一期手术治疗左半结直肠癌并急性肠梗阻

目的总结左半结直肠癌并急性肠梗阻急诊一期切除吻合术的经验，探讨其可行性。方法回顾分析38例左半结直肠癌并急性肠梗阻患者的临床资料。结果38例均顺利施行急诊一期手术，无手术死亡病例；术后切口裂开1例，切口感染1例，无吻合口漏发生。结论左半结直肠癌并急性肠梗阻急诊一期手术是完全可行的。     

老年低位结直肠癌并急性肠梗阻急诊一期切除临床效果分析

目的探讨老年低位结直肠癌合并急性肠梗阻急诊行一期切除吻合的可行性。方法 76例老年低位结直肠癌并发急性肠梗阻患者全部行急诊一期左半结肠或乙状结肠、直肠癌切除吻合手术。结果本组76例患者均经急诊术中结肠灌洗后行一期切除吻合。术后发生吻合口瘘3例,2例保守治疗痊愈,1例行横结肠造瘘;11例出现不同程度的炎性肠梗阻,经保守治疗后痊愈;无死亡病例;切口感染10例。结论老年低位结直肠癌并急性肠梗阻需要围手术期的综合整体治疗,急诊经术中结肠灌洗后行一期切除吻合是安全、可行的。     

左半结肠直肠癌并急性肠梗阻一期切除吻合19例临床分析

目的探讨左半结肠直肠癌并急性肠梗阻行一期切除吻合术的可行性及注意事项,腹腔镜冲洗吸引装置在术中结肠灌洗中的应用价值。方法对19例左半结肠直肠癌并急性肠梗阻患者切除肿瘤肠段,应用腹腔镜冲洗吸引装置行术中灌肠后一期吻合。结果19例患者均无吻合口瘘及腹腔感染等严重并发症发生,术后10～14天痊愈出院。结论只要合理选择病例,手术操作及围手术期处理得当,左半结肠直肠癌并急性肠梗阻行一期切除吻合是安全可行的,术中应用腹腔镜冲洗吸引装置灌洗结肠,可达到省时省力、肠道清洁更加满意的效果。     

左半结肠及直肠癌并急性肠梗阻46例外科治疗

目的 探讨左半结肠及直肠癌并急性肠梗阻的合理外科治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析1999-2009年我院收治的全部46例左半结肠癌及直肠癌并急性肠梗阻行外科治疗的病例资料.结果 行一期肠切除吻合术30例,行一期根治性切除肿瘤、Hartmann 结肠造口术、二期闭瘘术7例,经保守治疗及经肛门导管结肠灌洗减压后行一期手术4例,行姑息性结肠造口术5例.术后切口感染5例,吻合口漏1例.无手术死亡病例.结论 左半结肠及直肠癌并急性肠梗阻的外科治疗,如进行合适的术前准备及术中处理,一期肠切除吻合术是安全可行的.     

结直肠癌并肠梗阻的外科治疗体会

目的 探讨结直肠癌并急性肠梗阻的外科治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析2008年1月至2013年6月46例结直肠癌并急性肠梗阻手术患者的临床资料,其中右半结肠癌26例,横结肠癌13例,左半结肠或直肠癌7例.结果 46例患者中行Ⅰ期结肠癌根治性切除肠管端端吻合术共31例,行左半结肠切除、横结肠造口,关闭远端结肠备Ⅱ期吻合6例;乙状结肠癌根治性切除结肠造口3例;直肠癌根治性切除结肠造口6例.术后并发症发生率10.87％ （5/46）,围术期病死率2.17％ （1/46）.结论 重视对结直肠癌致肠梗阻的认识,早期诊断,根据病情选择合理手术方式,做好围术期处理是减少术后并发症、提高疗效的重要措施.     

老年梗阻性结直肠癌临床处理探讨

目的:探讨老年结、直肠癌致急性肠梗阻的围手术期处理和手术方式个体化的意义。方法:回顾性分析我院1991年～2002年手术治疗老年结、直肠癌致急性肠梗阻68例的临床经验。结果:一期切除吻合41例(其中吻合器吻合15例);二期切除2例,分别为盲肠造口和横结肠造口术后;Hartmann术15例;永久结肠造口术8例;回肠横结肠侧侧吻合术2例。术后死亡率为8.8％(6/68)例,一期切除吻合口漏发生率为7.3％(3/41)。结论:对老年结、直肠癌致急性肠梗阻患者,应实行手术方式的个体化,根据患者全身及局部条件,选择合理的术式。重视围手术期处理,并做好术中肠道灌洗,急诊行左半结肠切除,是可以一期愈合的。使用吻合器可缩短手术时间,且并不增加吻合口漏的发生率。     

结直肠癌并急性肠梗阻84例治疗分析

目的：探讨结直肠癌并急性肠梗阻病例的治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析我院1998/2008年收治的84例结直肠癌并急性肠梗阻患者的临床资料。结果：手术治疗84例结直肠癌并急性肠梗阻,其中行一期切除70例（83.3%）,结肠造口7例,捷径手术5例,吻合口瘘3例,死亡4例。结论：结直肠癌并急性肠梗阻的治疗要根据患者的全身情况和肿瘤的局部情况来综合判定,适应证掌握恰当,一期肿瘤切除和吻合术是安全的。     

一期切除术在急性大肠癌低位梗阻中的应用

目的 探讨大肠癌并急性低位结肠梗阻的外科处理原则和方法。方法 回顾性分析我院一期手术切除的大肠癌并急性低位结肠梗阻病例，综合评价其外科处理方法。结果 一期切除吻合术34例，一期切除近端结肠造口二期肠造口闭合术6例，均获痊愈，仅3例切口感染，无吻合口漏及其它并发症。结论 ①大肠癌并急性低位梗阻的患者，只要适应症掌握恰当，一期切除和吻合是安全的。②术中结肠灌洗对一期吻合术具有重要意义。     

结直肠癌合并肠梗阻的肠镜与腹腔镜联合微创手术(附14例报告)

目的 探讨结直肠癌合并肠梗阻的微创手术治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析该院2009年7月～2010年12月14例结直肠癌合并肠梗阻急诊病例,行结肠镜与腹腔镜联合微创手术的临床资料.结果 14例患者经肠镜放置支架均成功,无穿孔发生.腹腔镜下7例行直肠癌根治术,5例行乙状结肠癌切除术,2例行左半结肠癌切除术,均行一期吻合,术后1例出现肺部感染,无吻合口漏,无伤口感染,均恢复顺利.结论 结直肠癌合并肠梗阻时联合应用肠镜及腹腔镜技术进行微创手术,具有较好的临床应用价值.     

左半结肠癌并急性梗阻一期切除吻合的应用体会

目的探讨左半结肠癌并急性肠梗阻采用一期切除吻合术的可行性。方法回顾分析我院25例左半结肠癌并急性肠梗阻患者采用一期切除吻合术的临床资料。结果24例痊愈出院,1例术后第11天死于心肌梗死。切口感染3例,肺部感染1例,无一例出现吻合口漏等严重并发症。结论掌握手术适应证,加强围手术期的处理,术中合理使用结肠灌洗,对左半结肠癌并急性肠梗阻行一期切除吻合是安全可行的。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.