钌红对玻璃化冷冻牛卵母细胞线粒体Ca~(2+)的调控研究

玻璃化冷冻会严重损伤哺乳动物卵母细胞的线粒体功能,进而极大地限制了其解冻后的发育能力。为此,本试验设置3个钌红(RR)处理组,即牛卵母细胞用含0.5、1、2μmol/L RR的玻璃化冷冻液进行冷冻,解冻后放入含0.5、1、2μmol/L RR的体外成熟液中继续培养0.5h,同时,新鲜卵母细胞一部分不进行冷冻,一部分用不含RR的冷冻液进行玻璃化冷冻,分别作为新鲜对照组和玻璃化冷冻对照组,然后共检测5组牛卵母细胞线粒体Ca~(2+)水平、ATP含量及孤雌激活后胚胎的发育能力,进而研究RR对玻璃化冷冻牛卵母细胞线粒体Ca~(2+)水平的调控作用。结果显示:(1)玻璃化冷冻显著提高了牛卵母细胞中线粒体Ca~(2+)水平(P0.05),而2μmol/L RR处理组线粒体Ca~(2+)水平显著低于冷冻对照组(P0.05),但与新鲜组相比无显著差异(P0.05);(2)玻璃化冷冻显著降低了牛卵母细胞中ATP含量(P0.05),2μmol/L RR处理组卵母细胞中ATP含量显著高于冷冻对照组及0.5、1μmol/L RR处理组(P0.05);(3)玻璃化冷冻对照组卵裂率、囊胚率显著低于新鲜对照组(P0.05),1μmol/L处理组卵裂率、囊胚率与新鲜对照组相比无显著差异(P0.05)。综上所述,RR处理能显著抑制解冻后牛卵母细胞线粒体Ca~(2+)流入,保护线粒体功能,提高其发育能力。本试验结果为正向调控玻璃化冷冻卵母细胞线粒体Ca~(2+)水平,进而提高其发育能力,促进玻璃化冷冻卵母细胞的广泛应用提供了参考依据。     

海藻糖对牛未成熟卵母细胞玻璃化冷冻的影响

[目的] 研究胞外冷冻保护剂海藻糖对玻璃化冷冻-解冻后牛未成熟卵母细胞形态、活性线粒体分布和核成熟的影响。[方法] 将未成熟卵母细胞随机分为新鲜组、不同浓度海藻糖（0.25、0.5和1 mol/L）组和0.5 mol/L蔗糖组共5组。新鲜组作为玻璃化冷冻的对照组,海藻糖和蔗糖组均采用两步法进行玻璃化冷冻和解冻处理。在冷冻的第1步不添加海藻糖和蔗糖,在冷冻的第2步和解冻的第1步分别添加对应浓度的海藻糖和蔗糖,在解冻的第2步海藻糖和蔗糖浓度均减半。解冻后,统计卵母细胞形态正常率;用JC-1染色检测卵母细胞的活性线粒体分布区域和荧光强度;体外成熟培养24 h后,统计卵母细胞的核成熟率。[结果] 玻璃化冷冻组卵母细胞的形态正常率和核成熟率均显著低于新鲜组卵母细胞（P<0.05）,0.5 mol/L海藻糖组卵母细胞形态正常率和核成熟率均显著高于0.5 mol/L蔗糖组及0.25和1 mol/L海藻糖组（P<0.05）;0.5 mol/L海藻糖组卵母细胞的活性线粒体均匀分布在细胞膜内侧区域,在绿光和蓝光下分别呈现强的红色荧光和黄绿色荧光,且荧光强度高于其他玻璃化冷冻组卵母细胞,但仍低于新鲜组卵母细胞;0.25 mol/L海藻糖组卵母细胞的活性线粒体分布区域少于、荧光强度低于0.5 mol/L海藻糖组,蓝光下其荧光为绿色并呈现不连续的散点分布,0.5 mol/L蔗糖组和1 mol/L海藻糖组卵母细胞活性线粒体分布区域极少,蓝光下其荧光为暗绿色。[结论] 0.5 mol/L海藻糖是进行牛未成熟卵母细胞玻璃化冷冻的最佳浓度。     

玻璃化冷冻对哺乳动物卵母细胞Ca2+的影响机制

卵母细胞冷冻保存是胚胎生物技术(如体外受精、胞浆内单精子注射、体细胞克隆)的重要组成部分,对优良种畜和濒危动物种质资源保存,加速家畜品种改良进程都具有重要意义。与常规冷冻法相比,玻璃化冷冻具有操作简单、降温速率快、耗时短、冷冻效率高等优点,被越来越广泛地应用于家畜卵母细胞的冷冻保存。然而,与新鲜卵母细胞相比,玻璃化冷冻卵母细胞的受精率及发育能力仍不理想,这严重影响了玻璃化冷冻卵母细胞的应用潜力。玻璃化冷冻会引起卵母细胞Ca²⁺浓度升高及钙振荡模式异常,导致其透明带硬化、受精信号紊乱等问题。综合前人研究进展,作者分析了玻璃化冷冻对胞内Ca²⁺浓度、钙振荡模式的影响和作用机制,并指出胞外Ca²⁺内流和胞内钙库Ca²⁺释放是导致冷冻卵母细胞胞内Ca²⁺浓度升高的主要原因,1,4,5-三磷酸肌醇(IP3)Ⅰ型受体分布异常和线粒体损伤可能是导致冷冻卵母细胞钙振荡模式异常的重要原因,以期为正向调控冷冻卵母细胞Ca²⁺浓度及钙振荡模式提供技术参考,从而进一步提高玻璃化冷冻卵母细胞的受精和后续的发育能力。     

2-氨基乙基联苯基硼酸酯对玻璃化冷冻牛成熟卵母细胞发育能力的影响

【目的】研究内质网IP3受体（IP3R）抑制剂2-氨基乙基联苯基硼酸酯（2-APB）对玻璃化冷冻-解冻牛MⅡ期卵母细胞发育能力的影响。【方法】将体外成熟24 h的卵丘-卵母细胞复合体（COCs）用0.1%透明质酸酶消化去除卵丘颗粒细胞，获得的卵母细胞分为对照组和2-APB组，采用OPS法进行玻璃化冷冻，对照组直接进行玻璃化冷冻，2-APB组在玻璃化冷冻前先用10 μmol/L 2-APB预处理10 min。2 d后解冻卵母细胞，统计解冻后（0 h）及恢复培养2 h时卵母细胞的存活率，用FITC-PNA荧光探针检测恢复培养2 h时卵母细胞皮质颗粒（CG）的分布，用2'，7'-DCHFDA和Cell Tracker Blue CMF2HC分别检测胞内活性氧（ROS）和谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量。将成熟培养24 h未冷冻卵母细胞（Fresh组），与解冻后恢复2 h的对照组和2-APB组卵母细胞同时进行孤雌激活，于培养的第2、7天分别统计孤雌胚胎的卵裂率和囊胚率。【结果】与对照组相比，2-APB组冷冻-解冻卵母细胞0和2 h的存活率均显著增加（P＜0.05）；2-APB组皮质颗粒皮质区分布比例显著提高（P＜0.05），损伤型分布比例显著降低（P＜0.05）；2-APB组卵母细胞内GSH含量显著增加（P＜0.05），ROS含量显著降低（P＜0.05）；2-APB组卵母细胞孤雌激活胚胎的卵裂率、囊胚率均显著增加（P＜0.05），且与Fresh组无显著差异（P＞0.05）。【结论】2-APB预处理可通过增加卵母细胞内GSH含量，降低卵母细胞皮质颗粒损伤型分布比例和胞内ROS含量，提高玻璃化冷冻保存牛MⅡ期卵母细胞质量及早期胚胎发育能力。     

甘氨酸对水貂GV期卵母细胞冷冻保存效率的影响

试验旨在探究玻璃化冷冻及培养过程中添加甘氨酸（glycine，Gly）对水貂GV期卵母细胞冷冻解冻后存活率、核发育、线粒体和皮质颗粒分布的影响。试验分为3组：对照组（没有进行冷冻处理）、冷冻组和Gly添加处理组（1 mmol/L Gly）。对玻璃化冷冻解冻后的水貂GV期卵母细胞分别进行平衡恢复3 h和体外成熟培养，采用免疫荧光标记法检测各组GV期卵母细胞线粒体分布的差异及MⅡ期皮质颗粒分布的变化。结果显示，Gly添加处理组卵母细胞在解冻后3 h的存活率与冷冻组相比差异不显著（P>0.05），但显著低于对照组（P<0.05）；Gly添加处理组卵母细胞的减数分裂恢复率显著高于冷冻组（P<0.05），但与对照组相比差异不显著（P>0.05）。免疫荧光结果显示，Gly添加处理组的GV期卵母细胞线粒体正常分布率显著高于冷冻组（P<0.05），但Gly添加处理组和冷冻组的GV期卵母细胞线粒体正常分布率均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。皮质颗粒分布结果显示，水貂GV期卵母细胞在冷冻后体外成熟培养至MⅡ期时，Gly添加处理组皮质颗粒的正常皮质区分布比例显著高于冷冻组（P<0.05），但Gly添加处理组与冷冻组的正常皮质区分布比例均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。结果表明，添加Gly可以提高冻融后水貂卵母细胞的减数分裂恢复率，降低冷冻对其线粒体及皮质颗粒的损失。     

甘氨酸对水貂GV期卵母细胞冷冻保存效率的影响

试验旨在探究玻璃化冷冻及培养过程中添加甘氨酸(glycine,Gly)对水貂GV期卵母细胞冷冻解冻后存活率、核发育、线粒体和皮质颗粒分布的影响。试验分为3组:对照组(没有进行冷冻处理)、冷冻组和Gly添加处理组(1 mmol/L Gly)。对玻璃化冷冻解冻后的水貂GV期卵母细胞分别进行平衡恢复3 h和体外成熟培养,采用免疫荧光标记法检测各组GV期卵母细胞线粒体分布的差异及MⅡ期皮质颗粒分布的变化。结果显示,Gly添加处理组卵母细胞在解冻后3 h的存活率与冷冻组相比差异不显著(P0.05),但显著低于对照组(P0.05);Gly添加处理组卵母细胞的减数分裂恢复率显著高于冷冻组(P0.05),但与对照组相比差异不显著(P0.05)。免疫荧光结果显示,Gly添加处理组的GV期卵母细胞线粒体正常分布率显著高于冷冻组(P0.05),但Gly添加处理组和冷冻组的GV期卵母细胞线粒体正常分布率均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。皮质颗粒分布结果显示,水貂GV期卵母细胞在冷冻后体外成熟培养至MⅡ期时,Gly添加处理组皮质颗粒的正常皮质区分布比例显著高于冷冻组(P0.05),但Gly添加处理组与冷冻组的正常皮质区分布比例均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结果表明,添加Gly可以提高冻融后水貂卵母细胞的减数分裂恢复率,降低冷冻对其线粒体及皮质颗粒的损失。     

采用dCas9-SunTag-DNMT3A技术调控玻璃化冷冻牛卵母细胞IVF囊胚中IGF2R基因甲基化水平

旨在探究dCas9-SunTag-DNMT3A编辑系统对玻璃化冷冻牛卵母细胞IVF囊胚中IGF2R基因甲基化水平及胚胎发育能力的影响,为冷冻卵母细胞/胚胎特定位点DNA甲基化的精确调控奠定基础。本研究将经过体外成熟的牛卵母细胞进行玻璃化冷冻,随后进行体外受精,将受精所得到的原核胚进行dCas9-SunTag-DNMT3A编辑系统的注射,统计并计算卵母细胞的发育情况;通过亚硫酸盐测序的方式检测IGF2R基因启动子的甲基化水平,并利用荧光定量PCR检测IGF2R及相关基因的表达水平。与冷冻组相比,注射不同浓度的dCas9-SunTag-DNMT3A编辑系统后,只有40 ng·μL^-1组显著地提高了玻璃化冷冻卵母细胞IVF后的发育能力(P＜0.05),20和60 ng·μL^-1组间差异不显著(P＞0.05),但40 ng·μL^-1组发育效果仍然显著低于新鲜对照组(P＜0.05);对检测冷冻组、新鲜组、40 ng·μL^-1组IGF2R基因启动子甲基化水平分析发现,40 ng·μL^-1组水平与新鲜组相似,显著高于冷冻组(P＜0.05);荧光定量试验结果显示,40 ng·μL^-1组IGF2R基因mRNA表达水平相较于冷冻组显著降低(P＜0.05),与新鲜组相似。注射40 ng·μL^-1的dCas9-SunTag-DNMT3A甲基化编辑系统能够通过有效升高IGF2R基因启动子甲基化水平(P＜0.05)及显著降低其mRNA表达水平(P＜0.05),来正向调节玻璃化冷冻卵母细胞IVF胚胎的发育情况,提高胚胎发育能力,使得其卵裂率和囊胚率都得到显著提高(P＜0.05),同时促进胚胎发育相关基因的表达。     

LDL对玻璃化冷冻解冻培养MⅡ期猪卵母细胞线粒体膜电位和透明带泛素化水平的影响

本试验旨在探究添加低密度脂蛋白（low density lipoprotein,LDL）对玻璃化冷冻解冻后MⅡ期猪卵母细胞发育率、线粒体膜电位及透明带泛素化水平的影响。采用线粒体膜电位特异性探针JC-1检测各处理组线粒体膜电位,并采用SDS-PAGE及Western blotting方法分析不同处理组MⅡ期猪卵母细胞透明带蛋白泛素化水平。结果显示,玻璃化冷冻法处理中,10 mg/mL LDL处理组MⅡ期卵母细胞正常率和成熟率（71.92%和69.86%）显著高于对照组（58.26%和54.55%）（P<0.05）,最接近未冷冻组。10 mg/mL LDL处理组MⅡ期卵母细胞线粒体膜电位显著高于对照组、1和20 mg/mL LDL组（P<0.05）。免疫印迹结果显示,未冷冻组和LDL处理组MⅡ期卵母细胞ZP1、ZP2及ZP3蛋白分别在61、80、106 ku发生不同程度的泛素化标记;10 mg/mL LDL处理组ZPs（ZP1、ZP2、ZP3）蛋白泛素化水平显著高于1和20 mg/mL LDL组（P<0.05）,但显著低于非冷冻组（P<0.05）。结果表明LDL可改善玻璃化冷冻解冻培养后MⅡ期猪卵母细胞成熟率、线粒体膜电位及透明带泛素化水平。     

超低温冷冻对牛卵母细胞组蛋白乙酰化和膜蛋白CD9表达的影响

本试验旨在探讨玻璃化冷冻对牛体外成熟卵母细胞(MⅡ期)组蛋白乙酰化和膜蛋白CD9表达的影响。牛MⅡ期卵母细胞采用OPS法冷冻,即卵母细胞于10%EG+10%DMSO溶液中预处理30s,然后再移入玻璃化溶液EDFSF30中处理25s,以OPS为承载器投入液氮中。毒性组卵母细胞未投入液氮,其他过程与冷冻组相同,新鲜牛MⅡ期卵母细胞为对照组。卵母细胞解冻后,利用免疫荧光染色法检测存活细胞DNA组蛋白乙酰化;qRT-PCR和Western blot检测CD9mRNA蛋白的表达。结果表明:冷冻组卵母细胞形态正常率(93.8%)和存活率(92.7%)显著低于毒性组(100.0%,97.2%)和对照组(100.0%,98.5%)(P<0.05),而毒性组与对照组之间无显著差异。超低温冷冻后,卵母细胞DNA组蛋白乙酰化水平显著上升(P<0.05),CD9mRNA与蛋白表达显著降低(P<0.05)。以上显示,玻璃化冷冻不但降低了牛体外成熟卵母细胞的存活率,而且改变了DNA组蛋白乙酰化和膜蛋白CD9表达水平。     

玻璃化冷冻对牦牛未成熟卵母细胞发育能力及COC转录组的影响

旨在探讨玻璃化冷冻-解冻对牦牛未成熟卵母细胞发育能力及卵丘-卵母细胞复合体（COCs）转录组的影响，为完善牦牛COCs冷冻保存技术提供理论依据。本研究将未经成熟培养的牦牛COCs进行玻璃化冷冻-解冻后分为2组，A组：COCs体外成熟（IVM）后用普通牛精子进行体外受精（IVF），获得的受精卵在G-1胚胎培养液中培养72 h后转入G-2培养液培养96 h；B组：IVF后，受精卵在G-1培养液培养120 h后转入G-2培养液培养48 h；以未进行冷冻处理的新鲜COCs作为对照组（C组）：IVF后，受精卵在G-1培养液培养72 h后转入G-2培养液培养96 h。对牦牛新鲜COCs（n=3）和玻璃化冷冻-解冻的COCs（n=3）进行扩增、建库和转录组测序（RNA-seq）分析。结果发现，B组的卵裂率、囊胚率显著高于A组（P<0.05），但A组和B组的卵裂率、囊胚率均显著低于C组（P<0.05）。以|log₂（fold change）|≥ 2，Q<0.05为阈值，牦牛冻融COCs相对于新鲜COCs共筛选出851个差异表达基因（DEGs），其中上调846个，下调5个。GO分析表明，DEGs主要富集于生物过程、细胞组分和分子功能3大类；KEGG注释结果表明，DEGs富集到258条通路，其中16条通路显著富集（P<0.05）。研究表明，IVF后在G-1培养液中培养120 h可以提高牦牛玻璃化冷冻卵母细胞的后续发育能力；玻璃化冷冻影响牦牛COCs转录组，从而降低卵母细胞的发育潜力。该发现为完善牦牛COCs玻璃化冷冻技术提供了一定的理论基础。     

Comparison of the Level(s) of DNA Damage Using Comet Assay in Bovine Oocytes Subjected to Selected Vitrification Methods

It was suggested that the cryodamage to oocytes' DNA has been responsible for the compromised developmental competence of cryopreserved oocytes. Vitrification of bovine oocytes affected not only cellular components, but also nuclear material. A significant rate of DNA fragmentation was found in bovine frozen or vitrified oocytes analysed by Comet assay regardless of cryopreservation method. Our method of vitrification using droplet system after gentle pre-equilibration treatment is one of the most effective cryopreservation methods employed for bovine oocytes so far, making it possible to develop 30% blastocyst stage embryos. In this study, the extent of DNA damage in bovine oocytes vitrified using three vitrification methods (droplet system, Open Pulled Straw and traditional vitrification in 0.25 ml insemination straws) was compared using Comet assay. Vitrification in droplet system and Open Pull Straws vitrification did not result in detectable cryoinjuries of DNA of bovine oocytes. On the contrary, DNA fragmentation was found in four of 26 oocytes vitrified in 0.25 ml straws (15.4%, p   ≤ 0.05 in comparison with the other vitrification methods).     

不同浓度紫杉醇预处理对绵羊卵母细胞玻璃化冷冻保存效果的影响

细胞骨架系统的稳定对于提高卵母细胞或胚胎冷冻后的存活率及其发育能力具有重要作用。紫杉醇(Taxol)作为细胞骨架稳定剂,可增强α、β-微管蛋白二聚体的紧密联系,增大微管交联,促进微管聚合和稳定。本实验以绵羊体外成熟卵母细胞为材料,旨在探讨紫杉醇预处理对玻璃化冷冻绵羊卵母细胞存活率、形态正常率及体外受精后胚胎发育率的影响。采用0、0.5、1.0、1.5μmol/L的紫杉醇预处理绵羊卵母细胞并进行玻璃化冷冻保存,未经处理的新鲜卵母细胞为对照组。结果表明:采用浓度为0.5μmol/L紫杉醇预处理绵羊卵母细胞冷冻保存效果最佳,其解冻后的存活率(82.38%)与其他3个试验组相比有显著差异性(P0.05);体外受精卵裂率(51.17%)和桑囊胚率(20.30%)也显著高于其他3个试验组(P0.05),但低于对照组(69.42%,34.77%)(P0.05)。由此可见,以0.5μmol/L浓度的紫杉醇预处理组绵羊体外成熟卵母细胞冷冻后能获得较好的效果。     

High survival rate of bovine oocytes matured in vitro following vitrification

Improving pregnancy rates associated with the use of cryopreserved human oocytes would be an important advance in human assisted reproductive technology (ART). Vitrification allows glasslike solidification of a solution without ice crystal formation in the living cells. We have attempted to improve the survival rates of oocytes by a vitrification technique using bovine models. In vitro matured oocytes with or without cumulus cells were vitrified with either 15.0% (v/v) ethylene glycol (EG) + 15% (v/v) dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) + 0.5 M sucrose or 15% (v/v) EG + 15% (v/v) 1,2-propanediol (PROH) + 0.5 M sucrose, using 'Cryotop' or 'thin plastic sticker', respectively. The oocyte survival rates after vitrifying-warming, and the capacity for fertilization and embryonic development were examined in vitro. The rate of embryonic development to blastocyst was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the oocytes vitrified with 15% (v/v) EG + 15% (v/v) PROH + 0.5 M sucrose than in the oocytes vitrified with 15% (v/v) EG + 15% (v/v) DMSO + 0.5 M sucrose (7.4% +/- 4.1 vs. 1.7% +/- 3.0, respectively). Oocytes vitrified without cumulus cells had a higher survival rate after thawing and a superior embryonic developmental capacity compared with oocytes vitrified with cumulus cells. Prolonged pre-incubation time after thawing adversely affected the rates of embryonic cleavage and development. These results indicate that in vitro matured bovine oocytes can be vitrified successfully with the mixture of the cryoprotectants, EG + PROH, the absence of cumulus cells for vitrification does not affect oocyte survival rate after warming, and vitrified and warmed oocytes do not require pre-incubation before in vitro fertilization.     

绵羊体外成熟卵母细胞OPS法玻璃化冷冻保存试验

研究以EDFS30为玻璃化冷冻液,以卵母细胞解冻后孤雌激活和体外受精后的卵裂率、囊胚发育率作为评价指标,探讨了以OPS法玻璃化冷冻保存体外成熟绵羊卵母细胞的效果。结果表明:卵母细胞孤雌激活后的卵裂率,冷冻组(64.2%)显著(P<0.05)低于毒性组(76.7%)和对照组(79.1%),而毒性组和对照组无显著(P>0.05)差异;卵母细胞孤雌激活后的囊胚发育率,冷冻组(4.2%)和毒性组(5.8%)均显著(P<0.05)低于对照组(20.2%),毒性组和冷冻组无显著(P>0.05)差异;冷冻组和毒性试验组卵母细胞体外受精后的卵裂率和囊胚发育率(67.6%和7.1%;62.3%和9.1%)均显著低于对照组(78.4%和28.4%)(P<0.05),而毒性组和冷冻组无显著(P>0.05)差异。可见以EDFS30为玻璃化冷冻液,采用OPS法冷冻保存绵羊体外成熟卵母细胞会在一定程度上降低其受精能力和胚胎发育能力。     

没食子酸对黄牛卵母细胞体外成熟的影响

试验旨在研究没食子酸（gallic acid，GA）对黄牛卵母细胞体外成熟及早期胚胎发育的影响，进一步优化黄牛卵母细胞体外成熟体系。在卵母细胞体外成熟液（M液）中添加不同浓度没食子酸（0、10、30、50、100 μmol/L），成熟22~24 h后，统计卵丘扩展情况及卵母细胞成熟率；同时，对成熟的卵母细胞进行正常体外受精（IVF），统计早期胚胎的分裂率、囊胚率、囊胚卵裂球数及卵裂球细胞凋亡率。根据试验结果，选择最优浓度，使卵母细胞在含该浓度没食子酸的成熟液中成熟24 h后，检测其细胞内的活性氧水平（ROS）和总谷胱甘肽（TGSH）含量。结果显示，M液中添加30 μmol/L没食子酸组卵丘扩展分值和成熟率显著高于对照组（0 μmol/L）（P<0.05），其他处理组与对照组无显著差异（P>0.05）；成熟的卵母细胞体外受精后进行后续胚胎培养，其中10和30 μmol/L组的分裂率均显著高于对照组和100 μmol/L组（P<0.05），50和100 μmol/L组分裂率较对照组也有所提高，但差异不显著（P>0.05）；早期囊胚率统计发现，与对照组相比，30和100 μmol/L能够显著提高囊胚发育率（P<0.05），10和50 μmol/L浓度组则无显著差异（P>0.05）；与对照组相比，30、100 μmol/L没食子酸均能显著提高IVF胚胎的早期囊胚卵裂球数（P<0.05）；但囊胚卵裂球凋亡率与对照组无显著差异（P>0.05）；对卵母细胞内活性氧和总谷胱甘肽含量检测时，发现30 μmol/L没食子酸可显著降低细胞内活性氧水平（P<0.05），且显著提高总谷胱甘肽含量（P<0.05）。综上所述，在黄牛卵母细胞体外成熟液中添加适量的没食子酸能有效降低卵母细胞内活性氧水平，提高总谷胱甘肽含量，进而提高卵母细胞成熟的质量及其后续IVF胚胎发育能力。     

Vitrification of immature bovine oocytes by the microdrop method

This study was conducted to determine the optimal vitrification conditions for immature bovine oocytes using the microdrop method. In experiment 1, the optimal pre-equilibration period for microdrop vitrification was examined. The maturation rate of vitrified oocytes with a 3 min first pre-equilibration period (41.1%) was higher than that of vitrified oocytes with a 0 min first pre-equilibration period (21.4%), and the values of those with a 1 (33.9%) or 5 min (27.4%) first pre-equilibration period were intermediate. The value for a 1 min second pre-equilibration period (44.4%) was significantly higher (P<0.05) than those for a 0.5 (28.6%) and 2 min (21.4%) second pre-equilibration period. In experiment 2, the distribution of microtubules in matured oocytes was investigated. There was no difference among the first pre-equilibration times in terms of the rates of normal spindles in vitrified oocytes. However, this value was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the 1 min group (52.8%) compared with the 0.5 (16.7%) and 2 min groups (12.3%). In experiment 3, we investigated the developmental capacity of immature bovine oocytes vitrified under optimal pre-equilibration conditions (3 min and 1 min for the first and second pre-equilibrations, respectively). Although the total fertilization rates were significantly lower (P<0.05) in the vitrified oocytes (65.6%) compared with the control oocytes (92.4%), there was no difference in the rate of normal fertilization (2PN) between the vitrified (78.6%) and control (82.0%) oocytes. Cleavage and blastocyst rates were significantly lower (P<0.05) in vitrified oocytes (55.7 and 2.3%) than in control oocytes (84.4 and 34.7%). Thus, these results indicated that immature bovine oocytes can survive after microdrop vitrification and subsequently can be cultured to mature oocytes capable of undergoing fertilization in vitro and developing into blastocysts.     

Cryopreservation of immature buffalo oocytes: Effects of cytochalasin B pretreatment on the efficiency of cryotop and solid surface vitrification methods

The aim of the present study was to compare the efficiency of the solid surface (SSV), cryotop (CT) vitrification methods and cytochalasin B (CB) pretreatment for cryopreservation of immature buffalo oocytes. Cumulus‐oocyte complexes (COCs) were placed for 1 min in TCM199 containing 10% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), 10% ethylene glycol (EG), and 20% fetal bovine serum, and then transferred for 30 s to base medium containing 20% DMSO, 20% EG and 0.5 mol/L sucrose. CB pretreated ((+)CB) or non‐pretreated ((?)CB) COCs were vitrified either by SSV or CT. Surviving vitrified COCs were selected for in vitro maturation (IVM) and in vitro fertilization (IVF). The rate of viable oocytes after vitrification in CT groups (82%) was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that in a fresh control group (100%), but significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those in SSV groups (71–72%). Among vitrified groups, the highest maturation rate was obtained in the CT (?)CB group (32%). After IVF, the cleavage and blastocyst formation rates were similar among vitrified groups but significantly lower than those of the control group. In conclusion, a higher survival rate of oocytes after vitrification and IVM was obtained in the CT group compared with that in the SSV group, indicating the superiority of the CT method. Pretreatment with CB did not increase the viability, maturation or embryo development of vitrified oocytes.