分段退焊对角接接头焊接残余应力及变形的影响

基于热-弹塑性有限元理论,以Abaqus软件为平台进行角接接头焊后残余应力及变形的分析,采用分段移动热源模型并利用Fortran语言开发热源子程序,分别采用直通焊和分段退焊两种方式进行角接接头焊接温度场、残余应力及变形的数值模拟分析。结果表明:横向变形是角接接头最主要的变形;角接接头焊接在焊缝端口处的残余应力为压应力,而在中间部位的残余应力为拉应力;分段退焊对横向残余应力的减弱作用较为明显,可以有效降低焊接后的变形及其应力。     

基于折合应力正面角焊缝T形焊接接头的尺寸设计

角焊缝接头在工程中应用广泛,由于焊缝接头应力分布不均匀,它成为结构的薄弱环节.焊缝折合应力是国际焊接学会推荐用于计算焊缝静载强度的,该应力公式反应折合应力与焊缝内部切应力与正应力的关系.文中以正面角焊缝T形焊接接头为分析对象,假设角焊缝断裂发生在折合应力最大值所在的截面,分析得出Q345正面角焊缝T形焊接接头最大折合应力与承载力和焊缝尺寸的关系.基于承载能力和等强度准则设计焊缝尺寸,并通过有限元软件对T形焊接接头进行数值模拟,其数值模拟结果与理论计算结果基本一致,说明基于折合应力设计正面角焊缝T形焊接接头焊缝尺寸是可行的.     

WCB止回阀挖补修复焊工艺的仿真与优化

核电设备用WCB旋启式止回阀服役过程中容易产生开裂、磨损等缺陷,严重影响设备安全运行。利用Fluent软件探明了旋启式止回阀在稳定工作过程中容易出现缺陷的位置并提取缺陷位置,采用Inte Weld软件进行了挖补修复焊的数值模拟。研究了不同焊接功率下焊缝区域的残余应力和应变的大小和分布情况。计算结果显示,止回阀底部位置最易出现破损。焊接功率越低,焊接残余应力越小。焊接顺序为两边到中间的残余应力大于从左到右。道间冷却时间延长,焊后残余应力减小。当焊接功率为2400 W、每层的焊接顺序为从左到右、每道焊缝间的冷却时间为300 s时,WCB挖补修复焊的残余应力最小,为323 MPa。将每层焊接顺序调整为左到右、右到左交替进行,能改善其变形情况。     

稳态热加载对筒状结构变形和应力影响的研究

焊接热源分别采用双椭球和整条焊缝两种稳态热加载,得到了筒状结构的焊后变形和残余应力分布,并进行了试验验证。结果表明:两种加载方式焊后变形和应力趋势相同。整条焊缝加载峰值出现在两封口板中心位置,峰值为4.931 mm,与试验结果对比误差小。应力峰值相近,峰值近似339 MPa。采用双椭球热源加载,应力分布与试验结果吻合更好。仿真与试验结果误差均能满足工程应用要求,证明了模拟结果的准确性。双椭球热源加载的计算时间是整条焊缝加载的27.2倍,从工程应用层面分析,整条焊缝加载具有重大的使用价值。     

非对称角根焊熔透和焊后变形的规律

T形角接单侧开V形坡口的中厚板焊接具有成本低、生产效率高的特点,但这种焊缝两侧结构非对称,尤其根部结构厚度悬殊,焊接热传导差异大,不易有效保证良好全熔透成形,且焊后工件常伴随变形较大,影响后续安装使用. 为了获得非对称焊缝焊接热输入对熔透和变形的作用机制,提出考虑热输入大小和能量分配两个因素探讨对热传导规律的影响. 在温度场模拟中引入了等效双高斯热源模型,有效提升了计算精度. 采用数值模拟和试验相结合的方法,对熔透成形、应力场分布和焊件变形进行了对比分析. 结果表明,当焊接电流保持不变且焊枪角度为20°时,焊件变形量最大,焊接试件变形增加18%左右;当焊枪角度一定时,焊件变形量随焊接电流的逐渐增加而增大,最大变形量为2.595 2 mm. 相关研究揭示了非对称焊缝熔透和焊接变形规律,为此类非对称角根焊的焊接质量工艺参数优化提供理论支持.     

高匹配搭接角焊缝力学性能及应用效果分析

采用等匹配和高匹配焊材完成了高钢级B型套筒修复高钢级管道的试验研究. 结果表明,等匹配焊接和高匹配焊接的角焊缝焊接接头都具有良好的拉伸强度和冲击韧性,高匹配焊接接头熔覆金属的冲击韧性略低于等匹配,其焊接接头延展性略差;施焊后等匹配搭接角焊缝未发现焊接缺陷,焊接接头维氏硬度最大值为293 HV10,出现在角焊缝外表面与套筒搭接焊缝处;高匹配搭接角焊缝出现了起源于角焊缝外表面层的横向裂纹,且该焊接接头硬度整体偏高,最大值出现在外表面中心位置焊缝处,为403 HV10,与裂纹起裂位置对应,其产生原因与焊接过程中不同部位熔池金属冷却速率有关,尤其是外表面盖面焊处冷却速度较快,外壁层硬度值异常偏高,萌生裂纹.因此建议搭接角焊缝焊接焊材选择时,在不影响密封和承载前提下,可尝试降低焊缝匹配强度等级.     

Predictive analysis of buckling distortion of thin-plate welded structures

The welding buckling distortions of thin-plated structures were investigated based on finite element methods.An engineering treatment method for predicating the buckling distortion was proposed.The equivalent applied thermal-load was used to simulate the welding residual stress,thus the calculation of complex welding distortion can be transformed into 3D elastic structural applied-load analyses,which can reduce the quantities of calculating work effectively.The validation of the method was verified by comparison of the numerical calculation with experimental results.The prediction of buckling distortion for side-walled structures of passenger train was performed and the calculation was in agreement with measuring results in general.It is shown that the main factors for producing the buckling are the intermittent fillet and plug weld during welding general.It is shown that the main foactors for groducing the buckling are the intermittent fillet and plug weld during welding the stiffened beams and columns to the panel.     

数值计算模拟工艺参数对管道环焊缝残余应力的影响

以热——弹塑性理论为基础,建立了厚壁管环焊缝残余应力的二维轴对称有限元模型,利用ANSYS有限元程序分析了三种焊接工艺参数对管道环焊缝残余应力的影响,计算中考虑了材料热物理性能参数和力学性能参数的温度相关性.结果表明,管道内表面焊缝和近缝区的轴向和环向残余应力均为拉应力,而管道外表面焊缝和近缝区的轴向残余应力和环向残余应力均为压应力;接头内表面应力水平高于外表面;残余应力的最大值均位于距管道外表面一定距离处,其数值接近于材料的屈服应力;随着焊接热输入的增加,残余应力峰值变化不大,塑性变形区宽度增加.     

三电极高速CO2双边角焊工艺参数对焊缝成形影响

在传统双电极角焊焊接工艺基础上,为了进一步提高焊接效率,采用三电极高速CO2双边角焊工艺,分析不同焊接工艺参数对焊缝成形参数的影响.结果表明,采用不同极性组合的焊缝成形参数差别不大;随着速度的减慢和焊接工艺参数的增大,脚长、熔深和熔宽均呈增大趋势,但焊脚长度有一个最大值限制.下脚长、上脚长受中间焊枪的指向位置影响更为明显,当左右两侧焊枪对中时,脚长最小.另外,随着焊丝之间距离的增大,脚长和熔宽逐渐减小,余高随焊丝距离增大而增大,但差别不大.     

Effect of geometric shape of plate on residual stress and deformation distribution for butt-weld joint

This paper presents a numerical simulation of deformation and residual stress in butt-weld joint for different shaped plates.Within the framework of numerical investigation,3 types of models and a double ellipsoidal heat source were implemented in finite element simulation. As for an effect of geometric shape,the weld-induced deformation and residual stress should be taken into account during designing the welded structure. And for U-shape plates,the effect of curvature radius on the mechanical properties was also obtained,which is a significant factor affecting its service life. The simulation results revealed that the plate processed into U-shape could reduce the deformation and residual stress near the weld. And the deformation and residual stress in U-shape plate with circular arc transition were further reduced. Furthermore,the effect of curvature radius on the mechanical properties of plates was not general considered as the bigger curvature radius the better mechanical properties. The results concluded that the geometric shape significantly affects the mechanical properties,which provides prediction for structural design.     

Hybrid laser/arc welding process for controlling bead profile

Abstract

A laser hybrid welding process in which a defocused laser beam is applied beside a gas metal arc weld (GMAW) pool to modify the bead shape was studied. The present paper aims to produce welds with improved toe geometry and better fatigue life than those made with GMAW alone and to apply a numerical simulation to help configure the hybrid process. First, stationary hybrid welds were made to validate weld bead shape predictions and to characterise the spreading of the arc weld deposit to the laser heated spot. Next, the travelling hybrid process was configured with the aid of simulations and fatigue test specimens were welded. Proper application of the laser heat input induced molten metal to spread to the laser heated area, increasing the fillet weld leg length. This produced a larger weld toe angle that decreased the stress concentration and increased the fatigue life of the welds relative to standard mean values.     

薄板铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头变形情况分析

采用数值模拟的方法对薄板铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的变形特征进行分析，并与实际接头的变形情况进行对比.结果表明，薄板铝合金搅拌摩擦焊的接头的变形成非对称形式，大变形区域主要出现在焊缝的前进侧，这种非对称变形主要是由于搅拌头对工件直接施加的机械力造成的.焊缝两侧固定点上的变形特征显示，后退侧在焊接过程中会出现剧烈波动，表明后退侧的稳定性低于前进侧.接头应力分布特征显示高应力区出现在焊缝的结束位置，x-y方向的剪切应力是影响终接头应力分布的主要原因.     

Suggestion of welding procedure for compressive residual stress induction by using low transformation temperature welding materials

ABSTRACT

To understand the cause of compressive residual stress in welded joints, we analysed by numerical analysis the effect of welding pass sequence using low transformation temperature (LTT) welding materials on residual stress around the weld toe of boxing fillet welded joints. It was determined by numerical analysis that the produced compressive residual stress and the influence of the stiffeners are reduced in the equivalent position of the weld toe in a fillet welded joint because of the influence on the behaviour of the stiffener in the weld being due to residual stress distribution around the weld toe. The residual stress reduction method of extending the length of the welded bead and releasing the weld toe from the stiffener, similar to the concept of discarding a bead to reduce tensile residual stress, was effective in fillet welded joints. Numerical analysis of the relationship between residual stress around the weld toe and width of the weld bead in the bead-on-plate welding model clarified that compressive residual stress can be introduced around the weld toe by having a wide width weld bead. In addition, a fully penetrated welded joint was very effective for causing compressive residual stress around the weld toe.     

T型焊接接头的力学性能分析方法

根据T型焊接接头的结构形式及特点,结合T型截面的几何性质及加载应力状态,设计了一种T型接头力学性能试样,使角焊缝处的组合应力状态简化为单一应力状态.在此基础上,进行了拉伸及疲劳性能试验及数据分析,其结果表明,采用所设计的力学性能试样,可获得T型接头的最基本力学性能指标,理论计算结果与实测的载荷-应变曲线吻合,获得的力学性能数据对分析T型焊接接头的性能具有一定的指导意义.     

轴套式油压减振器关节套的力学特性分析

为了研究轴套式油压减振器关节套的力学性能,建立了关节套模型,基于ANSYS Workbench对列车轴套式减振器的关节套进行了有限元分析,研究焊接残余应力大小对关节套强度的影响.仿真结果表明,焊接残余应力对关节套的结构强度有比较大的影响,改变关节套的结构尺寸可以减小应力集中,关节套厚度的增加对应力集中的改善作用明显,关节套宽度的增加对应力集中的改善作用较小.     

拼焊板单向拉伸变形非均匀性

从金属塑性理论出发,结合拼焊板成形特点,推导出同材差厚拼焊板试件单向拉伸情况下缩颈时焊缝两侧薄厚板变形量公式。并基于垂直于拉伸方向居中焊缝的拼焊板单向拉伸实验,将实验结果与公式推导结果比较,初步验证了公式的合理性。进而进行了不同焊缝位置(焊缝垂直于拉伸方向,薄厚板厚度比例不同)情况下的拼焊板试件单向拉伸有限元模拟,进一步验证了所推导公式是正确的。另外,分析了单向拉伸状态下焊缝两侧薄厚板变形的非均匀特性,利用文章所提出的公式,可以定量地预测单向拉伸状态下拼焊板试件焊缝两侧材料非均匀性变形量,从而为提高焊缝两侧材料的匹配性以减小拼焊板变形的非均匀性提供了参考依据。     

板壳单元在焊接热弹塑性有限元计算中的应用

基于有限元软件Abaqus,采用板壳单元对薄板对接焊进行热弹塑性数值模拟. 建立具有截面积分特性的板壳单元二维有限元模型,采用高斯面热源与均匀体热源组合的混合移动热源,考虑材料随温度的变化特性,对薄板的接温度场与变形场进行了计算,并与相当网格尺寸的三维实体单元计算结果进行了对比. 结果表明,板壳单元与实体单元计算所得温度场与变形结果比较一致;采用非均匀板厚模拟加强高的板壳单元能够进一步改进焊接变形预测结果;在保证计算精度的条件下,板壳单元比实体单元具有更高的计算效率,计算结果为改进大型结构焊接变形预测方法提供了参考意义.     

微光机电系统封装芯片粘结剂层温度循环应力应变分析

对微光机电系统(micro optical electro mechanical systems,MOEMS)芯片粘结剂层进行了温度循环应力应变有限元分析. 以粘结剂厚度、溢出高度和溢出宽度三个结构参数作为关键因素,采用正交表设计了25种不同水平组合的粘结剂层,获取了25组应力应变数据并进行方差分析. 结果表明,在置信度95%时,粘结层厚度和溢出宽度对应力有显著影响;粘结层厚度对应变有显著影响;各因素对应力应变影响排序为:粘结层厚度影响最大,其次是溢出宽度,最后是溢出高度;粘结剂层内最大应力应变随粘结剂层厚度和溢出宽度的增加而减小.     

连接温度对TiC陶瓷/铸铁钎缝处剪应力的影响

采用有限元数值模拟方法研究了冷却过程中用Ni基钎料对TiC陶瓷／铸铁进行钎焊连接钎缝处剪应力的分布情况及连接温度对钎缝处最大剪应力的影响。结果表明，在冷却过程中，剪应力均主要集中在TiC陶瓷／铸铁的钎缝端点上；连接温度越高，钎缝处的最大剪应力越大，连接接头的强度越低。     

HXD2机车转向架拉杆座角焊缝疲劳失效机理

针对HXD2型电力机车在某穿越秦岭山脉线路服役中多台次拉杆座角焊缝出现裂纹的问题,进行了试验与仿真分析。发现裂纹表面有明显疲劳辉纹,表明角焊缝服役中发生疲劳失效;焊缝根部是疲劳起裂位置,有多源起裂形貌特征;起裂后裂纹从中心向两侧扩展、从根部向焊缝表面扩展,在接头横截面上裂纹路径与水平方向夹角近似为45°;统计分析和仿真计算表明,角焊缝裂纹的发生与拉杆座/基板之间的间隙值有关联性,根部间隙越大,则角焊缝抗疲劳性能越差;分析其主要机理是间隙较小时,焊缝受压后拉杆座底面与构架基板表面更容易发生接触,接触后基板表面分担部分载荷。因此,间隙较小时,焊缝应力幅较小;而间隙较大时,不仅应力幅较大,而且在焊根处易出现末端尖劈形貌。 创新点： 分析了某穿越秦岭山脉线路HXD2电力机车拉杆座角焊缝疲劳失效行为,揭示了电力机车车架角焊缝疲劳裂纹与角焊缝根部间隙的相关性,阐明了根部间隙影响拉杆座角焊缝抗疲劳性能的机理。