医药剂型在农药中的应用及发展趋向

医药剂型与农药剂犁有许多相通的地方,许多医药剂型已经渗入到农药领域并得到了成功的应用.综述了新剂型及新技术在医药和农药中的应用情况及发展趋向,主要介绍了医药缓控释制剂、片剂、水乳剂、微乳剂以及混悬剂(悬浮剂)在农药中的应用,并对医药新制剂中的分散片、速溶片及渗透泵片在农药领域的应用做了展望,同时指出需审慎对待微乳剂等农药纳米制剂的研发和审批.     

水基性农药制剂的开发和前景

论述了水基性农药制剂的内容和类型,详细地讨论了悬浮剂、水乳剂和微乳剂水基性制剂的开发、优劣和前景。指出微乳剂在国际上不是剂型开发的趋势,国内开发微乳剂应审慎对待;而开发悬浮剂和水乳剂的水基性制剂是更有利和有前景的。     

农药水基性制剂的开发和前景

文章论述农药水基性制剂的内容和类型。较样细地讨论了悬浮剂、水乳剂和微乳剂水基性制剂的开发、优劣和前景。指出微乳剂在国际上不是剂型开发的趋势，国内开发微乳剂应审慎对待：而开发悬浮剂和水乳剂的水基性制剂是更有利和有前景的。     

农药剂型的进展和动向(下)

随着人类环境保护意识的增强,水基性、粒状、多功能、省力、安全和降低对环境影响的剂型成为国内外农药剂型的发展方向.较详细地综述了传统剂型(粉剂、颗粒剂、可溶液剂、乳油和可湿性粉剂)和安全及环保型剂型(悬浮剂、水乳剂、悬乳剂、种子处理剂、水分散粒剂、微囊悬浮剂)和其它剂型(微乳剂、油悬浮剂、展膜油剂、可分散液剂和片剂等)的进展.指出微乳剂在国际上不是剂型开发的趋势,而开发悬浮剂、水乳剂、悬乳剂和种子处理剂的水基性制剂和水分散粒剂更有前景.     

农药剂型的进展和动向(中)

随着人类环境保护意识的增强.水基性、粒状、多功能、省力、安全和降低对环境影响的剂型成为国内外农药剂型的发展方向.较详细地综述了传统剂型(粉剂、颗粒剂、可溶液剂、乳油和可湿性粉剂)和安全及环保型剂型(悬浮剂、水乳剂、悬乳剂、种子处理剂、水分散粒剂、微囊悬浮剂)和其它剂型(微乳剂、油悬浮剂、展膜油剂、可分散液剂和片剂等)的进展.指出微乳剂在国际上不是剂型开发的趋势,而开发悬浮剂、水乳剂、悬乳剂和种子处理剂的水基性制剂和水分散粒剂更有前景.     

农药悬浮剂发展优势和应用前景（Ⅰ）

农药悬浮剂既避免使用任何溶剂,也无粉尘产生,其有高的悬浮率和药效、相对低的成本,是一种好的剂型。论述了悬浮剂的进展、发展动向,并与其他剂型（乳油、可湿粉、水乳剂、微乳剂和水分散剂粒剂）相比的优点。同时指出悬浮剂是发展其他剂型（悬乳剂、悬浮种衣剂、水分散粒剂、油悬浮剂和悬浮微胶囊剂等）的基础。悬浮剂是一种安全性好、对环境友好、综合性能佳和应用前景好的优良剂型,应该予以优先发展。     

农药悬浮剂发展优势和应用前景(Ⅱ)

农药悬浮剂既避免使用任何溶剂,也无粉尘产生,其有高的悬浮率和药效、相对低的成本,是一种好的剂型。论述了悬浮剂的进展、发展动向,并与其他剂型(乳油、可湿粉、水乳剂、微乳剂和水分散剂粒剂)相比的优点。同时指出悬浮剂是发展其他剂型(悬乳剂、悬浮种衣剂、水分散粒剂、油悬浮剂和悬浮微胶囊剂等)的基础。悬浮剂是一种安全性好、对环境友好、综合性能佳和应用前景好的优良剂型,应该予以优先发展。     

农药剂型的进展和动向(上)

随着人类环境保护意识的增强,水基性、粒状、多功能、省力、安全和降低环境影响的剂型成为国内外农药剂型的发展方向.较详细地综述了传统剂型(粉剂、粒剂、可溶液剂、乳油和可湿性粉剂)和安全及环保型剂型(悬浮剂、水乳剂、悬乳剂、种子处理剂、水分散粒剂、微囊悬浮剂)和其它剂型(微乳剂、油悬剂、展膜油剂、水分散液剂和片剂等)的进展.指出微乳剂在国际上不是剂型开发的趋势,而开发悬浮剂、水乳剂、悬乳剂和种子处理剂的水基性制剂和水分散粒剂更有前景.     

农药剂型发展概况

当今农药剂型是朝着绿色,环保的方向发展。本文介绍了水基性农药剂型如水乳剂,微乳剂,水悬浮剂,固体农药剂型如水分散颗粒剂及其它的一些农药剂型如油悬浮剂,微胶囊剂,农药胶囊,袋剂的发展概况。     

磷酸酯类表面活性剂在农药剂型加工中的应用

简单介绍了磷酸酯类表面活性剂的性能与合成,重点综述了磷酸酯类表面活性剂在悬浮剂、水乳剂和微乳剂等农药剂型加工中的应用,最后指出水基化农药剂型的发展将促使磷酸酯类表面活性剂向更加优质、高效、环保的方向发展。     

刺激响应型农药控释剂研发与应用进展

农药的长期低效使用增加了农业生产成本,造成大量农药流失,威胁食品安全与生态环境。利用农药缓控释技术对现有农药剂型进行改进是提高农药利用率的有效措施。刺激响应聚合物作为新兴载体,可以感受周边环境变化,从而响应并靶向控制释放有效成分。在医药领域,这类材料作为药物运载体的研究已相当广泛,在癌症的靶向治疗方面更是颇具成效。在农药控释领域的相关应用则处于基础研究阶段,仍然有一系列的因素限制着这类材料在农药控释领域的发展,比如载体成本、药物负载性能、体系稳定性、加工工艺的普适性及应用等。本文综述了刺激响应性聚合物应用于农药控释领域的研发现状,并对该类农药控释剂的应用前景进行了展望。     

基于静电纺丝技术的农药传递体系的制备与性能表征

为获得一种新型高载药量、易分散型农药制剂,基于药物传递理论,以阿维菌素（AVM）为农药模型,以乙基纤维素（EC）为主要农药载体,以卡波姆（CB）为改性材料,利用静电纺纳米纤维载药技术构建一种具有微纳结构的农药传递体系。通过对复配比例、溶解参数及纺丝条件的探索,结果表明：采用N,N-二甲基乙酰胺与乙醇以体积比3∶1的混合溶剂对载体材料EC与CB分别进行溶解,EC与CB纺丝液的体积复配比为1∶1时,农药传递体系的载药量可高达35.7%,包封率接近100%,耐光解性大幅提升。并且,该农药传递体系的水分散性非常优异,具有长效释药性。     

载体在农药固体制剂中的应用与发展

阐述了载体对固体制剂质量和能耗的影响以及十种常用农药载体的性质和应用,并对我国农药载体的发展提出了建议。     

瓜胶及其衍生物在药物控制释放领域的研究进展

介绍了官能团衍生化、接枝共聚、交联等瓜胶衍生物的制备方法及影响因素、瓜胶及其衍生物在药物控制释放领域的应用现状,并指出改性瓜胶具有比原粉更好的药物控制释放效果,因此经过配方设计,瓜胶及其衍生物有望成为药物控制释放尤其是靶向结肠给药领域的理想载体。     

壳聚糖聚乙烯醇复合载药微球的制备

以壳聚糖(CS)为基质,通过聚乙烯醇(PVA)的引入制备壳聚糖聚乙烯醇复合载体可以分别采用室温和高温酸催化反应两种方法制备出释药性能和结构形态不同的两种复合载药微球Ⅰ和Ⅱ。其中壳聚糖/聚乙烯醇复合载药微球Ⅰ的制备工艺是调节壳聚糖和聚乙烯醇质量比6/5,复合微球Ⅰ的平均粒径1～20μm,载药量13%,LVFX体外12h累积释放80%。而壳聚糖/聚乙烯醇复合载药微球Ⅱ的平均粒径1.69μm,载药量17.1%,LVFX体外6hr基本完全释放。     

Thermal/pH-sensitive core-shell copolymer latex and its potential for targeting drug carrier application

In this work, the synthesis, properties of a thermal/pH-sensitive core-shell copolymer latex were studied and its potential application as a targeting drug carrier was also investigated, where the crosslinked copolymer of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) and chitosan was synthesized by soapless dispersion polymerization as the core, and the copolymer of methacrylic acid (MAA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) was prepared as the shell. The weight ratio of chitosan/NIPAAm and the concentration of crosslinking agent in feed had been changed to investigate their effects on the particle size, reaction rate, zeta potential, surface functional groups, and specific surface area of latex particles. The swelling and thermo-sensitive behavior of the film made from these core-shell latexes were also studied under different pH values of buffer solution. The model drug (caffeine) could be loaded inside the copolymer particles and protected from releasing through the transport process effectively. And the thermo-responsive property of these copolymer particles significantly enhanced the protein conjugation that showed the potential of the latex being applied on the targeting drug carrier.     

壳聚糖衍生物的表面活性及其药物增溶性研究进展

壳聚糖基表面活性剂具有安全无毒和可生物降解等特点,在生物医药和日用化工等行业的应用日益增多。通过双亲性改性获得具有表面活性的壳聚糖所形成的胶束,可以增加难溶药物的溶解度,延长释药时间,提高药物利用率,降低细胞毒性,在药物载体方面具有广阔的应用前景。本文综述了近年来偶联、烷基化、酰基化、羧甲化、季铵化等改性壳聚糖衍生物的表面活性研究以及对紫杉醇、喜树碱、阿霉素和甲氨基叶酸等药物的增溶应用进展。在壳聚糖的改性新方法中有两点值得注意：一是利用疏水相互作用构成自组装体;二是引入具有特殊功能的基团制备智能载药胶束。     

天然多糖在结肠靶向药物载体中的研究与应用

天然多糖安全、无毒,在胃和小肠中不降解,但在结肠中可被微生物分解发酵,应用于结肠靶向递药系统具有独特的优势.以多糖为载体的结肠靶向药物实现了药物的定点释放,可以减少药物的不良反应,充分发挥了药物疗效.介绍了用于口服结肠靶向药物载体的几种常见天然多糖,并对以多糖为载体的结肠靶向递药系统进行了概括和分析.     

Application of the Taguchi Method in Analyzing the Impact of Modified Gemini Surfactants on TiO2 Nano-Suspension

Regarding the TiO₂ nano-suspension under different influencing parameters such as hydrophilic chain length of the modified gemini surfactant (dispersant), electrolyte concentration and dispersant concentration, this study applied the Taguchi Method to analyze the optimal parameters of the TiO₂ nano-suspension using an L9(3³) orthogonal array for making the experimental formulas with the average particle size of the suspension as the smaller-the-better indicator. The experimental results suggested that the dispersing particle size of the nano-suspension was affected in order by the dispersant concentration (64.11%), the hydrophilic group chain length of dispersant (11.16%) and the electrolyte concentration (3.04%). Then, by the confirmation experiments based on the optimal parameter combinations of Taguchi Method analysis, the TiO₂ nano-suspension of uniform and minimized particle size were obtained. The result was within the 95% confidence interval, indicating that the reproducibility of the parameter design was high.     

pH‐sensitive polymeric particles as smart carriers for rebar inhibitors delivery in alkaline condition

The waste problem of the rebar inhibitors is very serious due to that it is a long time before they can exert their best effect in the concrete and they are kept losing all the time. However, there is still no effective solution to alleviate such situation. Meanwhile, drug delivery control technology based on environmental sensitive polymers has been successfully applied in biomedical fields. Thus, poly(acrylic acid)–acrylamide was synthesized as smart carrier for controlling rebar inhibitors delivery in concrete. Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate as model drug was encapsulated inside the polymeric particles via a self‐assembly process. The pH‐responsive activities of the polymeric particles were estimated by monitoring their swelling performances in solutions of different pH values and the drug delivery control characteristics were studied in simulated concrete pore solutions. The results indicate the polymeric particles deserve network structures with high porosity and exhibit excellent pH‐responsive activities, which can perform as perfect intelligent carriers whereas the releasing of the inhibitors follows the first‐order kinetic law. The work suggests a new application field of drug delivery control technology. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135, 45886.