下肢关节置换术后感染的危险因素及预防方法

下肢关节置换术如全髋关节置换术和全膝关节置换术是骨科手术中较为成熟的手术方式,术后感染是关节置换术的一项严重的并发症,将引起疼痛、功能受限、治疗费用增加等.控制术后感染的关键在于预防.术前、术中、术后存在多种影响术后感染的危险因素,本综述将对各种术前、术中、术后的危险因素以及相应预防方法作一总结.     

中国骨科手术加速康复切口管理指南

骨科手术常见切口并发症包括切口渗液、出血、肿胀、水泡、瘀斑、感染、愈合不良、瘢痕等,切口并发症是影响患者术后加速康复以及非计划再手术的主要原因。因此,加强骨科手术切口管理是实施加速康复的重要环节。通过查阅文献,基于国家卫生计生委公益性行业科研专项《关节置换术安全性与效果评价》项目组数据库大样本数据分析,遵循循证医学原则,经过全国专家组反复讨论,编制本指南,供广大骨科医师在临床工作中参考。本指南包含三部分。第一部分是对切口并发症危险因素的评估,期望减少危险因素,降低切口并发症;第二部分介绍骨科手术切口缝合技术;第三部分是各种常见切口并发症的定义、病因及防治。     

人工膝关节置换术后发热特点及趋势的相关分析

背景：围手术期发热在人工膝关节置换术患者中十分常见,但关节术后感染尤其是假体周围感染可产生灾难性后果,因此骨科医师对其患者术后发热仍难免特别担心。 目的：探讨人工膝关节置换术后发热的相关特点和趋势,以及人工膝关节置换术后发热与感染等因素的潜在关系。 方法：回顾性分析2009年7月至2012年5月行膝关节置换术的700例患者的病历资料。详细记录每例患者术前1 d至术后10 d每天的最高体温,术后血红蛋白丢失量、是否输血、麻醉方式、是否发生感染及感染类型等。 结果：351例（50.1%）人工膝关节置换术患者出现术后发热。在发热患者中,第1次发热症状最常出现在术后第1天（204例,占所有发热病例数的58.1%）,手术当日（55例,15.7%）和术后第2天（62例,17.7%）次之。整个住院期间的最高体温最常出现在术后第1天（168例,47.9%）、第2天（125例,35.6%）。25例（3.6%）患者发生术后感染事件,术后发热与感染事件、输血显著相关;与年龄、性别、血红蛋白丢失、麻醉方式等因素之间没有显著的相关性。在感染事件中,呼吸系感染最易引起术后发热。 结论：人工膝关节置换术患者术后发热与感染事件、输血明显相关,而连续发热、超过39℃的发热尤其需要引起医师对术后感染的警惕。     

局部措施预防骨科手术部位感染研究进展

减少手术部位感染(SSI)发生有多种针对性的局部措施,分为术前措施和术中措施。术前耐甲氧西林金葡菌(MRSA)筛查可降低金黄色葡萄球菌携带率,但对非MRSA携带者不推荐常规使用;术前使用洗必泰可减少SSI,但必须予以护理干预;手术贴膜在手术中使用较广泛,但仍需更多随机对照研究;骨科手术中推荐使用0.35%碘伏浸泡切口3min后再冲洗以减少SSI发生,但配置碘伏溶液时需严格无菌操作;脊柱外科手术中局部应用万古霉素粉可减少SSI发生,但其在创伤骨科、关节外科等其他骨科手术中的作用仍有待研究;尚无大量证据支持使用切口负压吸引治疗(INPWT)可减少关节置换术后患者SSI发生,但其对于减少创伤骨科手术SSI发生仍有较大意义;银离子敷料预防SSI效果较好,也可与INPWT联合应用。该文对局部措施预防骨科SSI的效果及其影响因素作一综述。     

预防手术部位感染最新指南营养支持及相关措施解读

手术部位感染(SSI)是外科最常见的术后并发症,涉及医疗质量和医疗安全。手术难度和复杂程度的提高,同时微创外科、加速康复外科的快速发展等均对SSI预防提出了新的挑战。尽管国内外提出多个针对手术部位感染预防的指南,但其发生率并无明显变化。关于预防SSI,特别是相关措施如加强围手术期营养支持、强化血糖控制、术前肠道准备、术中术后液体治疗量和控制超重肥胖等环节应用,均有指南推荐或实施方案,但循证医学证据级别和具体内容不同。SSI的预防应从各个相关角度着手,引起社会及医院各方面的重视,针对性制定并推广规范化的诊治措施,并设法提高指南意见在医护人员及病人中的依从性。     

关节置换术后不引流的研究进展

关于关节置换术后引流的问题,临床上一直存在着争论。有研究表明,闭式负压引流（closed suction drainage,CSD）可以减少关节置换术后伤口内血肿形成、降低伤口张力、减少伤口疼痛和愈合不良等并发症,减少深部感染发生率,有利于关节功能早期康复^[1-5]。临床上,多数骨科医师也把CSD作为关节置换术后的常规处置。而在另一些学者的研究中,CSD上述优点并未都能得到证实,反而增加了术后出血量、输血需求及感染机会等并发症,影响术后功能锻炼,     

全髋关节置换术假体周围感染的处理（一）

全髋关节置换术（THA）是骨科最常见的手术之一。尽管初次THA术后深部感染率相对低,但其带来的经济负担、残疾、甚至死亡具有潜在的破坏性。由于有越来越多的老年患者需要行关节成形术,感染的预防和应该最优化治疗,以减少患者与医疗系统直接和间接的代价。     

保留假体的关节清创术结合术后持续灌洗治疗人工关节置换术后急性假体周围感染

[目的]探讨在急性假体周围感染的治疗中,保留假体的关节清创术结合术后持续关节腔灌洗的疗效及影响该治疗方法疗效的因素.[方法]回顾性研究2003年6月～2009年3月间采用保留假体的关节清创术结合持续灌洗治疗人工关节置换术后假体周围急性感染的11例病例.其中髋关节置换术后感染6例,膝关节置换术后感染5例.置换术后早期急性感染(＜4周)7例,急性血行播散性感染4例.保留假体的关节清创术前常规检查血沉、C反应蛋白,所有病例术前均行关节穿刺细菌培养或分泌物细菌培养,术中常规行关节液细菌培养.髋关节清理时应脱出股骨头后彻底清理关节内炎性病灶.膝关节清理时应取出聚乙烯衬垫,彻底清除后关节囊内可疑感染病灶,更换新的聚乙烯衬垫.其中3例关节清创术在发现关节急性感染后的1周内实施.[结果]经平均41.4个月随访,6例患者无感染复发迹象,其中关节置换术后早期感染病例4例,急性血行播散性感染病例2例,感染治愈率为54.5%.[结论]保留假体的关节清创术结合术后持续关节腔灌洗对人工关节置换术后早期急性感染和急性血行播散性感染治疗效果良好,如手术能在症状出现4周内尽早实施,部分患者的感染可得到控制.细菌的种类和毒力是影响该手术方式疗效的重要因素.     

HIV阳性患者骨科疾病手术部位感染的研究进展

手术部位感染(SSI)是外科最常见的并发症,HIV阳性患者因自身因素和其他感染相关因素更容易出现手术部位感染的问题,成为威胁HIV阳性患者健康问题的又一危险因素。研究表明,HIV阳性患者骨科疾病手术部位感染发生率显著高于正常骨科疾病患者,但目前关于HIV阳性患者骨科手术部位感染的研究并未取得明显的进展,骨科手术部位感染危险因素的分析及预防等问题亟待解决。本文从脊柱、创伤、关节三方面对近年来国内外HIV患者骨科疾病手术部位感染相关研究做一综述,为临床医生和研究者提供参考。     

骨科无菌手术切口感染原因分析及早期处理措 施简

目的探讨骨科无菌手术切口感染原因及早期处理措施。方法4444例骨科无菌手术患者发生感染27例,从手术时机、手术持续时间、软组织损伤程度、抗生素应用、是否合并糖尿病及术区处理情况等方面分析感染原因;对于感染患者将分步处理与发现后早期彻底处理结果进行比较。结果急诊手术、手术时间延长（〉3h）、软组织损伤重、抗生素应用不合理、合并糖尿病及术区处理不当是引发骨科无菌手术切口感染的原因;感染后尽早彻底处理效果明显优于分步处理。结论针对感染原因积极预防无菌手术切口感染至关重要;感染明确后尽早干预效果理想。     

Incidence of surgical site infection following adult spinal deformity surgery: an analysis of patient risk

Surgical site infection (SSI) following spinal surgery is a frequent complication and results in higher morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs. Patients undergoing surgery for spinal deformity (scoliosis/kyphosis) have longer surgeries, involving more spinal levels and larger blood losses than typical spinal procedures. Previous research has identified risk factors for SSI in spinal surgery, but few studies have looked at adult deformity surgeries. We retrospectively performed a large case cohort analysis of all adult patients who underwent surgery for kyphosis or scoliosis, between June 1996 and December 2005, by our adult spine division in an academic institution to asses the incidence and identify risk factors for SSI. We reviewed the electronic patient records of 830 adult patients. SSI was classified as deep or superficial to the fascia. 46 (5.5%) patients were found to have a SSI with 29 patients (3.5%) having deep infections. Obesity was found to be an independent risk factor for all SSI and superficial SSI (P = 0.014 and P = 0.013). As well, a history of prior SSI was also found to be a risk factor for SSI (P = 0.041). Patient obesity and history of prior SSI lead to increased risk of infection. Since obesity was related to an increased risk of both superficial and deep SSI, counseling and treatment for obesity should be considered before elective deformity surgery.     

MRSA colonisation and subsequent risk of infection despite effective eradication in orthopaedic elective surgery

The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of screening and successful treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonisation in elective orthopaedic patients on the subsequent risk of developing a surgical site infection (SSI) with MRSA. We screened 5933 elective orthopaedic in-patients for MRSA at pre-operative assessment. Of these, 108 (1.8%) were colonised with MRSA and 90 subsequently underwent surgery. Despite effective eradication therapy, six of these (6.7%) had an SSI within one year of surgery. Among these infections, deep sepsis occurred in four cases (4.4%) and superficial infection in two (2.2%). The responsible organism in four of the six cases was MRSA. Further analysis showed that patients undergoing surgery for joint replacement of the lower limb were at significantly increased risk of an SSI if previously colonised with MRSA. We conclude that previously MRSA-colonised patients undergoing elective surgery are at an increased risk of an SSI compared with other elective patients, and that this risk is significant for those undergoing joint replacement of the lower limb. Furthermore, when an infection occurs, it is likely to be due to MRSA.     

Surgical site infection following elective orthopaedic surgeries in geriatric patients: Incidence and associated risk factors

The purposes of this study were to investigate the incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) following geriatric elective orthopaedic surgeries and identify the associated risk factors This was a retrospective two‐institution study. Between January 2014 and September 2017, patients aged 60 years or older undergoing elective orthopaedic surgeries were included for data collection and analysis. SSI was identified through the review of patients' medical records for the index surgery and through the readmission diagnosis of SSI. Patients' demographics, characteristics of disease, surgery‐related variables, and laboratory examination indexes were inquired and documented. Univariate and multivariate logistic analyses were performed to determine independent risk factors for SSI. There were 4818 patients undergoing elective orthopaedic surgeries, and within postoperative 1 year, 74 patients were identified to develop SSIs; therefore, the overall incidence of SSI was 3.64%, with 0.4% for deep and 1.1% for superficial infection. Staphylococcus aureus (25/47, 53.2%) and coagulase‐negative staphylococci (11/47, 23.4%) were the most common causative pathogens; half of S. aureus SSIs were caused by Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (12/25, 48.0%). Five risk factors were identified to be independently associated with SSI, including diabetes mellitus (odds ratio [OR], 3.7; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.7‐5.6), morbid obesity (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.3‐3.9), tobacco smoking (OR, 4.2; 95% CI, 2.1‐6.4), surgical duration>75th percentile (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.0‐2.9), and ALB < 35.0 g/L (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.3‐3.4). We recommend the optimisation of modifiable risk factors such as morbid obesity, tobacco smoking, and lower serum albumin level prior to surgeries to reduce the risk of SSI.     

Infection rate and risk factor analysis in an orthopaedic ambulatory surgical center

Surgical site infections (SSI) are a costly problem. The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of infection and identify patient and technical risk factors for SSI in an orthopaedic ambulatory surgical center. Over 11,000 consecutive orthopaedic surgeries over 5 years were reviewed for SSI as well as demographic, medical, and surgical risk factors. Nearly 400 noninfected patients served as statistical controls. The overall infection rate was 0.33%, which compares favorably to previous studies of outpatient surgery and appears to be substantially lower than SSI rates previously reported for inpatient orthopaedic surgery. Male sex, smoking, and diabetes demonstrated significantly higher risk for infection. Surgery time and duration of anesthesia administration were also associated statistically with SSI. A history of cancer, hypertension, or thyroid problems were all associated with higher but statistically insignificant risk of SSI. Patient age and number of past surgeries were equal in the SSI and control groups.     

Elective colon and rectal surgery differ in risk factors for wound infection: results of prospective surveillance

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to clarify the incidence and risk factors for developing incisional surgical site infection (SSI) in both elective colon and rectal surgery. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: SSI is a frequent complication after elective colorectal resection. The National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance system surveys all colorectal surgeries together, without differentiating the type of colorectal surgery performed. However, rectal surgery may have a higher risk for SSI, and identifying risk factors that are more specific to each procedure would be more predictive. METHODS: We conducted prospective SSI surveillance of all elective colorectal resections performed by a single surgeon in a single institution from November 2000 to July 2004. The data for colon and rectal surgeries were collected separately. The outcome of interest was incisional SSI. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the predictive significance of variables in each type of surgery. RESULTS: A total of 556 colorectal resections, consisting of 339 colon and 217 rectal surgeries, were admitted to the program. The incisional SSI rates in colon and rectal surgeries were 9.4% and 18.0%, respectively (P = 0.0033). Risk factors for developing incisional SSI in colon surgery were ostomy closure (OR = 7.3) and lack of oral antibiotics (OR = 3.3), while in rectal surgery, risk factors were preoperative steroids (OR = 3.7), preoperative radiation (OR = 2.8), and ostomy creation (OR = 4.9). CONCLUSIONS: Colon and rectal surgeries differ with regard to incidence and risk factors for developing incisional SSI. SSI surveillance for such surgeries should be performed separately, as this should lead to more efficient identification of risk factors and a reduction in SSI.     

Enhanced recovery after surgery in emergency colorectal surgery:Review of literature and current practices

Enhanced recovery after surgery(ERAS), a multidisciplinary program designed to minimize stress response to surgery and promote the recovery of organ function, has become a standard of perioperative care for elective colorectal surgery. In an elective setting, ERAS program has consistently been shown to decrease postoperative complication, reduce length of hospital stay, shorten convalescence, and lower healthcare cost. Recently, there is emerging evidence that ERAS program can be safely and effectively applied to patients with emergency colorectal conditions such as acute colonic obstruction and intraabdominal infection. This review comprehensively covers the concept and application of ERAS program for emergency colorectal surgery. The outcomes of ERAS program for this emergency surgery are summarized as follows:(1) The ERAS program was associated with a lower rate of overall complication and shorter length of hospital stay – without increased risks of readmission,reoperation and death after emergency colorectal surgery; and(2) Compliance with an ERAS program in emergency setting appeared to be lower than that in an elective basis. Moreover, scientific evidence of each ERAS item used in emergency colorectal operation is shown. Perspectives of ERAS pathway in emergency colorectal surgery are addressed. Finally, evidence-based ERAS protocol for emergency colorectal surgery is presented.     

A systematic review of patient reported outcomes and patient experience in enhanced recovery after orthopaedic surgery

Introduction

Orthopaedic enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) providers are encouraged to estimate the actual benefit of ERAS according to the patient’s opinion by using patient generated data alongside traditional measures such as length of stay. The aim of this paper was to systemically review the literature on the use of patient generated information in orthopaedic ERAS across the whole perioperative pathway.

Methods

Publications were identified using Embase^™, MEDLINE^®, AMED, CINAHL^® (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), the Cochrane Library and the British Nursing Index. Search terms related to experiences, acceptance, satisfaction or perception of ERAS and quality of life (QoL).

Findings

Of the 596 abstracts found, 8 papers were identified that met the inclusion criteria. A total of 2,208 patients undergoing elective hip and knee arthroplasty were included. Patient satisfaction was reported in 6 papers. Scores were high in all patients and not adversely affected by length of stay. QoL was reported in 2 papers and showed that QoL scores continued to increase up to 12 months following ERAS. Qualitative methods were used in one study, which highlighted problems with support following discharge. There is a paucity of data reporting on patient experience in orthopaedic ERAS. However, ERAS does not compromise patient satisfaction or QoL after elective hip or knee surgery. The measurement of patient experience should be standardised with further research.     

碘伏在人工关节置换术中局部应用方法的研究进展

手术部位感染(SSI)是人工关节置换术灾难性的并发症,包括碘伏(聚维酮碘)在内的各类消毒剂在预防人工关节置换术后SSI发生中起重要作用。本文分析了碘伏在临床尤其是关节外科预防手术部位感染的多种应用方法,从碘伏使用的有效性和安全性两个方面分别论述了碘伏的不同使用方法在人工关节置换术中的作用。目前,关于碘伏在骨与关节外科手术中的使用并无相关指南,更多依靠临床医生的经验。而在以循证医学为指导的今天,这无疑增加了SSI发生的风险。为寻求最佳的碘伏使用方法,还需要进一步深入研究。     

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??Assessment for bowel preparation in elective colorectal surgery FAN Chao-gang??CHEN Jun. Department of General Surgery, Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Command??Research Institute of General Surgery??Nanjing 210002??China
Corresponding author??FAN Chao-gang??E-mail??fancg2002@hotmail.com
Abstract Preoperative bowel preparation before elective colon surgery remains a subject of debate within the surgical community. Mechanical bowel preparation (MBP) has become dogma before colorectal surgery for one hundred years. But it has been queried since 1970s. MBP has been omitted in enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols in Europe. But in recent years, some studies have suggested that MBP with the use of oral antibiotics is effective in reducing surgical site infection (SSI) after elective colorectal surgery. Those reports arouse controversies. How to regard as those controversies? How to assess the role of bowel preparation in clinical practice? Maybe more high quality RCT studies can answer those questions.     

Procalcitonin as a predictive marker for surgical site infection in elective colorectal cancer surgery

Purpose

Surgical site infection (SSI) is a frequent complication of elective surgery for colorectal cancer. The classical clinical markers of infection—elevations in white blood cell count, C-reactive protein (CRP) level, and body temperature—do not precisely predict SSI after elective colorectal resection. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of procalcitonin (PCT) as a tool for diagnosis of SSI in elective surgery for colorectal cancer.

Methods

A total of 114 consecutive patients undergoing elective colorectal resection for cancer were evaluated. Routine blood samples, for determining PCT level, CRP plasma concentration, and white blood cell count, were obtained on postoperative days (POD) 1 and 3. Predictive values for each of the laboratory markers were examined.

Results

SSI was diagnosed in 18 (15.7 %) of 114 patients. Patients with SSI exhibited significantly higher PCT levels (on PODs 1 and 3) and CRP levels (on POD 3) than did patients without SSI. According to receiver operating characteristic analysis, PCT showed the highest area under the curve (AUC) for predicting SSI on both PODs 1 and 3 (AUC, 0.76 and 0.77, respectively). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that PCT (on PODs 1 and 3) was an independent predictor for SSI (odds ratio?=?14.41 and 9.79, respectively).

Conclusion

Serum PCT is more reliable laboratory marker for the early diagnosis of SSI after elective colorectal cancer surgery, compared with conventional inflammatory indicators. PCT could serve as an additional diagnostic tool for the early identification of SSI to improve clinical decision making.