The role of transesophageal echocardiography in atrial septal defect detected in adults

To assess the value of combined transesophageal echocardiography (TE) and transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) in the preoperative evaluation of atrial septal defect (ASD) 59 consecutive patients (aged 15-62, mean 38 yrs) with clinically or echocardiographically suspected ASD underwent TE and complete noninvasive hemodynamic study by TTE. ASD was found by TE in 48: fossa ovalis (FO) type in 36, sinus venosus (SV) type in 11 and primum type in 1. For FO and SV defect the sensitivity of clinical judgement was 83 and 0%, the specificity 39 and 100% resp., the sensitivity of TTE was 78 and 9%, the specificity 78 and 100%. The most frequently associated anomaly by TE was mitral valve prolapse (25%). SV defect was always associated with anomalous right upper pulmonary venous drainage, and left superior vena cava was found in 27% of SV defects. There was significant correlation between Qp/Qs measured by TTE and by catheterization (r = 0.64), but the Qp/Qs was not related to defect size. An excellent correlation was found between pulmonary artery systolic pressure measured by CW Doppler and catheterization (r = 0.98). In conclusion: 1) TTE combined with TE is reliable in the preoperative assessment of ASD in adults, 2) TE is not necessary if there are unequivocal clinical and TTE signs of an FO defect with significant left-to-right shunt, 3) TE is indicated in patients with signs of right ventricular overload or pulmonary hypertension if an ASD cannot be ruled out by TTE, 4) catheterization is necessary if all 4 pulmonary veins cannot be visualized by TE.     

经导管房间隔缺损封堵术后心脏形态大小变化的随访研究

目的评价房间隔缺损(ASD)患者经导管ASD封堵术后及随访中心脏形态和大小的变化。方法应用超声心动图分别测量36例ASD患者经导管ASD封堵治疗术前、术后3 d、术后3月和术后6月右室舒张末期前后径(RVEDD)、右房长径(RAD1)右房横径(RADt)、左室舒张末期前后径(LVEDD)、左室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)和左房前后径(LAD)。结果ASD封堵术后3 d及术后3月,RVEDD、RAD1、RAD t逐渐缩小;LVEDD、LVEDV和LAD逐渐增大。术后6月随访时,RVEDD继续缩小,LVEDD和LVEDV继续增大,RAD1、RADt和LAD无进一步变化。结论ASD封堵术治疗既减轻了右心容量负荷,使右房、右室内径缩小,也改善了左心的几何构型,使已经缩小的左房、左室逐渐增大恢复。     

血浆BNP水平与Tei指数对左向右分流型先天性心脏病患儿心功能的评价

目的:探讨血浆脑钠肽(BNP)及Tei指数在左向右分流型先天性心脏病(CHD)患儿中的变化及其对心功能评价的价值。方法:44例左向右分流型CHD患儿按心室容量负荷分为左心型组及右心型组,对照组20例。应用ELISA方法测定血浆BNP浓度;超声心动图测量左室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)、右室舒张末期内径(RVEDD)、肺循环血流量/体循环血流量(Qp/Qs)、左室射血分数(LVEF)及左室Tei指数,进行比较;22例CHD患儿接受手术治疗,手术前后进行比较。结果:①与对照组比较,左心型和右心型CHD组血浆BNP浓度均显著增高(P<0.001),左室Tei指数亦增大(P<0.05);②左心型和右心型CHD组血浆BNP浓度分别与LVEDD和RVEDD、Qp/Qs、左室Tei指数呈正相关;③手术后CHD患儿血浆BNP浓度和左室Tei指数均低于术前(P<0.01)。结论:血浆BNP水平及Tei指数是评价左向右分流型CHD患儿心功能的有效、敏感指标,可为临床诊治工作和疗效判断提供参考。     

心腔流场可视化的超声观察

本文简介了流场的概念以及心腔流场的研究技术,着重介绍了血流向量成像技术(VFM)的临床应用,包括左心室流场、右心房流场、肺静脉流场、左心耳流场、主动脉弓流场的观察,主动脉瓣反流的定量评估,定量体肺流量比Qp/Qs的准确性,评价房间隔缺损(ASD)、动脉导管未闭(PDA)患者左室腔涡流特征等。     

The role of multidetector computed tomography in the diagnosis in 3 patients with ischaemic heart complaints

Multidetector CT (MDCT) can provide important information before or after coronary angiography (CAG). This is illustrated by three cases. In a 21-year-old female with ventricle fibrillation CAG demonstrated an anomalous right coronary artery, the exact course of which could not be evaluated. MDCT demonstrated a course between the aorta and pulmonary trunk with vessel compression during systole. After a bypass operation and subsequent pacemaker implantation, she was asymptomatic at follow-up six weeks after hospital discharge. In a 46-year-old male with chest pain, MDCT showed triple vessel disease after which percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent implantation of the three main branches was performed. Two months after discharge, the patient did not report any complaints. In a 51-year-old male scheduled for PCI of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), MDCT detected a LAD thrombus with 90% occlusion prior to PCI. The occlusion was confirmed during CAG and treated with angioplasty. The next day he was discharged. MDCT offers a practical solution for different cardiac problems through its high diagnostic value.     

Anomalous origin of coronary arteries from the aorta

The authors report the series of 9 patients (6 male and 3 female, aged from 32 to 64 years) with anomalous origin of coronary arteries from the aorta discovered at coronary arteriography. In 4 cases, the circumflex, artery aries from the right coronary sinus and in 5 cases, the right coronary artery arises from the left coronary sinus. Severe atherosclerotic coronary disease was discovered in 5 cases. We conclude that aberrant coronary origin from the aorta is a rare congenital anomalous discovered usually at coronary angiography and certain patients with this anomalous can develop severe myocardial ischemia especially when a vessel runs between the aorta and pulmonary artery.     

Prolonged survival in a female with untreated tetralogy of Fallot

It has been reported that most patients with untreated tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) die by the time they reach adulthood. We report the case of a 72-year-old female diagnosed by echocardiography and cardiac cathetherization as having TOF and diagnosed at birth with a ventricular septal defect (VSD). During childhood, she was very thin and lacking in physical strength. On first consultation at our hospital, she was suffering from mild dyspnea, classified as NYHA functional class III, and her fingers were clubbed and cyanotic. Her PaO2 was 48.0 mmHg under room air, and hypoxia was recognized. An echocardiography and cardiac cathetherization showed a VSD, hypertrophy of the right ventricle, over-riding of the aorta and stenosis of the right ventricular outflow tract with a pressure gradient of 84 mmHg. There was a bidirectional shunt with 24% flow from the left to right and 43% from the right to left ventricle. Her Qp/Qs was 0.75. Surgical treatment was recommended. However, the patient refused, because her symptoms were alleviated with home oxygen therapy. This report shows the prolonged survival of this 72-year-old female with untreated TOF.     

先天性房间隔缺损对新生儿心脏结构和血流动力学的影响

目的:通过检测先天性房间隔缺损(atrial septal defect,ASD)新生儿心脏结构和血流动力学的变化,探讨其对新生儿的潜在危害。方法:利用彩色多普勒超声心动图检测68例先天性房间隔缺损患儿与82例正常新生儿心脏各腔室的大小、肺动脉内压力、三尖瓣反流等。结果:进行心脏彩超检查的原因以心脏杂音、紫绀、宫内窘迫或新生儿窒息、呼吸急促、肺动脉瓣第二心音亢进最常见。房间隔缺损有房间隔水平存在异常分流但探测不到回声失落的无缺损型34例,回声失落直径<5mm的小缺损型21例,回声失落直径≥5mm的大缺损型13例。三种类型对室间隔、左心室、主动脉、左室后壁的影响差异无显著性,但对右心房、右心室、肺动脉的影响程度与缺损直径有显著正相关;只有大型房间隔缺损型导致左心房扩张;缺损和分流束的直径与肺动脉压力增高、三尖瓣反流率、反流面积也有显著正相关;但分流方向与缺损直径无关。结论:新生儿先天性ASD以轻型最多见,可导致新生儿心脏结构和血流动力学的异常改变。     

Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the pulmonary artery and mitral regurgitation in a newborn

Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery (RCA) from the pulmonary artery (PA) is a rare congenital anomaly, and only 28 cases have been reported in the pediatric age group. We describe the case of an infant who had progressive mitral regurgitation and papillary muscle dysfunction in association with anomalous origin of the RCA from the PA. The diagnosis was made by color flow Doppler, confirmed by angiography, and the case was successfully corrected by reimplantation of the anomalous RCA to the aorta. This is only the second case of anomalous origin of the RCA from the PA diagnosed in infancy without an associated congenital anomaly of the heart and great vessels.     

冠状动脉慢性完全阻塞性病变的分布特征及其与侧支循环间的相关性分析

目的 研究冠状动脉慢性完全阻塞性病变的分布特征及其与侧支循环间的相关关系。方法 用SPSS统计软件分析113例冠状动脉旁路术患者的临床基线资料和冠状动脉造影资料。结果 慢性完全阻塞性病变6l例(7l处)，分布于：左主干l例(0．9％)；前降支近段17例(15．0％)、中段9例(8．0％)、远段3例(2．7％)；回旋支近段5例(4．4％)、中段6例(5．3％)、远段3例(2．7％)；右冠状动脉近段9例(8．0％)、中段l0例(8．8％)、远段8例(7．1％)。侧支循环72例(63．7％)，慢性完全阻塞性病变与侧支循环间的直线相关系数r=0．707(P=0．000)。结论 冠状动脉慢性完全阻塞性病变多见于前降支、右冠状动脉的近、中段，与侧支循环间有高度正相关性。     

Anomalous coronary artery found in the syncopal workup of an elderly man

Syncope, defined as a transient loss of consciousness, is seen in 1% of all visits to emergency departments and urgent care clinics in the United States. Syncope is categorized as cardiogenic, neurologic, or psychogenic. Anomalies of the coronary arteries are rare, and anomalous coronary arteries present as syncope more often in the young than in the elderly; syncope rarely occurs in patients 65 years of age and older. There are 2 major variants of coronary anomalies. In the first variant, the left main coronary artery arises from the right aortic sinus. In the second variant, the right coronary artery arises from the left aortic sinus. The risk of sudden death is higher in patients with the left coronary artery arising from the right aortic sinus. We present a case of an anomalous coronary artery discovered during the syncopal workup in a 66-year-old man because no such cases have been published in the United States. We will discuss the management of anomalous coronary arteries as well as a systematic approach to the diagnosis and management of syncope.     

右肺动脉起源于升主动脉产前及产后超声诊断与漏诊分析

目的：探讨右肺动脉起源于升主动脉的产前产后超声图像特征,回顾胎儿心脏产前超声图像,分析漏诊原因。方法分析2例右肺动脉起源于升主动脉的婴幼儿病例的超声图像特征,总结特点,与产前胎儿超声图像做对比分析。结果2例患儿右肺动脉起源于升主动脉产前心脏超声图像均未显示出右肺动脉,产后超声心动图检查发现均为右肺动脉起源于升主动脉,1例合并动脉导管未闭,1例未合并其它畸形。结论肺动脉异常起源于升主动脉有特征性表现,产前超声检查可做出诊断。     

Coexistent congenital aortic defects, aneurysm of sinus of valsalva, atrial septal defect and infective endocarditis: a case report

Coarctation of the Aorta is frequently associated with bicuspid aortic valve. This is a risk factor for infective endocarditis. Aneurysm of a sinus of Valsalva is a rare defect with a prevalence of 0.09%. They are associated in 10% of cases with a bicuspid aortic valve and less frequently with coarctation of the aorta and atrial septal defect. It is extremely rare the association of coarctation of the aorta with an atrial septal defect. This is one of the first cases reported in Puerto Rico of an adult patient with coarctation of the aorta in association with a bicuspid aortic valve, a ruptured aneurysm of a sinus of Valsalva and an atrial septal defect. The patient is a 22 year old male with coarctation of the aorta diagnosed since childhood who was admitted at the Cardiovascular Center of Puerto Rico with signs of heart failure due to infective endocarditis secondary to a teeth infection. Upon evaluation with transthoracic and transesophageal echos, he was found to have a coarctation at the aortic isthmus, aortic root dilatation, bicuspid aortic valve with vegetation, severe aortic and tricuspid regurgitation, aneurysm of the non coronary sinus of Valsalva with perforation to the right atrium, biatrial enlargement and a dilated right ventricle. Successful antibiotic treatment of endocarditis was achieved followed by surgical replacement of the aortic valve and ascending aorta with closure of the non coronary sinus of Valsalva was done. An secundum atrial septal defect was found and was also closed. Surgical correction of the coarctation of the aorta was postponed for a future time. The patient had a successful postsurgical recovery and was discharged home with anticoagulation treatment.     

Descriptive epidemiology of selected congenital heart defects, Hawaii, 1986-1999

Congenital heart defects are the most common type of birth defect and contribute the most to infant mortality due to birth defects. This study examined the relationship between several demographic factors and selected congenital heart defects among the unique multiethnic population in Hawaii during 1986-99, using data from a population-based birth defects registry. Rates were significantly higher in 1993-99 than in 1986-92 for transposition of the great arteries and Ebstein's anomaly, and significantly lower for tetralogy of Fallot. Significantly elevated rates were found with maternal age of > or =35 years for ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, endocardial cushion defect, and hypoplastic left heart syndrome. When cases with a known chromosomal abnormality were excluded, elevated rates among the older maternal age group remained for ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, and hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Whites had significantly higher rates than one or more of the other racial/ethnic groups for Ebstein's anomaly and coarctation of aorta, and significantly lower rates for tetralogy of Fallot, atrial septal defect, pulmonary valve atresia/stenosis, tricuspid valve atresia/stenosis, and anomalous pulmonary venous return. Significantly higher rates were found among males for transposition of great arteries, aortic valve stenosis, and interrupted aortic arch and, among females, for ventricular septal defect, endocardial cushion defect, and anomalous pulmonary venous return. Some of these differences were consistent with the literature while others were not.     

Left coronaroventricular microfistula

Left coronaroventricular microfistulae is a rare malformation. The authors report 11 cases of microfistulae between coronary arteries and left ventricle diagnosed by coronary arteriographies. These cases include 6 men and 5 women. Patient's mean age was 54.4 years. The symptoms were suggestive of coronary pathology. The ECG showed myocardial ischemia signs in 5 cases. The other patients had a positive exercise-test. Microfistulae originated from the left anterior descending artery were seen in 5 cases, from the right coronary artery in 2 cases, from the circumflex in 1 case and from the lateral artery in 1 case. The microfistulae originated from both left anterior descending artery and right coronary artery were observed in 2 patients. The main mechanism of myocardial ischemia seems to be related to the coronary steal phenomenon. The diagnosis of the microfistulae is based on coronary arteriography with late recorder angiographic images. The treatment is essentially medical. Surgical and transcatheter treatments are exceptional and must be considered in only severe forms with refractory medical treatment.     

双血管桥在冠状动脉前降支多处局限性狭窄中的应用

目的探讨双血管桥在冠状动脉前降支多处局限性狭窄中的应用与疗效。方法回顾性分析106例冠状动脉前降支多处局限性狭窄外科治疗患者的临床资料。依手术方法不同分为两组,改良组56例,采用前降支搭双血管桥。对照组50例,采用搭单支血管桥至前降支狭窄段远端。结果两组年龄、性别构成、体质量指数、左心室射血分数、体外循环时间、气管插管时间、住院时间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。改良组术后发生心绞痛1例、左心室大小为（51±6）mm、左心室射血分数为（60．8±8．0）％,对照组分别为9例、（43±6）mm、（55．1±10．0）％,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论双血管桥在冠状动脉前降支多处局限性狭窄中应用安全、有效。     

Right atrial myxoma with hypervascularity demonstrated by selective coronary angiography.

Cardiac myxoma is the commonest primary cardiac tumor, however, the incidence of right atrial myxoma is very rare. We reported a 71-year-old man with a right atrial myxoma, whose main complaint was fever of unknown origin. Definite diagnosis was confirmed by echocardiography and cineangiocardiography. Venacavogram revealed huge mass which occupied greater part of right atrial cavity. Coronary angiogram revealed the feeding artery arising from left coronary circumflex artery and the sign of hypervascularity. Open heart surgery was performed, and a 4.9 x 4.0 x 3.8 cm tumor was found in the right atrial cavity. Pathological examination showed the findings of myxoma. Postoperative clinical course was uneventful.     

全胸腔镜非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术的动物实验研究

目的研究全胸腔镜非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术的可行性。方法家猪8头,体重35⁴5kg,在双侧胸壁打孔,取双侧乳内动脉。将左侧乳内动脉旁路移植至前降支,右侧乳内动脉旁路移植至右冠状动脉。结果 8头实验猪全部成活,总共成功游离左侧乳内动脉8条,右侧乳内动脉8条。共行吻合口16个。左侧乳内动脉与前降支的吻合时间为2545kg,在双侧胸壁打孔,取双侧乳内动脉。将左侧乳内动脉旁路移植至前降支,右侧乳内动脉旁路移植至右冠状动脉。结果 8头实验猪全部成活,总共成功游离左侧乳内动脉8条,右侧乳内动脉8条。共行吻合口16个。左侧乳内动脉与前降支的吻合时间为25⁴2 min,平均(37±15)min。右侧乳内动脉与右冠状动脉的吻合时间为3642 min,平均(37±15)min。右侧乳内动脉与右冠状动脉的吻合时间为36⁵2 min,平均(44±9)min。术后除1例右侧乳内动脉与右冠状动脉吻合口狭窄外,其余吻合口通畅情况均良好。结论全胸腔镜非体外循环下行左右冠状动脉旁路移植术是可行的,家猪是良好的合适的动物训练模型。     

微创切口小儿心内直视手术56例临床分析

目的 报告一组小儿先天性心脏病采用微创切口手术治疗的经验。方法 全组56例病儿中继发孔房间隔缺损（ASD）25例,室间隔缺损（VSD）26例,右室双腔心（DCRV）2例,肺动脉狭窄（PS）3例。右前外侧小切口不停跳、不阻断主动脉心内直视手术23例,胸部正中小切口33例。结果 除1例因术中显露差改作常规切口,全组56例无手术死亡,无严重并发症。病儿术后恢复快,平均住院时间8d。结论 微创切口小儿心内直视手术创新小、美观、痛苦少、恢复快、住院时间短、安全有效,尤其适应于继发孔房缺及膜部或膜周室缺修补手术。     

先天性心脏病复合畸形的临床介入治疗策略探讨及评价

目的研究先天性心脏病复合畸形经心导管介入治疗的病例选择、手术方法、疗效、安全性及评价。方法选择2008年1月至2008年12月在本院接受同期介入治疗的11例复合型先天性心脏病患儿为研究对象。其中,男性患儿为3例,女性为8例,平均年龄为（4.08±2．64）岁,最小为5个月,最大为10岁。本组先天性心脏病复合畸形类型包括：3例室间隔缺损（ventricular septal defect,VSD）合并动脉导管未闭（patent ductus arteriosus,PDA）,3例房间隔缺损（atrial septal defect,ASD）合并肺动脉瓣狭窄（pulmonary stenosis,PS）,2例房间隔缺损合并动脉导管未闭,1例房间隔缺损合并室间隔缺损,2例动脉导管未闭合并主动脉缩窄（coarctation of aorta,COA）,其中1例为同期介入治疗。介入治疗复合畸形的顺序为：肺动脉瓣球囊扩张术或主动脉球囊扩张术、室间隔缺损封堵术、动脉导管未闭封堵术、房间隔缺损封堵术（本研究遵循的程序符合本院人体试验委员会所制定的伦理学标准,得到该委员会批准,取得受试对象的知情同意,并与试验患儿监护人签署临床研究知情同意书）。结果11例患儿均成功封堵,手术顺利。术后X射线心脏造影及彩超提示,封堵器成形好,未见残余分流。术中、术后均未见严重并发症。其中,1例室间隔缺损术后心电图提示不完全右束支传导阻滞,给予地塞米松治疗后,心电图复查正常。结论介入治疗单纯性先天性心脏病的技术目前比较成熟,成功率高,但复合型先天性心脏病同期进行介入治疗,其操作较复杂,技术难度较高。本研究证明,若掌握恰当手术指征,制定合理操作策略,手术过程仔细、谨慎,介入治疗的可行性、安全性是较肯定的。