How Probability Survey Data Can Help Integrate 305(b) and 303(d)Monitoring and Assessment of State Waters

Section 305(b) of the United States’ Clean Water Act (CWA) requires states to assess the overall quality of waters in the states, while Section 303(d) requires states to develop a list of the specific waters in their state not attaining water quality standards (a.k.at impaired waters). An integrated, efficient and cost-effective process is needed to acquire and assess the data needed to meet both these mandates. A subset of presentations at the 2002 Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) Symposium provided information on how probability data, tools and methods could be used by states and other entities to aid in development of their overall assessment of condition and list of impaired waters. Discussion identified some of the technical and institutional problems that hinder the use of EMAP methods and data in the analysis to identify impaired waters as well as development needs to overcome these problems.     

我国流域水生态完整性评价方法构建

流域水生态完整性评价是指通过对水生态系统中不同水生态指标(生物和非生物)的监测以及由数学方法综合形成的综合评价指数,来反映水生态系统完整性状况。近年来,世界各国水环境管理政策发生了变化,开始强调生态保护,重视水体的生态质量。中国现行的常规理化监测指标(如COD、氨氮、BOD5)很难满足水环境管理的需求,难以全面准确地反映水环境质量变化的趋势。因此,在借鉴欧美发达国家流域水生态完整性评价方法的基础上,结合中国目前监测现状以及流域水环境管理需求,构建了包括物理生境指标、理化指标、水生生物指标在内的流域水生态完整性监测与评价方法,以期为中国流域水质目标管理技术体系的业务化运行提供可资借鉴的技术支撑,实现从单一的化学指标监测转向综合的水生态系统监测,实现流域水生态完整性的监测与评价。     

中国近岸海域环境监测技术路线研究

针对中国"十二五"期间近岸海域环境形势和管理需求,在分析国内外监测技术发展趋势的基础上,提出现阶段近岸海域环境监测技术路线应以优化布点、现场采样、实验室分析、浮标自动监测和卫星遥感为基本手段,重点针对河口、海湾区域富营养化和生态效应问题,依托国家、省/分站、地(市)和县(区)四级监测运行模式,完善近岸海域质量、海岸带环境、陆源输入通量、监控预警和事故应急监测方法,构建基于生态目标的近岸海域环境综合监测和评价体系,并对各类监测点位、监测指标和监测频次进行了优化筛选。     

水生态完整性监测评价的基准与参照状态探究

水生态完整性评价通过对水生态系统中不同生态组分(非生物和生物)的监测,整合物理栖息地、环境水质和生物特征形成综合评价指数来反映水生态系统健康状况,是流域水环境管理的重要手段。笔者尝试从水生态完整性评价中基准与参照状态的核心要素出发,探讨基准与参照状态的概念框架与具体定义,综述评价参照状态的四大类确定方法(基于分类学的参照位点法、历史数据法,针对特定位点的模型预测法以及提供经验解释与描述的专家判断法),并对参照状态研究的挑战与应用予以展望。     

欧盟流域水环境监测与评价及对我国的启示

为提升我国水环境监测与管理能力,介绍了欧盟水框架指令关于水环境监测的规定,举例介绍了捷克、波兰和意大利等欧盟成员国的水环境监测与评价方法,并对我国在该领域的工作提出了一些想法。     

The Spatial-Scale Effect of an Atmospheric Environmental Impact Assessment in Regional Strategic Environmental Assessment (R-SEA)

When evaluating the atmospheric environment in regional strategic environment assessment (R-SEA), the variation and choice of the spatial scale have a substantial influence on the conclusions of the assessment. In this study, we used numerical simulation to investigate the spatial-scale effect. Two varying spatial extents and two varying spatial details of pollutant emission data (emission inventories in this case) were provided for numerical modeling, and output distributions of atmospheric pollutants at different air pollution levels were compared. The results show that the resolution and spatial range of data collection do indeed influence the atmospheric prediction and assessment results in R-SEA. The spatial-scale effect is more significant under the air pollution condition than under excellent and good air quality conditions. A comparison of varying spatial extents of emission inventory shows that narrowing the prediction area to a local scale is more conducive to identifying the impact of local pollution sources. A comparison of varying spatial details of emission inventory indicates that a higher resolution is favorable for identifying local high concentrations of pollutants and their locations.     

建设项目环境影响评价现状监测应注意的若干问题

建设项目环境影响评价现状监测是环境影响评价的基础,环评结论是否可信,在很大程度上取决于环境现状监测的代表性、公正性和准确性。结合工作经验,本文提出当前环评现状监测时应注意的几个问题。     

被动采样在水体中有机污染监测的应用:以PAHs为例

半透膜采样技术是一种可原位、连续、动态监测水环境中非极性、弱极性有机污染物的被动采样技术,已在国内外发展20余年,但在环境监测中使用很少。从半透膜被动采样特点、采样器构造入手,着重对应用该技术的环节进行剖析,同时涉及被动采样结果及其评价方法。最后以多环芳烃（PAHs）为例,综述了近年来SPMD技术监控水体中非极性、弱极性有机污染物的常用分析技术及其发展。     

基于环境质量监测的区域环境质量综合评价体系

环境质量的优劣直接关系到人类的生存和发展,如何对某一区域环境质量进行科学的综合评价对环境管理具有重要的理论和现实意义。根据环境质量评价指标的选择原则,以环境质量监测为基础,通过征求专家意见确定了能反映区域环境质量特性的指标及其权重,建立了区域环境质量的综合评价体系。并用此综合评价体系对四川省6个地区的环境质量进行了评价,计算了区域环境质量综合指数,结果表明,该评价体系简单、方便、适用性强且易于操作,为科学地评价和考核区域环境质量提供研究方法。     

Genetic Patterns as a Tool for Monitoring and Assessment of Environmental Impacts: the Example of Genetic Ecotoxicology

Genetic techniques are widely applied to assess the effects of environmental variation or exogenous impacts on populations. Many studies fail to provide convincing evidence that genetic patterns are attributable to the factors proposed. We assert that a rigorous approach must be followed to distinguish patterns of natural genetic variation from genetic change. We review the principles of natural genetic variation and population structure and present them in the context of their interaction with biological and stochastic sources of genetic change. Key steps are articulated which are often overlooked when applying genetic techniques. These are consideration of population structure when comparing populations, developing a specific test against a model of genetic change, and testing for evidence of direct effects and mechanisms of impact. Use of these steps in genetic ecotoxicology is described in detail and includes three primary methods of linking genetic patterns to the effects of contaminants. We propose that this combined approach is critical to the use of genetic techniques to assess and predict long-term effects of environmental impacts on populations or ecosystems.     

区域规划环评中大气环境监测点位布设研究

探讨了大气环境监测点位的布设方法,在区域规划环境影响评价布设大气监测点位时,应综合考虑开发区的功能区划分、区内产业分布及环境敏感点分布等情况;结合规划区内外现状及规划实施后重点污染源的位置及排放高度,根据区域污染气象条件,采用Gauss模式预测最大浓度落地点,并以此作为区域大气环境监测点的布设依据.对某区域开发规划案例进行了大气环境监测点位布设研究,通过实践,该布设方法不仅可以反映区域大气环境质量现状的空间分布特征,而且可以为区域大气环境预测提供良好的数据支持,为优化区域规划提供依据;同时,对规划后的污染源最大浓度落地点的监测,可以为单个项目的环境预测提供背景值,起到简化入区建设项目环评的作用.     

新疆生态环境监测指标体系与评价方法探讨

针对新疆荒漠生态 环境的独特 环境特征，以准确、快捷、客观反映荒漠生态环境质量为目的，建立了区域性荒 漠生态环境监测指标体系和评价方法，充分发挥生态监测网络站和各行业监测站的作用，做到信息共享，通过在新疆生态环境监测和质量评价中进行实践，证明所建指标 体系 和评价方法 具有一定的科学性和实用价值。     

氨基化有机-无机杂化整体柱分离富集环境水中五价砷

将四乙氧基硅烷(TEOS)和N-(β-氨乙基)-γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(AEAPTES)作为共聚前体,采用在毛细管内原位聚合的方式制备得到氨基功能化的有机-无机杂化整体柱,将其作为针式固相微萃取(SPME)介质,建立了现场分离富集环境水中As(V)的SPME方法,优化了有机-无机杂化整体柱富集As(V)的实验条件,并研究了整体柱对As(V)的吸附/洗脱性能和富集能力,实现了环境水样中As(V)的高效、快速、高选择性检测。     

上海市环境监测人员持证上岗考核工作实践及体会

较详细的介绍了上海市环境监测人员持证上岗考核等工作情况,并提出了工作中存在的一些问题及今后的考核思路和设想,旨在进一步提高环境监测质量管理水平。     

环境一号卫星CCD数据在生态环境监测和评价工作中的应用价值研究

基于环境一号卫星CCD传感器性能,从生态景观角度入手,针对江苏省地形地貌特征,开展了环境一号卫星CCD数据在生态环境监测和评价工作中的应用可行性研究,结果表明环境一号卫星CCD数据可以满足江苏省生态环境监测和评价工作需要,其时间分辨率和幅宽是开展生态监控和预警的重要优势。     

Environmental Monitoring and Impact Assessment of a Solid Waste Disposal Site

The objective of this study is an attempt to conduct an environmentalmonitoring and impact assessment of the On-Nooch solid waste disposal sitein Bangkok, Thailand. Four water and five air sampling stations (2 upwindand 3 downwind directions) were established at the site. Grab water samplesfrom leachate treatment plant and Khlong Song Hong, a nearby stream, werecollected during the rainy and dry seasons. Analytical results of the wastewater discharged by the leachate treatment plant, during dry season showedchemical oxygen demand: 618 mg/l; biochemical oxygen demand: 80 mg/l;suspended solid: 101 mg/l; Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen: 283 mg/l, which werestill higher than standard limit for effluents in Thailand. During the dryseason, results also showed widespread heavy metal pollution from leachate(chromium: 1.03 mg/l; manganese: 1.07 mg/l; mercury: 0.025 mg/l) and werehigher than the allowable level of heavy metals for the Industrial EffluentStandard in Thailand. The direct discharge of untreated leachate into inlandwater will cause considerable water pollution in the study area. Compositeair samples in this study area were collected during the rainy and dryseasons and were analyzed for methane (CH₄), carbon dioxide(CO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur dioxide(SO₂), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) andsuspended particulate matter (SPM). The average concentration of SPM rangedbetween 0.1–0.36 mg/m³ for 24-hour average, dependingupon the season. The level of CH₄ and CO₂ inthe ambient air of the study area were found to be 3.48–65.71mg/m³ and 886-1758 mg/m³ respectively which weremuch higher than the normal concentration of CH₄ andCO₂ in the air (CH₄: 2.41 mg/m³;CO₂: 585 mg/m³). Hence, adverse health andenvironmental effects could be expected from water and air pollution.     

新污染物环境暴露评估与调查监测总体要求

新污染物环境监测涉及新污染物识别、环境风险评估与管控成效评估等多个目标,科学的环境调查监测有助于最大程度支撑新污染物治理。分析了环境暴露评估对新污染物监测介质、监测尺度、监测数据质量及代表性等方面的要求,借鉴发达国家对新污染物的环境监测实践经验,提出了我国新污染物环境监测总体要求,主要包括：从筛查监测、评估监测和监督性监测3个层次开展监测,以发现问题、评估风险、监督成效。评估监测应包含污水处理厂活性污泥,排放源周边地表水、沉积物、大气、土壤、环境生物等介质,应符合局部尺度环境暴露评估对监测数据的要求,监测报告应包含足够的信息。     

我国典型村庄农村环境质量监测与评价

选取典型村庄,基于农村环境质量监测和评价方法,对典型村庄2014年农村环境质量进行监测和评价,结果表明:典型村庄环境空气质量状况总体良好,达标比例为82.0%,超标村庄多分布在中国西北地区;农村饮用水源地水质较差,总体水质达标比例为67.1%,地表水和地下水饮用水源地水质达标比例分别为89.8%和52.6%;农村地表水环境质量欠佳,Ⅰ~Ⅲ类水质断面占72.7%,饮用水水源地和地表水水质各地区均存在超标村庄;部分地区土壤重金属超标问题较为突出,出现监测项目超标情况村庄占20.6%,土壤超标村庄主要集中在中国东北、华中和华南等地区;农村生态质量状况相对较好,"较差"和"差"的县域主要分布在中国西北和华中北部地区。