Thermodynamic and kinetic simulations of high temperature brazing: microstructure evolution in CMSX-4 joints

In this study, thermodynamic and kinetic simulations with Thermo-Calc and DICTRA software were utilised to predict the microstructural evolution observed in brazing of high-strength nickel base single crystal superalloy, CMSX-4, with two commonly used filler metals (FMs), AWS BNi-2 (AMS 4777) and AWS BNi-9. DICTRA diffusion models of the Ni-B binary system were used to calculate base materials dissolution, the amount of centreline eutectic constituents and time required for complete isothermal solidification at various joint gaps. Thermo-Calc simulations using the CALPHAD technique predicted transformation temperatures and equilibrium phases of the joints based on the chemical compositions of the two FMs. Experimental brazing and characterisations of joint microstructure at various brazing temperatures, hold times and joint gaps were used to validate the simulation modelling results. Good correlation with both Thermo-Calc and DICTRA simulations and empirical data demonstrated the benefits of using this modelling approach for braze joint development and applications.     

以BNi2非晶为中间层的CB2耐热钢瞬时液相扩散连接的接头组织和性能研究

本文主要研究采用BNi2非晶态中间层的CB2耐热钢瞬时液相扩散连接接头组织和性能,及焊后热处理对接头组织和性能的影响。富Cr硼化物(CrB, CrB2, Cr2B3, Cr3B4 and Cr5B3)和Cr-Mo硼化物出现在接头的过渡区和扩散影响区,其尺寸和数量在等温凝固完成时达到最大值。随着连接温度和时间的增加,富Cr的硼化物和Cr-Mo硼化物逐渐减少,而BN相逐渐增加。经过焊后热处理后,接头的富Cr硼化物几乎全部消失,而BN相的尺寸和数量增加。在热处理之前,焊接温度为1150°C ,保温时间1800s的接头有最大的拉伸强度为934 MPa,延伸率为5.3%。通过焊后热处理,断裂发生在母材,延伸率提升到20%,而拉伸强度降低到720 MPa。     

BNi-2钎焊1Cr18Ni9Ti工艺的研究

采用钎焊接头楔形间隙图,对BNi-2钎料钎焊1Cr18Ni9Ti的最大钎焊间隙进行分析,考察BNi-2钎料钎焊1Cr18Ni9Ti的钎焊工艺及钎焊后扩散热处理工艺对最大钎焊间隙的影响。实验结果得出,BNi-2钎焊1Cr18Ni9Ti的最佳钎焊温度为1150℃,保温时间为55min;钎焊后合适的扩散热处理温度为：1000℃,保温时间为60～90min。     

Interface structure and mechanical properties of Ti(C,N)-based cermet and 17-4PH stainless steel joint brazed with nickel-base filler metal BNi-2

The effects of brazing temperature on microstructure and bonding strength of vacuum brazed joints of Ti(C,N)-based cermet and 17-4 PH stainless steel, using filler metal BNi-2, were investigated. At a lower brazing temperature of 1050 °C, the distribution of melting point depressants (MPD) concentrated on the diffusion affected zone (DAZ) and the brazing seam near the Ti(C,N)-based cermet, the generation of brittle phases in the brazing seam was unavoidable. The uniform distribution of the MPD and full solid solution of γ-nickel occurred in the brazing seam at a higher brazing temperature of 1150 °C. A maximum shear strength of 690 MPa was achieved at a brazing temperature of 1150 °C.     

基于有限元法和纳米压痕技术的SS304/BNi-2/SS304钎焊接头残余应力分析

利用有限元软件ABAQUS开发了一个顺次耦合的有限元程序对SS304/BNi-2/SS304T形钎焊接头残余应力进行了数值模拟,并采用纳米压痕试验进行了测量.结果表明,由于304不锈钢与镍基钎料的力学性能的差异导致了钎焊接头残余应力的产生.其最大值出现在钎角部位,裂纹易在该处起裂并扩展,成为最薄弱区域.残余应力沿中缝逐渐减小,其它区域应力分布较均匀.纳米压痕试验采用了Suresh模型,并将此模型下的试验测量结果与有限元结果进行了比较分析,两者吻合较好,从而也验证了有限元模拟的有效性与可靠性.     

Ni－Cr－Co－B高温镍基钎料的研究

本文提出一种不含Ｓｉ的镍基Ｎｉ－Ｃｒ－Ｃｏ－Ｂ高温钎料．对一系列Ｎｉ－Ｃｒ－Ｃｏ－Ｂ钎料的熔化特性、钎焊工艺性能、钎料组织以及钎焊接头的室温和高温强度、接头韧性进行了研究，并与标准镍基钎料ＢＮｉ－１ａ和ＢＮｉ－５进行了比较研究结果表明，Ｎｉ－Ｃｒ－Ｃｏ－Ｂ钎料钎焊的高温合金接头的高温性能和韧性均超过标准镍基钎料．     

真空钎焊不锈钢接头组织及扩散处理研究

采用BNi-2,BNi-5这2种镍基钎料真空钎焊1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢.利用金相分析,X射线衍射物相分析方法对钎焊接头组织特性、相组成和扩散处理后组织进行了研究.结果表明:在真空钎焊过程中,钎料和母材中元素产生明显扩散;扩散处理能够消除钎缝中化合物相,使接头组织均匀化.     

Ultrasonic guided wave inspection of Inconel 625 brazed lap joints: Simulation and experimentation

The aerospace industry has been investigating the use of structural brazed joints. As a result of this effort, there is now a need for a rapid, robust, and cost-effective non-destructive testing method to evaluate the structural integrity of the joints. The mechanical strength of brazed joints is known to depend on the microstructural quantity of brittle phases. Ultrasonic guided waves offer the possibility of detecting brittle phases in joints using spatio-temporal measurements. This study focused on the development of a technique based on ultrasonic guided waves for the inspection of Inconel 625 lap joints brazed with BNi-2 filler metal. A finite element model of a lap joint was used to optimize the inspection parameters and assess the feasibility of detecting the quantity of brittle phases in the joint. A finite element parametric study simulating the input signal shape, the center frequency, and the excitation direction was performed. The simulations showed that the ultrasonic guided wave energy transmitted through, and reflected from, the joints was proportional to the amount of brittle phases in the joint. Experimental validations were then performed on three distinctive samples with variable amount of brittle phases in the joint. The samples had three different brazing times (1, 60 and 180 min). Finally, experimental results were in accordance with simulations and demonstrate the potential of the inspection method to estimate the quantity of brittle phases in a lap joint.     

Microstructure development during isothermal brazing of Ni/BNi-2 couples

Heat treatments of the Ni–BNi-2 assemblies were performed at 1050 °C, for different brazing times, in a Differential thermal analysis apparatus. The nature, chemical composition and crystallography of the involved phases were identified. Limited predictive capability of Thermo-Calc software with the TTNI7 data base (developed for Ni-based alloys) was pointed out. The microstructure evolution with brazing time was quantitatively analyzed, and used to discuss the mechanism of isothermal brazing and further solidification during cooling. The fraction of dissolved base metal was found proportional to the initial thickness of brazing material. This suggests that the composition of liquid stays homogeneous with a precise initial equilibrium composition during the brazing process. Finally a specific analysis of DTA curves is proposed to estimate the brazing kinetics.     

Microstructural and mechanical properties assessment of transient liquid phase bonding of CoCuFeMnNi high entropy alloy

The transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding of CoCuFeMnNi high entropy alloy (HEA) was studied. The TLP bonding was performed using AWS BNi-2 interlayer at 1050 °C with the TLP bonding time of 20, 60, 180 and 240 min. The effect of bonding time on the joint microstructure was characterized by SEM and EDS. Microstructural results confirmed that complete isothermal solidification occurred approximately at 240 min of bonding time. For samples bonded at 20, 60 and 180 min, athermal solidification zone was formed in the bonding area which included Cr-rich boride and Mn₃Si intermetallic compound. For all samples, the γ solid solution was formed in the isothermal solidification zone of the bonding zone. To evaluate the effect of TLP bonding time on mechanical properties of joints, the shear strength and micro-hardness of joints were measured. The results indicated a decrement of micro-hardness in the bonding zone and an increment of micro-hardness in the adjacent zone of joints. The minimum and maximum values of shear strength were 100 and 180 MPa for joints with the bonding time of 20 and 240 min, respectively.     

连接工艺参数对镍基高温合金TLP连接接头组织和性能的影响(英文)

以BNi-2为中间层对镍基合金进行过渡液相连接,研究连接工艺参数对接头组织和力学性能的影响。随着连接温度的升高或连接时间的延长,沉淀区的富镍和富铬硼化物数量减少,同时沉淀区晶粒尺寸减小。较高的连接温度或较长的连接时间,有利于降熔元素(B和Si)由沉淀区向母材中的扩散和母材与连接接头间的原子互扩散。当连接温度为1170℃、连接时间为24h时,可以获得与母材化学成分及组织基本相当的连接接头。剪切试验结果表明:室温和高温拉剪强度均随着保温时间的延长而增加,但连接时间对高温拉剪强度的影响要大于对室温拉剪强度。     

标准热处理对采用BNi-9焊料的瞬时液相连接IN-738LC高温合金的影响

研究标准热处理对扩散焊IN-738LC高温合金显微组织和力学性能的影响。对连接样品进行全固溶退火、部分固溶退火和时效处理3个不同的热处理。结果表明,在1120℃下焊接5 min,会导致不完全等温凝固,在焊缝处形成富Ni、Cr的硼化物共晶相。当保温时间延长到45 min时,接头中发生完全等温凝固,形成镍的先共晶固溶体γ相。等温凝固和非等温凝固样品的标准热处理能完全消除扩散影响区的硼化物相,并在等温凝固区形成γ’析出相。然而,在非等温凝固样品的接头区观察到不连续的再凝固产物。等温凝固样品经标准热处理后,剪切强度最高(约801 MPa),为基材剪切强度的99%。     

中间层成分对GTD-111/IN-718高温合金在瞬时液相连接过程中显微组织和力学性能的影响

研究使用不同的中间层瞬时液相连接两种异种高温合金的适用性.在1100℃、不同时间下瞬时液相连接GTD-111/IN-718体系,研究BNi-2、BNi-3和BNi-9三种类型的中间层对该体系显微组织和力学性能的影响.采用场发射扫描电子显微镜和能量色散光谱技术,研究接头区域的成分变化和显微组织.结果表明,非热凝固区Ni3...     

2195铝锂合金超声TIG焊的组织与性能分析

采用了普通TIG焊和超声复合TIG焊对2 mm厚度的2195铝锂合金进行了平板对接焊,并对两种焊接接头的显微组织和力学性能进行了研究. 结果表明,由于超声的作用效果,超声TIG焊的焊缝具有更加致密的组织,熔合区附近的等轴细晶区区域较宽;拉伸性能测试表明,超声TIG焊接头具有较高的拉伸性能,接头强度系数比普通TIG焊提高6.7%,断后伸长率提高1.36%,拉伸接头均断裂在热影响区硬脆的晶界相内,显微硬度测试表明超声TIG焊接头受热影响软化区域较窄.     

薄带钎料真空熔结制备CoCrW耐磨涂层

采用薄带钎料粘贴在CoCrW预置层表面进行真空加热，实现了真空熔结制备涂层的新方法，对涂层的组织和抗微动磨损性能进行了研究。结果表明：涂层组织致密，涂层与基体和Ni基钎料与CoCrW粉末颗粒之间能够形成良好的冶金结合。熔结涂层组织由Co基和Ni基固溶体以及Co6W6C，Cr7C3W2C，Ni3B，CrB等硬质相组成。基于致密的组织、良好的冶金结合和综合力学性能，真空熔结CoCrW涂层显示出优秀的抗微动磨损性能。     

Numerical modelling and experimental investigation of diffusion brazing SS304/BNi-2/SS304 joint

Abstract

The kinetics of dissolution and isothermal solidification at the bonding temperature during diffusion brazing SS304/BNi-2/SS304 has been studied through a combination of analytical modelling and experimental investigations. The modelling is based on the diffusion theory and the consideration of transient motion of liquid/solid interface. A set of coupled finite differential equations has been programmed to track the motion of liquid/solid interface during the isothermal solidification of liquid filler. Four parameters can be mathematically determined from the analytical modelling including the evolution of solute concentration profile, the maximum diffusion distance, and the maximum liquid thickness as well as the time to complete the isothermal solidification. These analyses are helpful to understanding the joining mechanism during diffusion brazing. The temperature dependent diffusion coefficient used in the modelling is derived together with the experimental data from brazing the wedge shaped joint specimen of SS304/BNi-2/SS304. The effects of bonding temperature and initial joint thickness on the joining process have also been investigated.     

Microstructure of diffusion-brazing repaired IN738LC superalloy with uneven surface defect gap width

Slots with uneven width were cut by femtosecond laser in small plates of IN738LC superalloy to imitate service cracks. The ‘cracks’ were repaired by diffusion brazing using BNi-1a or a mixed filler alloy at 1100°C. The joint region was composed of isothermal solidification zone (ISZ), diffusion affected zone (DAZ) and precipitate zone (PZ). The compositions were different between the upper and lower ISZ due to the variation of gap width. The sample, repaired with two kinds of filler metals, had similar DAZ microstructure. PZ of mixed filler alloy bonded sample had a similar microstructure with that of BNi-1a, but less borides. The maximum gap sizes of complete isothermal solidification were almost the same for different filler alloys, followed a square root relationship with time. However, PZ of BNi-1a bonded was larger, resulting from a more base metal dissolution. The relationship between the PZ, ISZ and crack width is discussed.     

Improvement of Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of Gas Tungsten Arc Weldments of Alloy C-276 by Current Pulsing

Superalloy C-276 is known to be prone to hot cracking during fusion welding by Gas Tungsten Arc method.Microsegregation occurring during cooling of fusion zone with consequent appearance of topologically close-packed phases P and l has been held responsible for the observed hot cracking. The present work investigated the possibility of suppressing the microsegregation in weldments by resorting to current pulse. Weldments were made by continuous current gas tungsten arc welding and pulsed current gas tungsten arc welding using ERNi Cr Mo-4 filler wire. The weld joints were studied with respect to microstructure, microsegregation, and mechanical properties. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were employed to study the microstructure. Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy was carried out to evaluate the extent of microsegregation. Tensile testing was carried out to determine the strength and ductility. The results show that the joints fabricated with pulsed current gave rise to narrower welds with practically no heat affected zone, a refined microstructure in the fusion zone, reduced microsegregation, and superior combination of mechanical properties.     

High-Temperature Corrosion Resistance of Al–Re and Re Coatings

The oxidation behavior in air at 1473 K, and sulfidation behavior in a H2S–H2 gas mixture with a sulfur partial pressure of 10^–2 Pa at 973 K of Al–Re coated CMSX-4 were studied. Investigation on the sulfidation behavior of the Re-coated CMSX-4 was carried out in a H2S–H2 gas mixture with a sulfur partial pressure of 10^–2 Pa at 973 K. The experimental results show that a Re-rich alloy layer was formed between an -Al₂O₃ layer and the inner concentration zone of Ta and Ti for the CMSX-4 single crystal alloy with an Al–Re coating after oxidation. The Re-rich alloy layer containing Cr, W, Ni, Co, and Mo effectively inhibited the outward diffusion of alloying elements and the inward diffusion of Al. The Al/Re-coated CMSX-4 single crystal alloy had excellent sulfidation resistance; the Re-rich alloy layer, containing W, Ti, Ta, and Mo, which formed during the sulfidation process and located between the alumina scale and the CMSX-4 base alloy, plays a role in inhibiting the outward diffusion of alloying elements. The sulfidation resistance of CMSX-4 single-crystal alloy is greatly improved by a Re coating on the CMSX-4 alloy surface; this is attributed to a Re–Cr–W alloy layer that retarded the outward diffusion of cations and the oxide layer containing Ta, Ti, and Al, which inhibited the inward penetration of sulfur.     

Effect of microstructure inhomogeneity on mechanical properties of different zones in TA15 electron beam welded joints

The effects of microstructure inhomogeneity on the mechanical properties of different zones in TA15 electron beam welded joints were investigated using a micromechanics-based finite element method. Considering the indentation size effect, the mechanical properties for constituent phases of the base metal (BM) and heat affected zone (HAZ) were determined by the instrumented nano-indentation test. The macroscopic mechanical properties of BM and HAZ obtained from the tensile test agree well with the numerical results. The incompatible deformation between the constituent phases tends to localize along the softer primary phase α where failure usually initiates in form of localized plastic strain. Compared with the BM, the mechanical properties of constituent phases in the HAZ differ substantially, leading to more serious strain localization behavior.