus inoculum were added. One experiment (Expt. 1) was carried out using soils from farmers' fields (two fields in 1994 and two in 1995); soil infectivity and soil conduciveness were evaluated for three experimental situations: bare soil, soil with wheat volunteers and soil with blackgrass plants. In 1994 the soil infectivity was zero in bare soil, high with the wheat cover, and intermediate with the blackgrass cover. In 1995 the soil infectivity was uniformly low for all three conditions. Soils bearing wheat were less conducive than bare soil, soils bearing blackgrass and bare soils were similarly conducive. A second experiment (Expt. 2) carried out in 1995 compared the soil infectivity and soil conduciveness to take-all of soils planted with wheat or blackgrass in set-aside land after periods of wheat monoculture of 0–6 yr. The soil infectivity was low for all treatments. The soil was more conducive after blackgrass than after wheat. In both cases, the soil conduciveness was less when the monoculture had continued for more than 4 yr. The decline was less after blackgrass than after wheat. Thus, whenever set-aside is set up during the increase phase of the disease in fields with cereal successions, abundant wheat volunteers might hinder the expected positive effect of a break in cereal successions on take-all development. The presence of blackgrass in a set-aside field, with significant soil infectivity and high soil conduciveness, might increase the risks of take-all development in a wheat crop following set-aside.     

Manganese nutrition and accumulation of phenolics and lignin as related to differential resistance of wheat genotypes to the take-all fungus

Differential resistance of four Triticum aestivum L. genotypes to isolates of take-all fungus (Gaeuman-nomyces graminis var. ritici Walker) was tested in a complete factorial experiment set up in a growth chamber using Mn-deficient Wangary sand amended with four rates of Mn. Mn-efficient cultivars produced more dry matter at low supply of Mn. Fertilization with Mn significantly increased its accumulation in roots and shoots. The most sensitive measure of take-all infection was the total length of root stellar lesions; these lesions were reduced by Mn fertilization and were shorter in Mn-efficient genotypes. The resistance-enhancing effect of Mn was the most obvious in the Mn-inefficient genotype (Bayonet) and the least obvious in the Mn-efficient one (C8MM). Phenolics biosynthesis in roots was clicited by fungal infection, especially in the case of the highly virulent isolate. The weakly virulent isolate increased phenolics concentration in roots much more if no Mn was added, indicating that the resistance-enhancing effect of Mn may not be directly exerted through the effects on phenolics biosynthesis. Lignin concentration in roots decreased due to Mn fertilization, while no effect of take-all infection was noted. It appears that biosynthesis of phenolics and lignin in wheat roots has a low Mn requirement which can be satisfied at environmental Mn concentrations below those necessary for optimum plant growth. ei]Section editor: A C Borstlap ei]Section editor: H Lambers     

Effects of fluquinconazole and silthiofam, applied as seed treatments to single or consecutive crops of wheat, on take-all epidemic development and grain yields

Seed treatments containing fluquinconazole, silthiofam or a standard fungicide mixture with no activity against take‐all were compared in all combinations of sequences in successive second and third winter wheat crops in five field experiments and second to fourth crops in a sixth experiment. Compared with the standard treatment, silthiofam decreased take‐all more effectively than fluquinconazole when crops were sampled at tillering. In samples taken in summer, during grain filling, silthiofam often decreased the incidence of take‐all (percentage of plants with root symptoms) more than fluquinconazole, but fluquinconazole more effectively decreased the incidence of severe take‐all (percentage of plants with more than 75% of their root systems blackened). It is suggested that these differences are a consequence of more effective control of primary infection of roots by silthiofam and of secondary, root‐to‐root, infection by fluquinconazole. Silthiofam usually increased yield more than did fluquinconazole, perhaps as a consequence of better early protection during tiller and/or spikelet formation. Treatment with either of the fungicides affected epidemic development in the treated crop and in crops grown subsequently. In particular, decreased take‐all had the effect of delaying the year‐to‐year epidemic, so that nontreatment of a subsequent crop resulted in an upsurge in disease. Treatment with either take‐all fungicide of a crop grown after a treated crop was relatively effective if the epidemic in the comparable nontreated crop sequence was continuing to increase. It was, however, detrimental if the disease was approaching its peak in the first treated crop, particularly if a treated (fourth wheat) crop was being compared with a similar crop in a nontreated sequence in which take‐all decline had developed. These results provide a basis for recommendations for the use of seed treatment fungicides in sequences of wheat crops.     

Responses of a sterile red fungus to soil types,wheat varieties and the presence of certain isolates ofStreptomyces

The biological activities of a sterile red fungus (SRF) capable of plant growth promotion and suppression of take-all disease were investigated in soils collected from Lancelin, Newdegate and Mt. Barker regions of Western Australia. Further, the effects of three wheat cultivars and the presence of two isolates ofStreptomyces on the biological activities of the SRF were tested using the Lancelin soil. The biological activities of the SRF were greatest in the Lancelin and Newdegate (wheat field) soils and with the wheat cultivar Gutha. In in vitro studies the soil streptomycetes tested showed either a significant increase in the exudate production by the SRF, which had antifungal and growth promoting properties, or an inhibition of growth of the fungus. Streptomycete A63 which stimulated the exudate production by the SRF in vitro, however, did not enhance disease protection in vivo. On the other hand, protection from root rot by the SRF in vivo was reduced in the presence of the streptomycete isolate Ax which is capable of inhibiting the growth of the SRF in vitro.     

不同小麦背景小簇麦双二倍体的品质、抗病性及分子细胞遗传学研究

对不同小麦（Triticum aestivum 2n=42 AABBDD）背景的4个小簇麦双二倍体进行了分子细胞遗传学分析。结果表明,经过自交7代选育,小簇麦双二倍体的遗传逐渐趋于稳定。其中V852cd和V853cd的遗传稳定性相对较好,RTC M,2m=56的植株分别占100％和83.33%,PMC MI,2n=28Ⅱ的频率分别为73.34%和70.72%,相对紊乱系数分别为0.021和0.022;用簇毛麦（Haynaldia villosa 2n=14 VV)DNA作探针进行原位杂交时,V851cd、V852cd和V853cd的体细胞中都有14条簇毛麦染色体,其染色体组成为2n=56=42W 14V,V854cd中有12条簇毛麦染色体,其染色体组成为2n=56=42W 12V 2T(W/V)。4个双二倍体籽粒蛋白质含量为19.28％－20.52%;V851cd,V852cd和V853cd对条锈病免疫或近免疫,高抗白娄病和叶锈病,中抗雪霉病和赤霉病。