Fe-5Mn-2Al-0.15C中锰钢连铸凝固偏析及粒子析出行为

为研究Fe-Mn-Al-C系中锰钢连铸凝固偏析及粒子析出特性,采用光学显微镜观察Fe-5Mn-2Al-0.15C中锰钢的显微组织,并通过Thermo-Calc热力学软件研究了其凝固模式、溶质元素偏析及粒子析出行为。结果表明,该中锰钢铸锭的显微组织主要为板条状马氏体,且含有少量铁素体;其凝固模式为L→L+δ→L+δ+γ→δ+γ→γ;Al元素的平衡分配系数大于1,发生负偏析,偏聚到δ-铁素体枝晶内部;而Mn、Nb、V、S等溶质元素发生正偏析,均偏聚到枝晶间。AlN主要在枝晶内析出,其析出温度为1 448 ℃;MnS、Nb和V的富集物主要在枝晶间析出,且MnS和Nb的富集物均在1 400 ℃以上开始析出,而V的富集物的析出温度为760 ℃。     

CaO-SiO2-FeOx-MgO氧化物体系液相区及相关系计算

焚烧垃圾底灰的主要氧化物组分为SiO2、CaO、Al2O3、Fe2O3、Na2O和MgO,该六元体系相关系和热力学性质对于焚烧底灰渣化处理中玻璃相形成以及重金属低浸出具有重要影响.本文运用计算热力学理论及相图计算方法,对CaO-SiO2-FeOx-MgO四元氧化物体系的热力学性质进行了研究,获得了描述该四元系液相吉布斯自由能的模型参数,并依此计算了不同温度及氧分压下SiO2-FeOx-MgO、CaO-SiO2-FeOx和CaO-SiO2-FeOx-MgO体系液相区和高铁区域的相关系.计算结果表明温度及氧分压对上述3个氧化物体系的液相区及高FeOx区域的相平衡关系具有较大影响     

Sn—In—Ag系焊料的热力学

不但通过试验，而且通过热力学模型对Ｓｎ－Ｉｎ－Ａｇ系无铅焊料进行了研究。根据得到的热力学和相平衡数据，完善了对Ａｇ－Ｉｎ和Ｉｎ－Ｓｎ两个二元系的热力学描述，并与已知的Ａｇ－Ｓｎ二元系相结合，得到完整的Ｓｎ－Ｉｎ－Ａｇ三元体系的热力学描述。得到的热力学参数作为凝固过程中温度的函数和扩散偏析的影响因数，用相关的相图和微观结构图模拟了合金的凝固过程。讨论了不同铁凝固过程及其与合金微观结构和机械性能的关系     

一种镍基单晶高温合金的显微偏析行为

研究了一种新型镍基单晶高温合金DD98铸态组织的显微偏析行为.实验结果表明,当合金以枝晶凝固时,组织中存在显微偏析.其中元素Mo、Cr、Ti、Ta、Al在枝晶间富集,Ti、Mo、Ta、Cr的偏析较为严重,Al的偏析程度相对小一些,Ni、Co、W为枝晶干偏析元素,其中W的偏析最为严重;共晶中富集Al、Ta、Ti、Ni,贫Co、W、Cr、Mo.凝固速率对枝晶偏析有显著的影响.随着抽拉速率的增加,元素Al、Mo、Co、Ti的偏析程度增加,而Ta的偏析程度降低,其它元素的偏析程度变化不大.     

一种镍基高温合金黑斑缺陷的组织分析及形成机理研究

研究一种镍基高温合金饼坯出现的宏观偏析＂黑斑＂区域相变行为及析出相的形成特点,并采用热力学相计算手段对合金黑斑区的相变规律和元素的热力学平衡分配进行计算。结果表明,合金中黑斑主要是富Ti的碳化物严重偏析造成。从黑斑的组织特点分析及热力学相计算可以得出,Ti在凝固过程中发生了强烈的枝晶间液态偏聚,同时C也有一定程度的偏聚,这些元素不同程度的液态偏聚行为是造成黑斑相富集的主要原因。     

热镀锌用锌铝镁合金的制备及组织结构分析

锌铝镁合金镀层具有优异的耐腐蚀性能、较高的切口自愈性和成形性能,高纯度锌铝镁合金的生产制备成为了国内外大型钢企的研究热点。河南豫光锌业有限公司采用工频感应炉制备了Zn-2%Al-2%Mg及Zn-5%Al-5%Mg两种热镀锌用锌铝镁合金,对其组织结构及成分偏析进行分析,表明合金组织呈均匀弥散分布,且无夹杂、氧化物存在; Zn-2%Al-2%Mg凝固组织主要由初生Zn相、Zn/MgZn_2二元共晶组织和Zn/MgZn_2/Al三元共晶组织组成; Zn-5%Al-5%Mg凝固组织中出现较多粗大的Al/MgZn_2二元共晶体和粗大的Mg_2Zn_(11)相。对Zn-2%Al-2%Mg进行重熔实验,结果表明重熔后无氧化渣存在;通过对合金锭横向及纵向进行取样分析,发现铝、镁横向偏析较小,纵向偏析在0.1%左右。本文对此次锌铝镁合金制备试验的详细过程及工艺参数进行了阐述,以期为相关研究人员提供参考。     

S31254超级奥氏体不锈钢凝固相转变的热力学分析

超级奥氏体不锈钢广泛应用于海洋、环保、化工等苛刻腐蚀环境。由于合金化程度较高，凝固过程凝固偏析严重，析出相多且复杂。本文结合热力学计算软件Thermo-Calc，分析S31254超级奥氏体不锈钢在凝固过程中组织的组成和析出相的演变规律，主要合金元素Mo、Cr、Ni、N在凝固过程发挥的功能及其对相组织演变的影响，Mo-Cr元素交互作用对凝固相组织演变影响规律。结果表明，该钢种液固相线温度分别是1 394.4℃和1 358.6℃，平衡凝固路径是L→γ，非平衡凝固路径是L→L₁+γ→L₂+γ+δ→γ+δ+σ。Mo偏析是导致σ相析出的主要原因，δ相和σ相析出时，液相中Mo含量分别为8.5%和11.3%。     

非平衡凝固对铸坯末端两相区长度的影响

通过分析代表性的正六棱凝固结构的微观偏析模型,结合实际多组元钢种,建立了钢的凝固过程溶质微观偏析有限差分模型。模型计算得到的非平衡固相线与Jernkontoret公布的有关实验数据吻合。20钢、45钢和U71Mn钢的280 mm×380 mm连铸坯传热计算模型的应用表明,采用非平衡固相线计算的铸坯中心两相区长度比采用平衡固相线计算的长,并且随钢中碳含量的增加而增大;修订的凝固参数与建立的模型能更准确地反映铸坯的凝固进程。     

多元合金两相区凝固过程的数值仿真研究

基于微观枝晶计算域内的溶质质量守恒关系，推导出适用于枝晶凝固方式的二元合金微观偏析半解析数学模型，并根据简单加合原理对模型进行了多元化扩展，应用扩展后的微观偏析模型针对浇铸钢种（视为Fe—C多元合金）的两相区凝固过程进行了数值仿真计算，通过仿真获得了连铸凝固传热计算中所需要的钢种的非平衡凝固路径及实际固相线温度，研究结果表明，本文所建立的多元合金两相区凝固计算微观偏析数学模型及其仿真程序具有较好的合理性和广泛的适用性，可以方便地在连铸过程静态及动态仿真计算中加以耦合运用。     

冷却速率对δ-TRIP钢包晶相变的影响

在钢的凝固过程中冷却速率对钢的相变具有不可忽视的影响。本研究采用Thermo-calc热力学软件,模拟计算了含Al 3.52%（质量分数）的δ铁素体相变诱导塑性（δ-TRIP）钢的相转变过程,并分别使用差示扫描量热法（DSC)和Ohnaka微观偏析模型,分析了不同冷却速率对3.52%Al δ-TRIP钢凝固过程中的包晶相变温度,以及溶质元素偏析的影响。结果表明,冷却速率越小,DSC试验所得的相变温度越接近Thermo-calc计算的热力学平衡值。随着冷却速率从10、30增加到50 ℃·min–1,L→L+δ的转变温度降低,L+δ→L+δ+γ和L+δ+γ→δ+γ的转变温度先降低后升高,前者主要受过冷度的影响,后者主要受元素偏析的影响。冷却速率对C、Mn、S的偏析影响很小,对Si、P、Al的偏析影响较大,并且随着冷却速率的增加,Si、P、Al偏析程度增加。Si和P的偏析会小幅度延缓包晶反应的进程;Al对改变包晶反应进程作用明显,随着冷却速率的增加,包晶反应区域逐渐下移,且下移趋势渐缓。      

The Evolution of As-cast Microstructure of Ternary Mg-Al-Zn Alloys: An Experimental and Modeling Study

A numerical formulation of solidification model which can predict the microsegregation and microstructural features for multicomponent alloys is presented. The model incorporates the kinetic features during solidification such as solute back diffusion, dendrite tip undercooling, and secondary arm coarsening. The model is dynamically linked to thermodynamic library for accurate input of thermodynamic data. The modeling results are tested against the directional solidification experiments for Mg-Al-Zn alloys. The experiments were conducted in the cooling rate range of 0.13 to 2.33 K/s and microstructural features such as secondary arm spacing, primary dendrite arm spacing, second phase fraction, and microsegregation were compared with the modeling results. Based on the model and the experimental data, a solidification map was built in order to provide guidelines for as-cast microstructural features of Mg-Al-Zn alloys in a wide range of solidification conditions.     

Simple model of microsegregation during solidification of steels

A simple analytical model of microsegregation for the solidification of multicomponent steel alloys is presented. This model is based on the Clyne-Kurz model and is extended to take into account the effects of multiple components, a columnar dendrite microstructure, coarsening, and the δ/γ transformation. A new empirical equation to predict secondary dendrite arm spacing as a function of cooling rate and carbon content is presented, based on experimental data measured by several different researchers. The simple microsegregation model is applied to predict phase fractions during solidification, microsegregation of solute elements, and the solidus temperature. The predictions agree well with a range of measured data and the results of a complete finite-difference model. The solidus temperature decreases with either increasing cooling rate or increasing secondary dendrite arm spacing. However, the secondary dendrite arm spacing during solidification decreases with increasing cooling rate. These two opposite effects partly cancel each other, so the solidus temperature does not change much during solidification of a real casting.     

Simulation of Microsegregation in Multicomponent Alloys During Solidification

A phase‐field model is applied to the simulation of microsegregation and microstructure formation during the solidification of multicomponent alloys. The results of the one‐dimensional numerical simulations show good agreement with those from the Clyne–Kurz equation. Phase‐field simulations of non‐isothermal dendrite growth are examined. Two‐dimensional computation results exhibit different dendrites in multicomponent alloys for different solute concentrations. Changes in carbon concentration appear to affect dendrite morphology. This is due to a larger concentration and a lower equilibrium partition coefficient for carbon. On the other hand, changes in phosphorus concentration affect the dendrites and interface velocity in multicomponent alloys during solidification when phosphorus content is increased from 10^?3 mol% P. With additional manganese, the solidification kinetics slow down; dendrite morphology, however, is not affected. The potential of the phase‐field model for applications pertaining to solidification has been demonstrated through the simulations herein.     

Microsegregation and Secondary Phase Formation During Directional Solidification of the Single-Crystal Ni-Based Superalloy LEK94

A multicomponent phase-field method coupled to thermodynamic calculations according to the CALPHAD method was used to simulate microstructural evolution during directional solidification of the LEK94 commercial single-crystal Ni-based superalloy using a two-dimensional unit cell approximation. We demonstrate quantitative agreement of calculated microsegregation profiles and profiles determined from casting experiments as well as calculated fraction solid curves with those determined in differential thermal analysis (DTA) measurements. Finally, the role of solidification rate on dendrite morphology and precipitation of the secondary phases is investigated and a new measure of the dendrite morphology is presented to quantify the effect of back diffusion on the amount of secondary phases.     

激光诱导击穿光谱原位分析仪和电子探针在CrMo耐磨铸钢元素偏析分析中的联合应用

CrMo耐磨铸钢是重要的耐磨钢铁材料,凝固过程中的溶质元素偏析是影响CrMo耐磨铸钢组织和性能的重要因素,了解凝固过程中的溶质元素偏析对于CrMo耐磨铸钢的工业化生产具有重要的借鉴意义。宏观偏析和微观偏析是衡量材料偏析程度的两个指标,准确的测量其偏析状况是研究溶质元素偏析的基础。实验以CrMo耐磨铸钢为研究对象,采用激光诱导击穿光谱原位分析仪(LIBSOPA)和电子探针(EPMA)分析钢锭不同部位的宏观偏析和凝固组织中的微观偏析,结果发现,Cr、V和Mn元素在CrMo耐磨铸钢铸锭中宏观偏析程度较小,偏析比接近1,而Mo元素宏观偏析程度较大,其最大宏观偏析比超过1.20;Cr、Mo、V和Mn元素在CrMo钢凝固组织中均存微观偏析,且随着冷却速度的增加,Cr、Mo、V和Mn微观偏析程度也随之增加,其最大微观偏析比分别为1.39、2.63、3.47和1.83。LIBSOPA与EPMA在CrMo耐磨铸钢元素偏析分析中的联合应用,对全面了解CrMo钢铸锭元素偏析,优化铸造以及后续的热加工工艺具有重要借鉴意义。     

Variations of Microsegregation and Second Phase Fraction of Binary Mg-Al Alloys with Solidification Parameters

A systematic experimental investigation on microsegregation and second phase fraction of Mg-Al binary alloys (3, 6, and 9 wt pct Al) has been carried out over a wide range of cooling rates (0.05 to 700 K/s) by employing various casting techniques. In order to explain the experimental results, a solidification model that takes into account dendrite tip undercooling, eutectic undercooling, solute back diffusion, and secondary dendrite arm coarsening was also developed in dynamic linkage with an accurate thermodynamic database. From the experimental data and solidification model, it was found that the second phase fraction in the solidified microstructure is not determined only by cooling rate but varied independently with thermal gradient and solidification velocity. Lastly, the second phase fraction maps for Mg-Al alloys were calculated from the solidification model.     

Microsegregation Model with Local Equilibrium Partition Coefficients During Solidification of Steels

A microsegregation model with local partition coefficients and temperature‐dependent diffusion coefficients based on the model of Ohnaka (I. Ohnaka, Trans. Iron Steel Ins. Jpn. 1986, 26, 1045) is proposed. In this model, multicomponent alloy effects and precipitations are considered, and the peritectic reaction can be indicated using the thermodynamic library ChemApp. The proposed model is validated by comparing the results to other models from the literature and to measured data. Local partition coefficients are calculated, and their significant influence on microsegregation prediction is shown. The characteristic temperatures determined using the proposed model are in good agreement with measured values.