杨凌地区‘媚丽’葡萄的采收期确定

目的：通过比较杨凌地区‘媚丽’葡萄不同采收期的果实香气、葡萄酒香气和葡萄酒颜色指标,确定出该地区‘媚丽’葡萄酿造红葡萄酒的最适采收时间。方法：进入转色期后对‘媚丽’果实进行定期采样,测定其理化成熟、酚成熟和果实香气变化;选取最佳理化成熟时间和酚成熟时间采收的‘媚丽’葡萄进行酿酒实验,测定香气成分和颜色指标。结果：8月24日,细胞成熟指数为0.061,种子成熟指数为0.521,为最佳酚成熟时间,该时间采收的葡萄酿造的葡萄酒香气最丰富,共检测到41?种香气化合物,总量为471.75?mg/L,且葡萄酒颜色亮度和红色色调也最符合干红葡萄酒的要求;最佳理化成熟时间相比酚成熟晚4?d,但其葡萄酒香气和颜色指标相比8月24日都较差。结论：杨凌地区‘媚丽’葡萄在达到酚成熟时所酿造的葡萄酒香气和颜色最佳。     

酿酒葡萄爱格丽、媚丽在夏县地区的栽培适应性研究

为了探索酿酒葡萄爱格丽（Ecolly）、媚丽（Meili）在山西省夏县的栽培表现,选择霞多丽（Chardonnay）为对照品种,通过田间调查确定了3个品种在夏县地区的物候期,在果实转色后进行成熟度监控,采收后酿造单品种葡萄酒并测定果实和葡萄酒的基本理化指标和酚类物质含量,并在休眠期采集一年生枝测定其抗寒性。结果表明,爱格丽和媚丽萌芽晚于霞多丽3～5 d,休眠期间二者的枝条抗寒性均强于对照品种霞多丽,可以实现免埋栽培。对葡萄和葡萄酒品质的分析表明,爱格丽、媚丽的各项指标均符合酿造优质葡萄酒的标准,且成熟较早,在实际生产上要把握好采收时机;霞多丽果实的酚类物质含量显著高于其他两品种（P<0.05）,但小容器酿造葡萄酒的酚类物质含量大多以媚丽为最高。爱格丽、媚丽在山西夏县栽培适应性较强,抗寒性强,果实及酿造葡萄酒品质优良,可以推广栽培。     

酿酒和鲜食葡萄酿造起泡葡萄酒品质差异研究

选用陕西地区的鲜食葡萄品种户太八号、夏黑和酿酒品种爱格丽、嘉年华、玫瑰香为原料,酿制小容器起泡葡萄酒,并对不同品种葡萄酿造的起泡葡萄酒进行酚类物质、香气物质及感官指标进行定量描述分析（QDA）比较。结果表明：不同品种葡萄果实及起泡葡萄酒总酚含量存在显著差异（P＜0.05）,鲜食葡萄品种的总酚含量高于酿酒葡萄品种,夏黑葡萄果实中的总酚含量最高,为（97.95±2.93） mg/g,5种起泡葡萄酒的基本指标均符合国家标准,其中酿酒品种中嘉年华及鲜食品种里户太八号起泡葡萄酒的酚类物质含量较高;5种起泡葡萄酒共检测出香气物质50种,其中玫瑰香起泡葡萄酒香气物质种类最多（33种）;QDA分析结果表明,爱格丽及夏黑起泡葡萄酒感官品质较佳,分别得分75.99分和81.80分。     

不同采收期对爱格丽葡萄酒及蒸馏酒香气成分的影响

目的：通过比较杨凌地区爱格丽葡萄不同采收期葡萄酒与蒸馏酒的香气成分,以期探索该地区爱格丽葡萄酿造蒸馏酒的最适采收期。方法：分别对8月18日、8月28日和9月5日采收的爱格丽葡萄进行酿酒、蒸馏实验,测定相关理化指标和香气成分。结果：8月28日采收的葡萄还原糖质量浓度最高,为（193.56±0.36）g/L,且葡萄酒中各多酚含量均最高;9月5日的葡萄酒中香气成分总量最高,且种类较丰富;8月18日的葡萄蒸馏酒中香气成分总量最高,种类较丰富。结论：3?个采收期中,9月5日的葡萄酒香气质量更优;而8月18日的蒸馏酒香气质量更优。     

不同熟性酿酒葡萄果实品质及酿酒特性研究

以陕西省杨凌地区不同熟性红色酿酒葡萄丹非德、嘉年华、梅尔诺、黑比诺及赤霞珠为试验原料,基于酿酒葡萄在杨凌地区的抗病性表现及葡萄果实中多酚物质的测定结果,结合单品种酿造酒的感官分析、酚类物质的组分及含量等指标的测定,分析不同熟性红色酿酒葡萄的果实品质与酿酒特性,以期筛选出最适于杨凌气候条件的红色酿酒葡萄。结果表明,该地区种植的早熟性酿酒葡萄病害较轻,但其糖类化合物积累量很低,不利于高品质葡萄酒的酿造;虽受本地气候因素影响,中晚熟性酿酒葡萄病情指数高于早熟品种,但其糖及多酚类物质积累状况较好,葡萄酒的感官品质也优于早熟品种。     

公酿一号混酿葡萄酒降酸效果及多酚组分评价

为解决公酿一号葡萄所酿造葡萄酒的高酸问题,以山东地区酿酒葡萄公酿一号为研究对象,分别与陕西地区的酿酒葡萄爱格丽和媚丽以不同比例进行调配和苹果酸-乳酸发酵。对公酿一号葡萄进行理化指标检测,并对复合葡萄酒进行品质分析比较。结果表明,公酿一号葡萄果实中的有机酸主要为酒石酸和苹果酸,当调配比例为3∶1(爱格丽或媚丽∶公酿一号,体积比)时,复合葡萄酒的总酸最低、pH最高,有机酸含量最低,感官品评得分也最高。表明使用爱格丽和媚丽分别与公酿一号混酿和苹果酸-乳酸发酵,2种方式均可有效降低公酿一号葡萄酒的酸度。     

媚丽葡萄酒品种香气成分的气味贡献研究

研究媚丽葡萄酒中品种香气成分的气味贡献,揭示葡萄酒典型香气特征的形成机制。媚丽葡萄采自陕西杨凌,采用干红葡萄酒工艺酿造葡萄酒样品,酒中品种香气成分的含量经发酵前不同冷冻处理调整,酿造次年5月进行葡萄酒品种香气成分与香气特征的分析。香气成分采用搅拌棒吸附萃取-气质联用仪进行定量分析。香气特征由20名经过"葡萄酒标准香气物质"培训的品尝员分析量化,量化数据综合香气术语的使用频率和强度分值。品种香气成分采用气味活性值评价,它们对典型香气特征的气味贡献用偏最小二乘回归方程中的系数表示。结果显示,在媚丽葡萄酒中共检测出19种品种香气成分,其中包括6种萜烯醇、3种去甲类异戊二烯化合物、2种C6化合物,其他8种苯衍生物、酚酸和肉桂酸系列化合物。采用活性香气成分构建典型香气特征的回归模型显示:媚丽葡萄酒中品种香气成分对花香、甜水果、温带水果和植物味等4类香气类型的回归效果很好。回归模型中香气成分的系数表明:一组香气成分共同作用产生一种香气特征,某一香气成分可能对几个香气特征有贡献。     

天山北麓产区4个葡萄品种酿酒品质探究

为探究天山北麓产区‘马瑟兰’‘紫大夫’‘丹魄’和‘蒙特布查诺’4个葡萄品种的酿酒品质,2018年在新疆中信国安葡萄酒业公司进行发酵试验,对各发酵阶段的葡萄酒基本理化指标以及成品酒中酚类物质进行检测,并进行感官品尝。结果显示,‘紫大夫’酚类物质最丰富,所酿造葡萄酒感官品评得分较高;‘马瑟兰’中非花色苷酚类物质含量最高,果香浓郁优雅;‘蒙特布查诺’酚类物质丰富,但颜色较浅;‘丹魄’的酚类物质含量最低,且香气较弱。研究结果表明,‘紫大夫’‘马瑟兰’在该产区均具有良好表现,较适宜于优质干红葡萄酒的酿造;而‘蒙特布查诺’与‘丹魄’是否适宜于该产区干红葡萄酒的酿造仍有待进一步深入探究。     

‘户太八号’与‘北冰红’混合酿造起泡葡萄酒研究

本试验以鲜食与酿酒兼用品种‘户太八号’与山葡萄‘北冰红’为原料,采用新工艺研发混酿起泡酒,并从基本理化指标、酚类物质、感官分析三个方面对起泡葡萄酒进行了综合评价。结果表明:不同处理起泡葡萄酒各项基本理化指标均符合国家标准要求;酚类物质含量随着不同处理的变化相应变化,酚类物质的总量相对较小,总量在307.63～472.35 mg/L浮动,酿造过程中应注意防止氧化。所酿起泡酒具有一定的涩感和较浓郁典型的香气。单品种纯汁酿造口感欠佳,评分最低为73.7与73.8。混合酿造整体较好,其中‘北冰红’与‘户太八号’葡萄按照1:3处理时感官评价得分81.5。综合以上进行质量评价,其中‘北冰红’与‘户太八号’葡萄按照1:3处理时,起泡葡萄酒质量表现最优。     

葡萄枝条堆肥化处理对葡萄酒质量的影响

为研究添加不同比例葡萄枝条制成的堆肥施入葡萄园后对葡萄酒质量的影响。选用8 a生‘黑比诺’葡萄为试材,将100%粉碎葡萄枝条（GB）、70%粉碎葡萄枝条+30%羊粪（GM1）、50%粉碎葡萄枝条+50%羊粪（GM2）、30%粉碎葡萄枝条+70%羊粪（GM3）、100%羊粪（SM）制成的堆肥施入葡萄园,并以不添加堆肥处理（CK）作为对照。在施肥1 a后取葡萄果实酿造葡萄酒,测定葡萄和葡萄酒的基本理化指标,葡萄酒中的酚类物质、颜色及香气物质,并对葡萄酒进行感官评价。结果表明：在使用堆肥1 a后,堆肥处理显著增加了黑比诺葡萄酒的酒精度、总酚、总花色苷、总黄烷-3-醇和总类黄酮的含量,其中酒精度和可滴定酸均表现为GM3处理提高幅度最大,分别提高了16.5%和24.03%。在颜色上堆肥处理增加了黑比诺葡萄酒的颜色饱和度。对香气物质进行正交偏最小二乘判别分析,结果表明不同堆肥处理的黑比诺葡萄酒中主要的差异香气物质为异戊醇,其次是乙酸乙酯、1-丙醇和苯乙醇,且添加葡萄枝条的堆肥处理提高了黑比诺葡萄酒中乙酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、己酸乙酯和辛酸乙酯的含量。感官质量表明,堆肥处理的黑比诺葡萄酒的涩感、苦味和甜...     

发酵前冷浸渍工艺结合橡木片处理 对干红葡萄酒品质的影响

以梅鹿辄和赤霞珠葡萄为原料,采用冷浸渍结合橡木片处理工艺进行葡萄酒的酿造试验,探究不同处理工艺对干红葡萄酒品质的影响。以传统工艺为对照(CK),对各处理酒样常规理化指标、酚类物质含量、色泽指标及感官质量进行分析,采用主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)法进行综合评价。结果表明:两个葡萄品种冷浸渍与橡木片处理所酿酒样中干浸出物、总酚、单宁、总类黄酮、总花色苷含量及色度值均显著高于CK酒样(P<0.05),且感官评分在冷浸渍结合橡木片处理酒样中达到最高,但冷浸渍与传统工艺添加橡木片处理组间感官评分无显著性差异(P>0.05)。PCA分析发现酚类物质含量与葡萄酒的感官特性密切相关,其中冷浸渍结合橡木片处理能够促进葡萄酒中酚类物质含量的积累,并有助于改善酒体色泽及稳定性,提高感官质量。本研究为酿造高品质干红葡萄酒的工艺优化提供了一定的理论基础和技术参考。     

陕西泾阳赤霞珠葡萄冷冻处理酿酒特性研究

葡萄酒中多酚、单宁等功能性成分主要来源于葡萄果皮中,为提高葡萄酒中的酚类物质含量,改善葡萄酒的口感,试验以陕西泾阳赤霞珠葡萄浆果为原料,分别在-20℃和-35℃两种不同温度下进行冷冻处理葡萄浆果并进行小容器酿酒试验,研究了葡萄原料经冷冻处理后葡萄酒中理化指标的差异变化,以及冷冻处理对葡萄酒感官特性的影响。结果表明：赤霞珠葡萄原料经-20℃和-35℃两种不同温度冷冻处理后,葡萄酒中单宁和总酚物质的含量显著增高,且-20℃冷冻处理后含量最高,其中单宁含量为29.54mg/L,总酚含量为129.71mg/L;葡萄原料经-20℃冷冻处理后,葡萄酒的外观、口感和总体评定显著提高。     

Grape and wine polymeric polyphenols: Their importance in enology

Phenolic compounds are important constituents of red wine, contributing to its sensory properties and antioxidant activity. Owing to the diversity and structural complexity, study of these compounds was mainly limited, during the last three decades, on their low-molecular-mass compounds or simple phenolic compounds. Only in recent years, much attention has been paid to highly polymerized polyphenols in grape and red wines. The reason for this is largely due to the development of analytical techniques, especially those of HPLC-ESI-MS, permitting the structural characterization of highly polymerized polyphenols. Furthermore, the knowledge on the biological properties of polymeric polyphenols of red wine is very limited. Grape polyphenols mainly consist of proanthocyanidins (oligomers and polymers) and anthocyanins, and low amount of other phenolics. Red wine polyphenols include both grape polyphenols and new phenolic products formed from them during winemaking process. This leads to a great diversity of new polyphenols and makes wine polyphenol composition more complex. The present paper summarizes the advances in the research of polymeric polyphenols in grape and red wine and their important role in Enology. Scientific results indicate that polymeric polyphenols, as the major polyphenols in grape and red wine, play a major role in red wine sensory properties, color stability and antioxidant activities.     

Relationship between Sensory Perception,Volatile and Phenolic Components in Commercial Spanish Red Wines from Different Regions

Polyphenols are an important fraction of the non-volatile components in the red wine matrix, and they are influenced in quantity and composition at all stages from the grape growing conditions until the time the wine is consumed. Evidence of their interaction with volatiles has been found, and this should affect wine flavour. A range of 12 commercial Spanish red wines from different regions and ages was analysed for their sensory properties, volatile composition in solution and headspace, and their non-volatile phenolic components. Maturation was the most important effect on sensory perception, while the chemical data showed also individual differences between the wines and their regions of production. Headspace volatiles and the phenolic fraction showed better correlations with the sensory perception, but volatiles in solution did not give a good prediction, though there were changes related to maturation. Some flavour components showed changes in their volatile behaviour in the matured wines. This supports the hypothesis that changes in the behaviour of the volatile fraction are related to the evolution of phenolic compounds.     

橡木片浸泡发酵对赤霞珠干红葡萄酒品质的影响

选用内蒙古乌海地区赤霞珠葡萄品种为原料,采用橡木片浸泡发酵法,酿制赤霞珠干红葡萄酒。通过测定比较发酵期间、发酵结束及陈酿后赤霞珠干红葡萄酒的理化指标并进行感官评定,确定最佳的橡木片添加量,进而提高赤霞珠干红葡萄酒品质。结果表明,在葡萄醪液中加入1 g/L的天然橡木片进行发酵及陈酿,最终得到的赤霞珠干红葡萄酒色度（2.35）、色调（0.84）、单宁（850.5 mg/L）、总酚（1 254.7 mg/L）均有明显改善且酒体较为稳定,明胶指数和盐酸指数最高分别为194.4 mg/L和195.0 mg/L,其感官评分为83分。因此,添加1 g/L天然橡木片浸泡发酵能改善赤霞珠干红葡萄酒品质。     

Comparing the effects of exogenous abscisic acid on the phenolic composition of Yan 73 and Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) wines

Phenolic compounds from red wines exert a strong influence on wine quality. Abscisic acid (ABA) is essential for the physiological and biochemical function of plants, but few investigators have thoroughly researched its effects on phenolic compounds in dyer grape varieties. The effects of exogenous ABA treatment on the phenolic composition and individual anthocyanin and non-anthocyanin phenolic contents of Yan 73 and Cabernet Sauvignon wines from the ABA-treated grapes, including anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, flavonols, phenolic acids, and stilbenes were compared. The phenolic compounds in the Yan 73 wine were different from those in the Cabernet Sauvignon wine. The phenolic content (anthocyanins and non-anthocyanins) of the Yan 73 wine was significantly higher than that of the Cabernet Sauvignon wine. The concentrations of the individual phenolic compounds were enhanced by the ABA treatment for the two different wine varieties. The effects on the compositions varied, a similar trend was observed for the ratios of Cy-derivative and Dp-derivative pigments from the two wine varieties, and all non-acylated pigments were enhanced. The stilbene content was enhanced, the ratios of flavan-3-ol dimers and dimer-glucosides were reduced, and the effects on the composition of other compounds varied between the two grape varieties.     

Characterization of Uva Longanesi Red Wine by Selected Parameters Related to Astringency

This research represents a first attempt to chemically characterize wines produced from the autochthonous grape variety, Uva Longanesi, based upon the phenolic compounds responsible for its high astringency as confirmed by preliminary sensory analysis. In addition, a wine produced from Sangiovese, the most popular grape variety in the Emilia-Romagna region, was analyzed for comparative purposes. Results showed that Uva Longanesi wine had a higher pH, alcohol concentration, and total dry extract than the Sangiovese wine. With regards to phenolic constituents, the Uva Longanesi wine had higher color parameters and greater concentrations of total phenolics, including monomeric anthocyanins, small polymeric pigments, and tannins. The phenolic composition of Uva Longanesi wine was found to be responsible for the high reactivity of the wine during fining trials.     

Matrix effects on the bioavailability of resveratrol in humans

The pharmacokinetics of resveratrol in 11 healthy male volunteers has been assessed in a randomized, crossover, controlled clinical trial after the administration of three grape products: red wine (250 mL), grape juice (1/L), or tablets (red wine extracts enriched with trans-resveratrol). Doses of trans-resveratrol independently of the product administered, were about 14 μg/kg. Biological samples were collected and analysed by capillary gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. cis-Resveratrol, trans-resveratrol and dihydroresveratrol were determined in plasma and urine. Plasma concentration of trans-resveratrol after hydrolysis increased as a response to all grape products and that of cis-resveratrol after wine and grape juice. Free forms of these phenolic compounds were deemed undetectable in plasma. Despite similar trans-resveratrol doses being administered, its bioavailability from wine and grape juice was 6-fold higher, than that from tablets. Resveratrol was better absorbed from natural grape products than from tablets, pointing out the importance of the matrix in its bioavailability.