三叠转盘卡在颈椎椎弓根内固定术中的临床应用

目的探讨自创二三叠转盘卡在颈椎骨折脱位椎弓根内固定术的临床应用效果。方法2007年1月至2012年12月,基于国人颈椎解剖生理及影像学数据,自创三叠转盘卡。采用转盘卡定位对66例颈椎骨折脱位伴2节段以上脊髓损伤的患者实行颈椎侧块螺钉联合椎弓根螺钉治疗,其中男40例,女26例;年龄19—77岁,平均45岁。均行颈椎CT、MRI检查,颈髓损伤2节段36例,颈髓损伤2节段以上30例。损伤类型：32例一侧关节突骨折伴脱位,16例双侧关节突骨折伴脱位,18例椎板骨折脱位。脊髓功能评价：依据Frankel分级标准,A级19例,B级16例,C级16例,D级15例;人院平均JOA评分5．92分。结果术后随访3—24个月,平均13．5个月。术后颈椎完全复位65例,复位不完全1例。依据术前、术后JOA评分结果,术后改善率平均为62％;术后Frankel分级平均提高1级以上;椎弓根螺钉植人准确度为97．2％。结论颈椎椎弓根三叠转盘卡,在术中应用准确、安全、便捷,置钉准确率高,有利于患者脊髓神经功能的恢复,对颈椎椎弓根螺钉的置钉有较好的指导作用,为临床治疗提供了一种实用工具。     

颈椎骨折脱位内固定治疗方式的选择

目的：评价不同手术内固定方式治疗颈椎骨折脱位伴颈髓损伤的效果及其必要性。方法：采用6种不同的内固定方法，于伤后1-5d内治疗不同类型的颈椎骨折脱位伴颈髓损伤34例，并进行术前术后临床比较。结果：34例固定效果均良好，按ASIA评分标准，术后脊髓功能恢复良好。结论：及时有效的减压、准确稳固的内固定能使颈椎、颈髓损伤病人主动、有效地恢复功能，内固定方式应根据骨折机制、损伤部位及类型选择最佳方法。     

手术治疗急性无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤的回顾性分析

[目的]分析前路和后路内固定治疗急性无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤的临床治疗效果。[方法]对56例急性无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤的患者进行颈椎前路减压、植骨及颈椎前路带锁钢板内固定术或后路减压侧块钢板螺钉内固定术。术后定期X线片观察损伤节段的稳定性和融合情况以及有无内置物并发症,以JOA评分判定脊髓功能恢复情况。[结果]56例获得随访,时间13～48个月。平均26个月。56例患者均损伤节段稳定,植骨愈合良好,无内置物并发症,脊髓功能JOA评分平均提高5.78分,取得满意疗效;前路术式与后路术式在改善脊髓功能方面无明显差异(P>0.05)。[结论]颈椎前路和后路术式治疗无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤,能使损伤节段获得即刻、坚强的稳定,解除颈髓压迫,为颈髓功能的恢复提供了有利条件。     

中重度颈椎骨折脱位伴无脊髓功能损伤患者的手术治疗

目的探讨中重度颈椎骨折脱位伴无脊髓功能损伤患者的手术治疗方法及疗效观察。方法选择近3年来我科收治的5例无脊髓损伤的单节段下颈椎骨折脱位患者,所有患者先行局麻后路切开复位内固定后再通过前路减压融合内固定手术。术后随访观察。结果 5例患者手术经过顺利,X线片示5例患者均恢复颈椎正常序列及曲度。随访4~24个月未出现脊髓损伤加重症状及再脱位。结论一期局麻下后路复位内固定联合前路减压融合对于无脊髓损伤型颈椎骨折脱位的治疗安全有效。手术复位及内固定植骨融合术是治疗无脊髓损伤型下颈椎脱位的有效方法。     

前后路联合手术治疗无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤合并颈椎间盘突出临床疗效观察

目的探讨前后路联合手术治疗无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤合并颈椎间盘突出的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析20例无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤合并颈椎间盘突出20例的临床资料。结果本组获5~28个月的随访,患者术后感觉及运动功能均较术前有明显提高。结论后路单开门椎管扩大成形术加颈前路髓核摘除椎间融合器融合术治疗无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤合并颈椎间盘突出,其操作安全、简便,并发症少,维持颈髓减压、颈椎稳定以及生理曲度效果好。     

单纯后路椎弓根钉内固定治疗下颈椎骨折脱位

目的 探讨单纯后路应用椎弓根钉内固定治疗下颈椎骨折脱位的可行性.方法 回顾性分析2010年1月至2012年12月采用一期单纯后路椎弓根钉内固定治疗30例下颈椎骨折脱位患者资料,男22例,女8例;年龄24～61岁,平均41岁;C4,5骨折伴脱位8例,C5,6骨折伴脱位12例,C6,7骨折伴脱位10例.ASIA脊髓损伤分级:A级8例,B级12例,C级5例,D级3例,E级2例.结果 所有颈椎骨折脱位均获得良好复位和固定,共成功置入140枚颈椎弓根螺钉,术后X线及CT三维重建示螺钉位于椎弓根内.术后随访3～23个月,平均11个月.术后ASIA脊髓损伤分级,8例仍为A级,但截瘫平面下降,运动感觉好转;10例B级提高至C级;其余患者保持或提高至E级.所有病例均获良好骨性融合,无一例发生脱钉、断钉、断棒等并发症.术后2周及3个月复查颈椎MRI均未见颈椎间盘后移、突出及压迫脊髓.结论 对于下颈椎骨折脱位伴难复性关节突绞锁、椎间盘破裂的患者,单纯后路复位,并以椎弓根螺钉固定能三维固定损伤节段,力学强度足够,安全有效;术中运用正确的纵向牵伸技术,能有效解锁并复位,可防止椎间盘后移及加重脊髓损伤.     

颈椎U型螺钉系统固定在下颈椎骨折脱位中的应用

目的 探讨颈椎u型螺钉系统固定在下颈椎骨折脱位中的应用价值.方法 自2003年1月～2006年12月应用颈椎U型系统固定治疗下颈椎骨折脱位18例,根据骨折脱位与神经损伤的不同情况进行减压复位、U型螺钉系统固定并行植骨融合.结果 术中顺利,无神经血管损伤,术后第2天在颈围保护下坐起.18例均获随访,椎体复位,颈椎生理曲度恢复,术后3～6个月均达到骨性融合.11例伴颈髓神经损伤者按ASIA分级分别提高了1～2级,神经根受累症状完全消失,未出现断钉、松动与断棒.结论 颈椎U型螺钉系统是颈椎骨折脱位后路复位固定较为安全、牢固有效的内固定方法.     

早期前、后路联合手术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位伴关节突交锁

目的探讨早期前、后路联合手术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位伴关节突交锁的手术方法和临床疗效。方法我院自2003年6月至2007年1月对10例外伤性下颈椎骨折脱位伴关节突交锁患者采用早期前、后路联合手术,先俯卧位经后路手术切开撬拨复位,再仰卧位经颈前路切开减压、自体髂骨植骨加自锁ZEPHIR钢板内固定。并对术后神经功能恢复、植骨愈合进行观察。结果10例患者术后随访时间4～24个月,平均11个月,术后神经功能评价按Frankel分级,均有1～2个级别恢复,术前A级1例,B级3例,C级5例,D级1例;术后C级2例,D级3例,E级5例。植骨均在3个月内获得临床骨性愈合,未发现内固定松动。本组术后无严重并发症。结论早期前、后路联合手术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位伴关节突交锁可以缩短复位时间,早期解除颈髓压迫,减轻患者痛苦,能够获得较好的神经功能恢复和骨性融合。     

前后路联合手术固定治疗严重下颈椎骨折脱位

目的　观察颈椎前后路联合手术固定治疗严重下颈椎骨折脱位的临床效果。方法　采用颈椎前路带锁钢板和后路侧块钢板、钢丝或椎板夹联合手术复位内固定技术 ,治疗严重下颈椎骨折脱位合并脊髓损伤 9例 ,随访 4～ 2 1个月 ,定期X线片观察损伤节段的稳定性和融合率 ,以Frankle分级判定脊髓功能恢复情况。结果　颈椎前后路联合手术固定后 ,损伤节段稳定 ,无须外固定 ,脊髓功能平均提高 1 2级。结论　颈椎前后路联合手术固定严重颈椎骨折脱位可使损伤节段获得早期稳定 ,方便术后护理和功能锻炼 ,有利于脊髓功能恢复。     

前后路手术治疗颅颈交界区疾病

目的探讨前后路手术治疗颅颈交界区疾病的可行性和安全性。方法2003年6月～2007年6月期间收治颅颈交接区疾病患者44例,包括陈旧性齿突骨折脱位16例,先天性上颈椎畸形28例。首先经前路口咽进行齿突切除减压,然后再经后路进行内固定、植骨融合。结果所有患者一期完成前后路手术,无脊髓、血管损伤等严重并发症发生,1例患者前路手术中由于硬膜外粘连导致硬膜撕裂,随访期间1例患者后路内固定断裂进行翻修手术,其余患者均获得骨性融合,所有患者术后神经功能明显改善。结论根据颅颈交接区疾病具体病情,可以选择前后路一期手术,进行前路齿突切除减压和后路固定融合。     

Perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality after above-knee and below-knee amputations in diabetics and nondiabetics

We performed a retrospective review of a vascular surgery quality assurance database to evaluate the perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality of above-knee amputations (AKA, n = 234) and below-knee amputations (BKA, n = 720) and to examine the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) (181 of AKA and 606 of BKA patients). All patients in the database who had AKA or BKA from 1990 to May 2001 were included in the study. Perioperative 30-day cardiac morbidity and mortality and 3-yr and 10-yr mortality after AKA or BKA were assessed. The effect of DM on 30-day cardiac outcome was assessed by multivariate logistic regression and the effect on long-term survival was assessed by Cox regression analysis. The perioperative cardiac event rate (cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction) was at least 6.8% after AKA and at most 3.6% after BKA. Median survival was significantly less after AKA (20 mo) than BKA (52 mo) (P < 0.001). DM was not a significant predictor of perioperative 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 0.76 [0.39-1.49]; P = 0.43) or 3-yr survival (Hazard ratio, 1.03 [0.86-1.24]; P = 0.72) but predicted 10-yr mortality (Hazard ratio, 1.34 [1.04-1.73]; P = 0.026). Significant predictors of the 30-day perioperative mortality were the site of amputation (odds ratio, 4.35 [2.56-7.14]; P < 0.001) and history of renal insufficiency (odds ratio, 2.15 [1.13-4.08]; P = 0.019). AKA should be triaged as a high-risk surgery while BKA is an intermediate-risk surgery. Long-term survival after AKA or BKA is poor, regardless of the presence of DM.     

Postoperative nausea and vomiting and opioid-induced nausea and vomiting: guidelines for prevention and treatment

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) causes patient discomfort, lowers patient satisfaction, and increases care requirements. Opioid-induced nausea and vomiting (OINV) may also occur if opioids are used to treat postoperative pain. These guidelines aim to provide recommendations for the prevention and treatment of both problems. A working group was established in accordance with the charter of the Sociedad Espa?ola de Anestesiología y Reanimación. The group undertook the critical appraisal of articles relevant to the management of PONV and OINV in adults and children early and late in the perioperative period. Discussions led to recommendations, summarized as follows: 1) Risk for PONV should be assessed in all patients undergoing surgery; 2 easy-to-use scales are useful for risk assessment: the Apfel scale for adults and the Eberhart scale for children. 2) Measures to reduce baseline risk should be used for adults at moderate or high risk and all children. 3) Pharmacologic prophylaxis with 1 drug is useful for patients at low risk (Apfel or Eberhart 1) who are to receive general anesthesia; patients with higher levels of risk should receive prophylaxis with 2 or more drugs and baseline risk should be reduced (multimodal approach). 4) Dexamethasone, droperidol, and ondansetron (or other setrons) have similar levels of efficacy; drug choice should be made based on individual patient factors. 5) The drug prescribed for treating PONV should preferably be different from the one used for prophylaxis; ondansetron is the most effective drug for treating PONV. 6) Risk for PONV should be assessed before discharge after outpatient surgery or on the ward for hospitalized patients; there is no evidence that late preventive strategies are effective. 7) The drug of choice for preventing OINV is droperidol.     

Body composition assessment and methodology in nonathletic and athletic adolescent and adult males and females

The purpose of this review is to outline methodology for assessing body composition utilizing anthropometric and densitometric techniques. The objective of body composition assessment is to measure body fat and lean body mass. The quantity of these components varies due to growth, physical activity, dietary regimens, and aging. Anthropometric techniques incorporate selected skinfolds, circumferences, skeletal widths, or other variables to estimate body composition within k2.0-4.0%. These techniques are adequate for field testing of groups or individuals, but are population specific. Densitometry measures body volume irrespective of physique, sex, or age. This laboratory technique estimates body composition within 1.0-2.0%, is more difficult to administer, but is not population specific. Some limitation exists with any present technique due to biological variability and incomplete research of reference body composition in children, females, and the aged. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1984;5(6):336-347.