高眼压动物模型的造模时间

背景：急性高眼压动物模型为研究青光眼提供了简单有效的途径,模型成功与否直接影响研究结果,目前对造模成功的判据多为观察性指标。 目的：为前房穿刺所致的急性高眼压动物模型提供准确、可行的造模成功判定方法,观察特定高眼压下急性高眼压动物模型的成模时间。 方法：利用连通器原理,将加压装置与内充2 mm水银球的玻璃管相连,通过读取水银球的流动,计算眼内液体流入量。采用前房灌注法,成功建立10只兔眼眼内压为4.9 kPa的急性高眼压动物模型,监测眼内液体流入量随造模时间的变化至液体不再流动30 min后结束实验。拟合眼内压液体流入量随造模时间的变化规律,计算急性高眼压动物模型造模成功的时间。 结果与结论：兔眼眼球进水量(y)与加压时间(t)呈Logistic变化规律,即         ,其中参数U,b0和b1分别为957.44±313.22,0.023±0.008和0.980±0.003。当注水时间达到(282.93±42.68) min后,眼内压等于外界施加的高压,兔急性高眼压模型造模成功。     

体位改变对兔急性肺损伤生理和病理的影响

目的：观察不同体位下兔油酸型急性肺损伤(ALI)模型肺生理功能和肺病理的改变。 方法： 采用油酸型ALI兔模型，分为正常对照组(Ⅰ组)、仰卧位油酸组(Ⅱ组)、俯卧位油酸组(Ⅲ组)、旋转体位油酸组(Ⅳ组)，观察各组兔实验过程中血压、心率和动脉血氧分压、呼吸力学、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)的变化以及病理的改变。 结果： 在实验结束时Ⅳ组的心率(176.13±26.55)beats/min低于Ⅲ组(217.75±14.44)beats/min, P<0.05；Ⅲ、Ⅳ组的动脉血氧分压(157.75±51.19和166.08±37.07)mmHg、肺的顺应性（2.75±0.89和2.63±0.74）mL/cmH2O高于Ⅱ组动脉血氧分压（86.59±23.82）mmHg和肺的顺应性(1.63±0.52)mL/cmH2O,P<0.05；Ⅲ、Ⅳ组的肺内分流（20.94±5.23和18.06±5.28）%低于Ⅱ组（29.30±7.54）%,P<0.05； Ⅳ组的气道峰压（19.63±2.45）cmH2O高于Ⅲ组（16.00±2.27）cmH2O，P<0.05；Ⅱ、Ⅳ组TNF-α(3.12±0.83和2.59±0.79)μg/L显著高于对照组(1.36±0.34)μg/L，P<0.05,而Ⅲ组(1.84±0.46)μg/L和对照组差别无显著；3个实验组的动脉血氧分压与肺的顺应性呈明显正相关，与肺内分流呈明显负相关。Ⅱ组光镜下见背侧水肿比腹侧重，Ⅲ组腹侧水肿比背侧重，Ⅳ组腹背侧病变大体一致。 结论： 俯卧位和旋转体位能改善ALI肺的顺应性、减少肺内分流，改善氧合；但俯卧位比旋转体位安全并能减少TNF-α的产生。体位改变可使肺水肿的分布发生变化。     

基于PIV技术研究眼内房水流动特性的实验设计

目的 借助粒子图像测速（particle image velocimetry, PIV）技术对密闭离体动物眼球后房注水引发的眼内慢流动过程进行流动显示,计算不同时刻的流场,探讨测量眼内低速流动流场的PIV实验方案,为生理状态下眼内房水低速流动的流场测量提供实验基础。方法 在离体眼球相对密闭的条件下,当微量注射泵按照0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0、1.5 mL/min的速率驱动液体入眼球时,即可满足眼内液体形成缓慢流动的需求。向离体兔眼后房内均匀注入一定浓度、粒径为10 μm的荧光粒子溶液,在眼球前房的正中额状面给予激光片光照射,以获得眼球前房正中额状面清晰的粒子图像。PIV系统记录并计算眼内液体的流动情况。结果 向密闭的离体兔眼后房内均匀注入液体时,观察到液体先充满后房及瞳孔所在区域、之后绕过瞳孔缘进入到眼前房的流动规律,该规律与房水在生理条件下的理论流动过程一致。分析粒子图像,得到密闭眼球内几毫米每秒数量级的速度矢量。结论 眼内低速流动液体的流场可以用PIV方法进行测量,从而使生理状态下眼内房水慢流场的实验测量成为可能,有助于实验研究生理或病理条件下眼内房水的复杂流动;为房水流场的数值模拟计算提供实验验证,也可为眼内病变时角膜内皮细胞、虹膜表面、晶体的剪切力损伤提供新的诊疗思路。     

复方茯苓制剂对营养性肥胖大鼠体重、血糖、血脂及小肠肠系膜微循环的影响

目的：观察复方茯苓制剂(CPP)对肥胖大鼠体重、血流动力学、血糖、血脂、小肠肠系膜微循环的影响,探讨防治肥胖症的新途径。 方法： Wistar大鼠45只分为普通饲料喂养组（A组）、高能饲料喂养组（B组）、高能量饲料喂养+复方茯苓制剂组（C组），分别观测体重、血压、右心房压、血糖、血脂及肠系膜微循环的变化。 结果： B组用CPP治疗后平均体重由(313.00±17.29)g降至(217.50±17.50)g（P＜0.01);体动脉平均血压由(173.88±2.97)mmHg降至(101.73±3.35)mmHg（P<0.01）,右房平均压从（13.58±3.59）mmHg下降为（11.32±0.68）mmHg(P<0.05);大鼠肠系膜毛细血管管径由（7.93±0.90）μm降为（3.93±0.90）μm(P<0.05)；血流速度从（270.92±49.73）μm/s增至（410.13±76.54）μm/s（P<0.01）；血浆极低密度脂蛋白（VLDL）由（3.18±0.01）mmol/L增加至（4.55±0.01）mmol/L;总胆固醇（T-Chol）从（7.87±0.01）mmol/L降至（5.56±0.01）mmol/L（P<0.05），血糖由（12.87±0.04）mmol/L下降至（8.97±0.07）mmol/L(P<0.05)。上述指标参数与普通饲料喂养组相比无显著差异(P>0.05)。 结论： 复方茯苓制剂能使肥胖大鼠减肥及改善小肠肠系膜微循环。     

不同灌注速度及方法对大鼠膀胱容量、压力及神经传入电活动测定的影响

目的:探讨不同灌注速度及方法对大鼠膀胱容量、压力及神经传入电活动测定的影响。方法:SD雌性大鼠随机分为2组,分别选用尿道插管法及膀胱顶造瘘法,以50、100、200和400μL/min的速度进行灌注,以尿动力仪观察灌注过程中膀胱容量及压力的变化,以多通道生理记录仪检测灌注过程中膀胱神经传入电活动的变化。结果:采用插管法进行灌注测得最大放电频率,其随速度的升高呈上升趋势;膀胱漏尿点压(BLPP)和最大膀胱排尿压(MVP)随着灌注速度的升高而增大;各灌注速度下膀胱最大容量(MBC)无显著变化。造瘘法以各速度测得最大放电频率均无显著变化;其MBC随速度升高呈下降趋势,且在200及400μL/min灌注时显著降低;其BLPP及MVP无明显变化。2种方法相比,放电频率基线值无显著差异,以100、200和400μL/min进行灌注时造瘘法测得的膀胱最大放电频率均低于插管法;以不同速度灌注,造瘘法测得的MBC均比插管法小;而以50和100μL/min进行灌注时,造瘘法测得的压力比插管法高。结论:插管法以不同速度进行灌注并未对膀胱容量造成明显变化,但其膀胱压力及神经放电频率随速度升高,使用此法应根据研究目的选择灌注速度;采用造瘘法在200及400μL/min的灌注速度时,膀胱容量明显减少,故采用该法时建议以200μL/min的速度进行灌注。     

白细胞介素-2对心肌β-肾上腺素受体作用的调制

目的：研究生理浓度白细胞介素-2（IL-2）对β-肾上腺素受体激动剂异丙肾上腺素（ISO）心肌细胞效应的调制作用及其信号途径。方法： 采用酶解分离的成鼠心室肌细胞模型，用视频跟踪系统测定单个心室肌细胞的收缩幅度、最大收缩速度和最大舒张速度（±dL/dtmax）；以Fura-2/AM为钙探针，用细胞内双波长钙荧光系统检测心肌［Ca2+］i的变化。结果： ① ISO显著增加心肌细胞的收缩幅度和±dL/dtmax，2×103 U/L的IL-2预处理15 min对心肌细胞的收缩没有影响，但是使心肌细胞对ISO的反应明显降低；② ISO浓度依赖性地增加心肌细胞的钙瞬态值，EC50为（0.12±0.01）μmol/L。2×103U/L的IL-2预处理15 min对心肌细胞的钙瞬态值没有影响，但是使心肌细胞对ISO的反应曲线显著降低，EC50为（0.44±0.06）μmol/L；③ 20 mg/L CTX预处理12 h可显著增加心肌细胞的钙瞬态值，2×103 U/L 的IL-2处理5 min可显著降低钙瞬态值；④ Forskolin显著增加单个心肌细胞的钙瞬态值，IL-2 2×103 U/L预处理15 min后，forskolin增加钙瞬态值的最大效应降低。结论： 生理浓度的IL-2 (2×103 U/L)能够显著抑制ISO对单个分离心肌细胞的正性肌力作用和钙瞬态值增高作用。IL-2的调制作用可能是通过抑制Gs蛋白，降低AC的活性来实现的。     

八肽胆囊收缩素改善内毒素休克大鼠心肌损伤的实验研究

目的观察八肽胆囊收缩素(CCK-8)改善内毒素休克(ES)大鼠心肌损伤的变化,探讨CCK-8逆转ES心功能衰竭及顽固性低血压的作用机制.方法实验分4组(1)对照组,静脉注射生理盐水0.2mL;(2)LPS组,静脉注射8mg*kg-1LPS;(3)CCK组,静脉注射40μg*kg-1CCK-8;(4)CCK+LPS组,静脉注射40μg*kg-1CCK-8,10min后再注入LPS(8mg*kg-1).股动脉插管监测平均动脉压(MAP),尾静脉穿刺注射药物.分别测定2h、6h心肌组织匀浆中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)和一氧化氮(NO)含量变化,用ELISA法测定肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白介素-1β(IL-1β)含量.结果(1)MAP变化对照组MAP为(14.20±1.38)kPa,静脉注射LPS后MAP快速持续下降,75min降至低谷为(7.16±0.59)kPa;CCK+LPS在CCK注入20min时MAP下降幅度与LPS组无差异,20min后即迅速回升,至120min仍持续在较高水平(10.71±0.45)kPa,仍未恢复至正常水平.(2)SOD活性变化2h、6h对照组SOD为(60.51±2.23)×103U/L和(55.97±4.96)×103U/L,LPS组心肌组织匀浆中SOD活性则明显下降为(48.69±2.30)×103U/L和(34.49±4.69)×103U/L,CCK+LPS组较LPS组SOD活性则明显回升为(56.19±1.83)×103U/L和(41.95±7.44)×103U/L.(3)MDA含量变化2h、6h对照组MDA为(3.43±1.76)μmol/L和(3.68±1.58)μmol/L,LPS组心肌组织匀浆中MDA含量明显上升(19.71±3.02)μmol/L和(36.18±5.26)μmol/L,CCK+LPS组较LPS组MDA含量显著下降为(0.39±2.43)μmol/L和(15.10±2.12)μmol/L.(4)NO含量变化2h、6h对照组NO为(37.96±1.85)mmol/L和(41.98±6.59)mmol/L,LPS组心肌组织匀浆中NO含量明显上升(73.45±8.93)mmol/L和(105.4±3.61)mmol/L,CCK+LPS组较LPS组NO含量显著下降为(60.91±3.15)mmol/L和(70.37±7.68)mmol/L.(5)TNF-α含量变化2h对照组心肌组织匀浆中为(320.81±110.63)ng/L,LPS组TNF-α含量明显上升为(1599.08±227.03)ng/L,CCK+LPS组较LPS组TNF-α含量显著下降为(863.54±123.19)ng/L.(6)IL-1β含量变化6h对照组心肌组织匀浆中为(163.10±80.20)ng/L,LPS组IL-1β含量明显上升为(620.66±144.57)ng/L,CCK+LPS组较LPS组IL-1β含量显著下降为(282.07±92.68)ng/L.结论预先注射CCK-8可以减轻ES大鼠心肌氧化损伤,抑制炎性细胞因子TNF-α及IL-1β产生,影响NOS活性,使NO合成下降,发挥心肌细胞保护作用,恢复心肌收缩力,是其逆转ES心功能衰竭及顽固性低血压的主要机制.     

眼内前后房压强差在体连续测量的实验研究

为了探讨兔眼前节内前后房压强差随时间变化的规律,设计了一套前后房压强差在体测量装置。利用连通器原理,搭建在体测量眼内前后房压强差的平台。通过注射复方卡波姆升高眼压的方法构建高眼压兔眼模型,实现正常和高眼压兔眼的前后房压强差的在体24小时连续测量。设计的本装置对于眼内微小的压强差会产生比较敏感的反应。正常兔眼前后房压强差随时间变化,一天的变化范围为5.84~96.84 Pa,反映出生理性规律的存在。高眼压性兔眼多呈现前房压强高于后房压强的状况,符合自适应性调整学说。本文所设计的方法和装置可以较好地实现眼内前后房压强差的测量,且前后房压强差在一天当中随时间呈规律性变化。     

幼年与成年兔椎间盘髓核细胞的形态学差异及其意义

目的探讨幼年与成年兔髓核细胞的形态学差异。方法利用激光共聚焦显微镜和透射电镜,对幼年和成年兔的髓核组织进行组织细胞水平和超微结构的观察。结果幼年兔的髓核细胞呈圆形,簇状分布,其直径为(266±167)μm,细胞簇的密度为每个高倍(×40)视野(14.9±4.3)个,细胞内含有大量空泡状的包含体。成年兔的髓核细胞呈圆形或类圆形,细胞簇小或呈单个散在分布,细胞簇的直径为(94±42)μm,细胞簇密度为每个高倍(×40)视野(8.0±2.4)个细胞,其中包含体数目少且不含大的包含体。结论幼年与成年兔的髓核细胞具有明显的形态结构差异。椎间盘成年期发生的这种形态结构上的变化可能是随年龄增加而椎间盘生物学功能逐渐降低的原因之一。     

中国南方地区正常人群血清肌酐水平的变化其临床意义

目的： 探讨中国南方地区正常人群各年龄阶段的血清肌酐水平变化,并初步建立酶学检测中国人群血清肌酐的参考范围。方法: 采用酶法检测2 000例不同年龄阶段的健康人群血清肌酐水平,其中男性1 200例,女性800例,年龄从1个月至80岁,通过统计学方法分析各年龄阶段人群的血清肌酐水平。结果: 正常人群的血清肌酐水平随年龄增长而增高,在同一年龄组中,两性之间的血清肌酐水平存在显著差异。10岁以下的男女血清肌酐分别为(26.67±7.84、25.20±6.40)μmol/L;11-20岁组分别为(68.26±12.74、54.72±7.78)μmol/L; 21-30岁组分别为(77.74±8.09、57.17±8.18)μmol/L; 31-40岁组分别为(79.35±10.36、55.65±9.07)μmol/L;41-50岁组分别为(81.21±12.86、62.40±10.91)μmol/L;51-60岁组分别为(79.49±11.54、61.11±12.65)μmol/L;61-70岁组分别为(83.87±16.74、60.62±11.47)μmol/L;年龄大于71岁组分别为(96.61±25.26、64.55±12.01)μmol/L。结论: 不同年龄正常人群的血清肌酐水平存在显著的差异;在同一年龄阶段,男女之间也存在显著的差异,在临床诊断中应该建立对应的参考标准。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.     

A comparative study of the effects of dimebon,obsidan, finoptin,and cordaron on the functional state of ischemic focus and size of necrotic zone in experimental myocardial infarction

Dimebon, an antihistamine agent, exerts a moderate antianginal effect, improving the function of ischemic focus in the myocardium and decreasing the necrotic zone in experimental myocardial infarction. Dimebon is less active than obsidan, finoptin (except for the size of the necrotic zone), and cordaron. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 122, No. 12, pp. 642–644, December, 1996     

Effects of sex steroid hormones on lipid peroxidation and glutathione antioxidant system in rat skin

Effects of estradiol and testosterone on the intensity of lipid peroxidation and contents of glutathione redox system components in the dermis and epidermis of rat skin were studied. Only estradiol induced considerable dose-dependent and tissue-specific biphasic antioxidant effects on the skin. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 128, No. 12, pp. 663–666, December, 1999     

Adhesion and growth of CaCo2 cells on surface-modified PEEK substrata

A series of surface-functionalized poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) films has been prepared by selective wet-chemistry; they are hydroxylated polymer (PEEK-OH) obtained by reduction, aminated polymer (PEEK-[]-NH2) prepared by coupling a diisocyanate reagent to PEEKOH (PEEK-[]-NCO) followed by hydrolysis, and carboxylated and aminocarboxylated polymers (PEEK-[]-GABA and PEEK-Lysine) resulting from the coupling of aminoacids to PEEK-[]-NCO. The aminated and carboxylated substrata promoted the adhesion and growth of CaCo2 cells in the presence of serum. Fibronectin (FN), an extra-cellular matrix protein, has been covalently fixed and/or adsorbed on various PEEK substrata, in the presence or not of a polymeric surfactant (Pluronic F68). The performances of the FN-grafted substrata (PEEK-[]-FN(1) and PEEK-[]-FN(2)) were significantly higher than those of reference substrata simply coated with FN (PEEK-OH(+FN)(1) and (2), PEEK-[]-NH2(+FN)(1) and (2)), considering the adhesion and spreading of CaCo2 cells in the absence of serum. Moreover, the stability of the adherent cells on the FN-adsorbed substrata dramatically depended on the experimental conditions applied during the PEEK coating with FN.