Effects of selected plant extracts on anti-oxidative enzyme activities in rats

The effects of plant extracts on the activity of anti-oxidative enzymes in rats were investigated. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with the extracts and fractions from Rhus javanica, Malus sieboldii, and Ostrya japonica, and the activities of anti-oxidative enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were investigated. SOD activities in blood serum and liver increased following an injection of 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH), and these increases were not cancelled out by feeding plant extracts. CAT activities in blood serum and liver increased following the AAPH injection, but these increases were reversed by feeding the extracts of R. javanica and O. japonica. This finding was similar to the result that the CAT activity increase induced by feeding alcohol was cancelled out by feeding ascorbic acid. These results suggest that anti-oxidative polyphenolics from these plants may act through the same mechanism as that of the well-known antioxidant ascorbic acid towards hydrogen peroxide.     

1-MCP处理和打蜡处理对‘早红考密斯’西洋梨贮藏期和货架期保护性酶活性的影响

目的:研究1-甲基环丙烯(1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP)和打蜡等采后处理措施对‘早红考密斯’西洋梨保护性酶活性的影响,为西洋梨果实的贮藏提供理论指导。方法:对‘早红考密斯’西洋梨做打蜡和不同剂量(0.5、1μL/L)的1-MCP处理,研究其果肉和果皮组织在为期90 d的低温(0±0.5)℃贮藏,并在冷藏60、90 d后取样,在25℃进行货架期实验期间保护性酶活性代谢的变化。结果:在低温贮藏期间,1-MCP处理和打蜡处理均提高果肉组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,降低果肉组织抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性,降低果皮组织过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性。在冷藏60、90 d后的货架期间,打蜡处理增加果肉组织SOD活性,提高果皮组织POD活性。结论:1-MCP处理对改善果实低温贮藏期间的生理状态有积极意义,0.5μL/L 1-MCP处理作用于果肉组织的效果好于1μL/L 1-MCP处理,而1μL/L 1-MCP处理作用于果皮组织的效果好于0.5μL/L 1-MCP处理。打蜡处理更好地提高货架期果皮组织的效果。另外,在低温贮藏90 d期间和常温货架5 d期间,果皮组织的SOD、CAT、APX、POD的保护性酶活性远高于果肉组织。     

Effects of Chitosan,Calcium Chloride,and Pullulan Coating Treatments on Antioxidant Activity in Pear cv. “Huang guan” During Storage

Effects of different calcium chloride, chitosan and pullulan coating treatments on antioxidant activity of “Huang guan” pears (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) during storage have been studied. Total phenolic content, phenolic composition, total flavonoid content, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities, and antioxidant activity (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP)) were determined in peel and pulp tissues over 210 days. Coating treatments slowed decrease of total phenolic and flavonoid contents, chlorogenic acid, arbutin, catechin and caffeic acid, SOD and CAT activities, and total antioxidant activity. However, POD activity was inhibited. The antioxidant content in the peel was higher than in the pulp. Of the coatings, chitosan was the most effective, but overall, all coatings may be useful to extend shelf-life, maintain quality and control decline of antioxidant activity in pear.     

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of taiwanese yam (Dioscorea japonica Thunb. var. pseudojaponica (Hayata) Yamam.) and its reference compounds

Dioscorea japonica Thunb. var. pseudojaponica (DP) is consumed as food and widely used in traditional Chinese medicine in Taiwan. The aims of this study are to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol extract of DP (EDP) and its reference compounds. Fingerprint chromatogram from HPLC indicated that EDP contains gallic acid and vanillic acid. EDP was evaluated for its antioxidant effects and LPS-induced nitrite oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 cells. EDP decreased the LPS-induced NO production and expressions of iNOS and COX-2 in RAW264.7 cells. In-vivo anti-inflammatory activities of EDP were assessed in mouse paw oedema induced by λ-carrageenan (Carr). We investigated the antioxidant mechanism of EDP via studies of the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the oedematous paw. The results showed that EDP might be a natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent.     

常用天然色素抗氧活性的研究

对花青素类、黄酮类、类胡萝卜素类和醌类等十四种常用天然色素的抗氧活性研究表明:姜黄色素、两种高粱色素、可可壳色素、葡萄皮色素和洋葱色素具有较强的抗氧活性;紫草红色素、紫胶红色素、叶绿素铜钠盐、栀子黄色素和辣椒红色素具有一定的抗氧活性;甜菜红色素仅有一点抗氧活性;而红曲米色素和栀子蓝色素不具有抗氧活性。     

不同糖处理对离体青花菜抗氧化酶以及品质的影响

本文采用含有150 mmol/L葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖的培养基对青花菜花蕾进行离体培养,研究了外源糖对青花菜抗氧化酶活性以及品质的影响。结果表明,葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖处理均能有效延缓离体青花菜黄化和抑制叶绿素的降解,而空白组青花菜完全黄化,果糖组处理组叶绿素含量最高,是空白组的1.83倍;外源糖处理能有效提高青花菜中过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)、过氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(ascorbate peroxidase,APX)的活性,但三种糖的效果并不相同,三种糖中,果糖能维持最高水平CAT和APX活性,蔗糖则保持最高的POD、SOD活性;三种外源糖处理不能提高离体青花菜总酚含量,但均能维持离体青花菜较高水平的总糖含量、总黄酮含量,提高DPPH自由基清除率,保持了青花菜较好的品质。     

Changes in red pepper antioxidants as affected by UV-C treatments and storage at chilling temperatures

Chilling injury (CI) is one of the main factors limiting refrigeration in several horticultural commodities of subtropical and tropical origin such as pepper. Short UV-C treatments before low temperature storage have been shown to reduce CI. In this work we wanted to test whether or not the reduced susceptibility to CI in UV-C treated fruits was associated with increased levels of antioxidant compounds and enzymes. Red peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) were treated with UV-C radiation (10 kJ/m²) and stored at 0 °C for 21 d. During storage we analyzed chilling injury development, ascorbic (AA) and dehydroascorbic acids and DPPH radical scavenging capacity. We also followed superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) activities. CI increased rapidly when the fruit was stored for longer than 14 d, but was significantly lower in UV-C treated peppers. Exposure to UV-C did not alter fruit color but reduced weight loss. Although AA and DPPH radical scavenging capacity were lower in the control, this occurred towards end of storage, when CI was already advanced. In contrast, SOD, CAT and APX activities were higher in UV-C treated fruits during the first 2 weeks of storage when the symptoms became visible. Results show that UV-C exposure prevents CI and weight loss in red pepper and suggest that this might be related to increased activity of antioxidant enzymes.     

Extraction optimisation,purification and major antioxidant component of red pigments extracted from Camellia japonica

The optimised extraction conditions of red pigments (RP) from Camellia japonica obtained with an orthogonal design L₉(3⁴) were solid/liquid ratio, temperature, pH and extraction time as 1/10, 60 °C, 1.5 and 4 h, respectively. The RP were then purified by the macroporous resin method, which showed the resin LX-68 was appropriate for purifying the pigments from C. japonica. The antioxidant activities of these pigments were also investigated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical in vitro model systems. The DPPH scavenging activity of pigment extract was comparable to that of standard butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). The IC₅₀ values of the RP and BHA were 4.55 and 4.17 μg ml⁻¹, respectively. The pigments showed higher hydroxyl radical-scavenging activities than that of mannitol at the same concentration. Following activity-oriented separation, (−)-epicatechin was isolated as an active principle, which exhibited excellent DPPH free radical scavenging activities with IC₅₀ 5.08 μg ml⁻¹.     

Enzymatic and non‐enzymatic antioxidant systems of minimally processed cactus stems (Opuntia ficus‐indica Mill.) packaged under modified atmospheres

The aim of this work was to determine the enzymatic activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) together with the total phenolic and carotenoid contents and antioxidant capacity of two cultivars of cactus stems under modified atmosphere packaging containing a passive atmosphere, an active (with N₂) atmosphere and control (unsealed polyurethane trays) all stored at 4 ± 1 °C. Results indicated that Atlixco cultivar cactus stems had a shelf life that was twice as long (20 days) than that of Milpa Alta cultivar under N₂ MAP. The total enzyme activities of SOD, APX and CAT as well as the carotenoid content were higher in Atlixco than in Milpa Alta. The antioxidant enzymatic and non‐enzymatic systems as well as the antioxidant capacity and the phenolic content retention determined in Atlixco cactus stems under N₂ MAP appear to explain the longer postharvest life of this cultivar.     

一氧化氮间歇熏蒸对木纳格葡萄活性氧代谢的影响

以木纳格葡萄为材料,采用0、300、1 000 μL/L一氧化氮（NO）以间歇熏蒸的方式处理木纳格葡萄,每7 d熏蒸1 次,共熏蒸8 次。测定了不同用量NO熏蒸处理后其活性氧代谢相关酶的变化趋势。比较了NO处理对葡萄果皮以及果肉中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）、丙二醛（MDA）含量、超氧阴离子自由基（O2－·）生成速率和过氧化氢（H2O2）含量变化的差异性,研究NO对葡萄抗氧化酶以及活性氧的影响方式。结果表明：300 μL/L NO处理能够提高木纳格葡萄果皮和果肉中SOD、POD、CAT和APX的活性,延缓MDA、O2－·和H2O2的积累,维持木纳格葡萄果实中活性氧代谢的平衡,抑制膜质过氧化的发生,延缓果实的衰老。     

Effect of muscle and post-mortem rate of pH and temperature fall on antioxidant enzyme activities in beef

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of muscle, inner and outer Musculus biceps femoris (IBF and OBF respectively) and Musculus longissimus dorsi (LD), on the post-mortem rate of pH and temperature fall, and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) during simulated retail display. At day 0 of display (2 days post-mortem), the CAT and GSH-Px activities were lower in IBF than in OBF and LD (P < 0.001), and the SOD activity was lower in OBF compared to IBF and LD (P < 0.001). At day 10 of display, SOD and CAT activities had decreased in all three muscles compared to day 0 (P < 0.001), whereas the GSH-Px activity did increase with time of display. Across muscles, there were significant relationships between temperature fall, colour, lipid and colour stability and antioxidant enzyme activities.     

系统Ⅱ乙烯对采后番茄果实抗冷过程中抗氧化酶的影响

以反义ACS2 番茄、野生型丽春果实和经乙烯利处理的反义ACS2 番茄果实分别作为系统Ⅱ乙烯缺失模型、系统Ⅱ乙烯正常合成模型和系统Ⅱ乙烯补偿模型,研究系统Ⅱ乙烯对低温胁迫下氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响。研究发现,丽春果实和经乙烯利处理的反义ACS2果实较未处理的反义ACS2果实组冷害指数低,电解质渗透率的增长被抑制,CAT、APX、SOD平均活性水平提高,而两组的POD活性增长分别被抑制和诱导。这说明系统Ⅱ乙烯能提高CAT、APX、SOD活性水平并调控POD活性变化,对增强低温胁迫下番茄果实的抗冷能力有积极作用。     

茉莉酸甲酯对鲜切甘薯伤害防御反应的研究

为了研究不同浓度茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)处理对鲜切甘薯伤害防御反应的影响,将甘薯切割成1cm×1cm×1cm的块状,在低浓度(15μmol/L)MeJA和高浓度(150μmol/L)MeJA下贮藏,每隔1d测定自由基清除系统工具酶(POD、CAT、APX、SOD)的活性、膜质过氧化程度、H2O2含量和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性。实验结果表明,高浓度MeJA处理的鲜切甘薯可以显著提高CAT、APX、POD和PPO酶活性,抑制H2O2含量增加;SOD活性没有显著变化。高浓度MeJA处理可有效诱导防御反应发生,同时,通过提高自由基清除系统工具酶活性,使膜脂过氧化程度减轻;低浓度MeJA处理效果不显著。综合分析认为,150μmol/LMeJA是诱导鲜切甘薯防御反应产生的适宜处理浓度,作为一种新型诱变剂可以应用于鲜切果蔬的生产实践。     

Effect of screening and subculture on the production of betaxanthins in Beta vulgaris L. var. ‘Dark Detroit’ callus culture

Plant cell culture is an innovative technology to produce a variety of substances including natural dyes. Betaxanthins are considered food-safe nutraceutics pigments because exhibit antiradical and antioxidant activity. An important obstacle for developing large-scale production systems based in plant cells has been the instability of metabolite accumulation. In this work, a protocol was established to obtain yellow callus of B. vulgaris var. ‘Dark Detroit’. Homogeneous and heterogeneous pigmented callus were obtained with yellow, red, orange and colorless phenotype. Particular attention was done to isolate and establish a yellow line. After continuous screening of the more intense yellow callus it was possible to increase the betaxanthins production 1.8-fold after 48 subcultures. Spectrophotometric and chromatographic analysis of the pigments, confirmed the presence of betaxanthins. HPLC analysis indicated two mainly distinct betaxanthins, vulgaxanthin I and II. B. vulgaris yellow callus line did not loose pigment production ability as a result of long-term subculture.     

一氧化氮对采后油菜品质与活性氧代谢相关酶的影响

NO是植物体内重要的信号分子,其在采后保鲜方面的应用是近年研究的焦点。本研究以油菜(Brassicarapa L.ssp.chinensis,cv.Huaguan)为试材,使用一氧化氮(NO)供体100μmol/L硝普钠(SNP)-0.04mp真空渗透处理2min,贮藏于25℃相对湿度(RH)70%的环境中。在贮藏后0、1、2、3、4d分别测定油菜的腐烂率及黄变率;并测定贮藏过程中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),过氧化氢酶(CAT),抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性。结果表明,SNP处理显著降低了采后油菜的黄变率及腐烂率;提高了油菜贮藏期间SOD、APX的活性,降低了1～3d的GR活性;贮藏1d时提高了CAT的活性,2d之后抑制CAT活性。说明100μmol/L SNP处理提高了油菜采后品质,并可能通过提高贮藏期前期CAT活性和整个贮藏期间SOD及APX的活性延缓油菜采后品质的下降。     

正己醇处理对桑葚采后生理与抗氧化酶的影响

为保持桑葚采后品质,延长桑葚的贮藏期,研究采后低温(0～2℃)条件正己醇处理对桑葚呼吸强度、VC、过氧化物酶(POD)、脂氧合酶(LOX)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的影响。结果表明：正已醇可以降低桑葚的呼吸强度和LOX比活力;延缓桑葚VC的减少;保持POD和CAT比活力;对SOD比活力影响则前后不一,前4d降低了桑葚中SOD比活力,4d后则提高了桑葚中SOD比活力,但各处理与对照差异不显著。     

α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity by the flower buds of Lonicera japonica Thunb

In the present study, the methanol extract from the flower buds of Lonicera japonica Thunb. was investigated on rat intestinal α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. This extract enriched in polyphenols, showed a potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with maltose as a substrate in enzyme assay. The extract was then applied to MCI-gel column chromatography with a water–methanol gradient to give three fractions: fraction 1 (F-1, water), fraction 2 (F-2, 80% methanol in water), and fraction 3 (F-3, 100% methanol). F-2 showed the highest maltase inhibitory activity compared with F-1 and F-3, and down-regulated α-glucosidase activity for the maltose hydrolysis in Caco-2 monolayer. In maltose-loaded SD-rats, F-2 significantly reduced postprandial blood glucose level. 3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid was found to be the potent maltase inhibitor, whereas chlorogenic acid and rutin showed a weak inhibitory activity against maltase. This is the first report on the mammalian α-glucosdiase inhibition of L. japonica. The result presented here suggests a use of the extract of L. japonica for antidiabetes.     

Antioxidant potential of crocins and ethanol extracts of Gardenia jasminoides ELLIS and Crocus sativus L.: A relationship investigation between antioxidant activity and crocin contents

Crocins are water-soluble carotenoids responsible for the colour of saffron and gardenia. In this study, we isolated and identified three major crocins from gardenia, and then evaluated their antioxidant potential using four in vitro antioxidant tests in comparison with saffron ethanol extract (SE), gardenia ethanol extract (GE) and gardenia resin fraction (GRF). The relationship between total crocin contents and antioxidant activity of ethanol extracts of two herbs was investigated and the antioxidant potentials of three different polar crocins were compared. The crocins appeared to possess antioxidant activity when tested by four in vitro antioxidant models. However, in anti-hemolysis, DPPH radical-scavenging and lipid peroxidation assays, GRF exhibited significantly stronger antioxidant activity than crocins and no correlation between total crocin contents and antioxidative function was revealed, which implied that ingredients other than crocins in gardenia gave markedly strong antioxidant activity. In the phosphomolybdenum assay, antioxidant capacities of fractions and extracts correlated with total crocin contents (R = 0.93). Moreover, comparison of results indicated that sugars attached to the crocetin moiety seemed to be beneficial for the antioxidant activity of these water-soluble pigments.     

磷化氢对不同地理种群谷蠹成虫体内3种保护酶的影响

对不同地理种群谷蠹成虫体内过氧化氢酶(CAT),超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),过氧化物酶(POD)的活性研究表明:熏蒸前,不同地理种群的谷蠹成虫体内3种保护酶的活性不同;使用磷化氢进行熏蒸处理后,不同地理种群谷蠹体内的3种保护酶活性的变化规律为:SOD活力升高,POD和CAT活性降低.采用SPSS 16.0分别对熏蒸前试验种群的致死中浓度(LC50)及3种酶活性两两变量进行相关性分析,结果表明:试验种群的LC50与CAT之间存在显著简单相关性(P =0.031 ＜0.05);LC50与SOD,POD两种酶活性不存在显著相关性(P =0.545;0.053 ＞0.05);CAT及POD之间存在简单相关性(P =0.034 ＜0.05).     

磷化氢对不同地理种群谷蠹成虫体内三种保护酶的影响

对不同地理种群谷蠹成虫体内过氧化氢酶(CAT),超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),过氧化物酶(POD)的活性研究表明：熏蒸前,不同地理种群的谷蠹成虫体内三种保护酶的活性不同;使用磷化氢进行熏蒸处理后,不同地理种群谷蠹体内的三种保护酶活性的变化规律为：SOD活力升高,POD和CAT活性降低。采用SPSS16.0分别对熏蒸前试验种群的致死中浓度(LC50)及三种酶活性两两变量进行相关性分析,结果表明：试验种群的LC50与CAT之间存在显著简单相关性(P = 0.031 < 0.05);LC50 与SOD,POD两种酶活性不存在显著相关性(P = 0.545; 0.053 > 0.05);CAT及POD之间存在简单相关性(P = 0.034 < 0.05)。