RSAP分子标记技术在园艺植物研究中的应用

限制性位点扩增多态性(RSAP)是一种基于PCR的新型植物分子标记技术,具有操作简便、结果稳定、效率较高的特点。该技术以植物基因组上广泛分布的限制性位点位为靶标,通过独特的引物设计和PCR扩增程序,无需限制性酶切环节,只要一个简单的PCR,即可产生基于植物限制性位点的多态性标记。阐述了RSAP的原理与流程,对该技术的优势和应用情况做了总结,并对其前景进行了展望。     

AFLP分子标记技术在中药研究中的应用进展

AFLP(扩增片段长度多态性)分子标记技术是一种结合了RFLP和PCR技术的新型分子标记技术,在药物研究领域的应用日趋广泛。简述了AFLP分子标记技术的基本原理、技术特点与优势,重点阐明其在中药研究中的应用进展,并对其前景进行了讨论与展望。     

分子标记技术及其发展

认识到生物个体之间ＤＮＡ序列差异并以此作为标记的分子标记技术的研究始于1 980年 ,之后随着分子生物学技术的发展 ,ＤＮＡ分子标记技术也得到迅速发展 ,现在ＤＮＡ标记技术已有数十种 ,它们被广泛应用于作物遗传育种、基因组作图、基因定位、植物亲缘关系鉴别、基因库构建、基因克隆等方面。本文仅就几类主要分子标记技术作一简单介绍。1 .基于分子杂交技术的分子标记技术1 .1　限制性片段长度多态性 (ｒｅｓｔｒｉｃｔｉｏｎｆｒａｇ ｍｅｎｔｌｅｎｇｔｈｐｏｌｙｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ ,ＲＦＬＰ)　　ＲＦＬＰ是研究最早的分子标记技术 ,1 …     

SNPs分子标记技术在昆虫学研究中的应用

单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNPs)主要是指在染色体基因组水平上由于单个核苷酸的变异而引起的DNA序列多态性,包括单碱基的转换或颠换引起的点突变,其中最少出现1种等位基因频率不小于1%,常以双等位基因的形式出现,稳定而可靠。在目前的昆虫基因组研究中,SNPs标记的研究主要集中在果蝇、蚊媒、家蚕等一些模式生物。本文对SNPs标记在昆虫的种类鉴定、遗传图谱构建、种群遗传学、抗药性分子机理等方面进行了综述,最后展望了SNPs在种群遗传、标记辅助选择和生物进化等研究领域中的应用前景。     

分子标记技术在蚕学研究中的应用

介绍了近年来DNA分子标记技术在绢丝昆虫的进化及亲缘关系分析、家蚕品种真实性鉴定、家蚕分子连锁图的构建、基因标记和定位等方面应用的重要进展 ,并展望了家蚕分子标记辅助育种的前景     

分子标记技术及其进展(Ⅱ)

综述了几类分子标记的概念、基本原理,并简要地介绍了各种技术的优缺点。     

分子标记在雀形目鸟类研究中的应用

雀形目鸟类一直以来都是动物学工作者研究的热点。目前,针对雀形目鸟类研究的标记主要有2部分：一部分是线粒体DNA中12SrRNA、细胞色素b序列、ND2基因和ZENK等基因序列;另一部分是基因组DNA中的c-myc、RAG-1、肌球素基因和核β-纤维蛋白厚基因等DNA序列以及微卫星DNA和单核苷酸多态性（SNP）等。本文概述了这些分子遗传标记在雀形目鸟类中的应用和研究状况。     

分子标记技术在玉米育种中的应用

生物技术的发展促进了分子生物学和育种学的交叉融合,极大地推进了育种工作的进程和效率。论述了DNA分子标记技术及其在玉米杂种优势群的划分、品种纯度和真实性检测、功能基因定位、遗传多样性分析以及转基因检测等多个领域中的应用,并对其现阶段存在的问题和今后的发展前景进行了分析讨论,以期为玉米分子育种研究提供相应的参考。     

分子标记技术在苹果育种中的应用

DNA分子标记是现代分子生物学发展出来的一类重要的遗传标记,已广泛应用于遗传图谱的构建、种质资源的管理和鉴定、基因的定位与克隆等。综述了分子标记在苹果育种中的应用。     

DNA分子标记技术在生态学研究中的应用

分子生物学几种常见的分子标记技术如RFLP,RAPD,微卫星法,DNA序列分析使生态学研究从宏观步入了微观领域,极大的推动了生态学的发展,对这几种分子标记技术在生态学中的应用及其进展进行了综述,并比较了这些分子生物学技术各自的优缺点.     

Molecular Variability of Mycosphaerella graminicola as Detected by RAPD Markers

A total of 90 isolates of Mycosphaerella graminicola, the cause of septoria tritici leaf blotch of wheat, were tested for DNA polymorphism using 15 decamer random primers. There was a high level of genetic variability among isolates. In 131 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fragments, which were produced, 96% were polymorphic. Based on multilocus analysis, 40 different molecular phenotypes were detected. These molecular phenotypes were randomly distributed among sampling sites, suggesting that no clonal structure existed in the population. Cluster analysis showed that the maximum similarity value among isolates was approximately 81% and no identical isolates were detected, indicating that every isolate was a unique genotype. The high degree of DNA polymorphism, the large number of different molecular phenotypes, their random distribution and the results of the cluster analysis all suggested that sexual reproduction has a major role in the genetic structure of M. graminicola in western Canada. The presence of sexual reproduction provides the opportunity for development of new virulent genotypes in the population and suggests that the pathogen may adapt rapidly to any race‐specific sources of resistance. Therefore, when breeding for resistance to M. graminicola, emphasis should be placed on use of non‐race‐specific resistance.     

卡瓦胡椒SCAR分子标记的研究

目的:采用6份卡瓦胡椒材料、21份栽培胡椒和野生胡椒材料1、份不同属的草胡椒材料共计28份试验材料,开发1对特异SCAR引物。方法:在对它们进行了RAPD研究的基础上,通过克隆、测序和引物设计进行了SCAR分子标记研究。结果:研究开发了1对卡瓦胡椒特异SCAR引物P4.1和P4.2,用这对特异引物对试验的28份材料进行PCR扩增,结果只有6份卡瓦胡椒材料扩增出了预期大小562bp的特异带,其它材料均无任何扩增。结论:这说明引物P4.1和P4.2为卡瓦胡椒特异SCAR引物,可用于卡瓦胡椒的分子鉴定,这对卡瓦胡椒种质资源的真伪鉴定有一定帮助。     

Construction of Molecular Linkage Map in Masson Pine Using RAPD Markers and Megaga metophytes from a Single Tree

A set of 300 random ohgonucleotide primers was screened for random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fragments within a sample of 79 megagametophyte DNAs of a single masson pine ( Pinus massoniana Lamb. ) to generate RAPD markers and construct the molecular linkage map for masson pine. 64 repeatable RAPD markers segregated in a 1 present to 1 absent ratio. Through multipoint linkage analysis, 47 markers were assigned to 13 different linkage groups(pairs). It covered a tdtal genetic distance of over 692.5 cM (centimorgan). The average distance between markers was 14.7 cM. It supplied a linkage framework for a more saturated linkage map of masson pine.     

RAPD标记构建家蚕分子连锁图

以大造、Ｃ１０８及其Ｆ２群体构建了１个家蚕的ＲＡＰＤ连锁框架图,该图含ＲＡＰＤ标记位点１８２个,来自大造的１０３个标记分属前２３个连锁群,来自Ｃ１０８的７９个标记分属后１６个连锁群,覆盖基因组的总长度为１１４８．３ｃＭ（ｃｅｎｔｉｍｏｒｇａｎ）,它能与本室用同一群体构建的ＳＡＤＦ图谱相整合,亦可与相应的ＲＦＬＰ图谱相互补充。     

随机扩增多态DNA技术在遗传育种中的应用

RAPD是一项可以在没有任何分子生物学研究的情况下找出DNA的多态性的技术。本综述了RAPD技术在遗传多样性研究、分类及亲缘关系分析、品种(杂种)鉴定、杂种优势预测、构建遗传图谱、基因定位及基于图谱的克隆,分子标记辅助育种等方面的应用;还总结了RAPD技术的原理、优点、缺点及对策。     

DNA分子标记在果树遗传学研究上的应用

本文综述了近年来DNA分子标记在果树种质资源研究、分子遗传图谱构建、 基因标记、辅助选择育种等方面研究的应用。 Abstract:This paper reviewed the recent progress of the application of DNA molecular markers in various aspects of fruit tree genetics including germplasm reseach,genetic mapping,genetic tagging,marker asisted selection.     

Molecular phylogeny of Camponotus ants in Korea

The molecular phylogeny of 12 species of Camponotus ants in Korea was examined using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers as inputs for an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and cluster analysis to describe the relationships between species. For comparison, morphometric data (based on 10 morphological characters) were also gathered for phylogenetic analysis. Assessments of similarity between species were made, and the results of these assessments are compared for the molecular and morphological data sets. In the morphometric analysis, the following groups were identified: (i) C. atrox, C. kiusuensis, C. japonicus and C. concavus (93% similarity); (ii) C. sp. 1 (be diverging at 80% similarity); (iii) C. jejuensis, C. sp. 3, C. itoi, C. nawai and C. tokioensis (94.5% similarity); and (iv) C. nipponensis and C. quadrinotatus (94.5% similarity). Formica fusca was 73.5% similar to the 12 Camponotus species studied here. The group comprising C. nawai and C. tokioensis had the highest similarity index (97.36%), followed by the group comprising C. jejuensis and C. sp. 3 (95%), then C. atrox and C. kiusuensis (94.5%), and then C. nipponensis and C. quadrinotatus (93.5%). In the molecular analysis the following groups were identified: (i) C. atrox and C. jejuensis (30% similarity); (ii) C. concavus, C. japonicus and C. itoi (25% similarity); (iii) C. kiusuensis, C. nawai, C. sp. 3, C. nipponensis, C. quadrinotatus and C. sp. 1 (24% similarity); and (iv) C. tokioensis (be diverging at 23% similarity). The most closely related group in the molecular analysis was C. nawai and C. sp. 3 (75% similarity), followed by C. concavus and C. japonicus (50.5% similarity), then C. atrox and C. jejuensis (30%), and then C. quadrinotatus and C. sp. 1. Camponotus tokioensis was the least closely related to other species among the 12 species studied. Although C. jejuensis and C. tokioensis were found to be 93.6% similar on the basis of morphometric data, molecular data indicated only 23% similarity, the lowest similarity index between any two species considered here. Camponotus jejuensis has marked morphological similarities to C. tokioensis, but on the basis of molecular data gathered in the present study, we refute the proposal that they are synonyms or sister species.     

Identification of a RAPD marker associated with somatic embryogenesis in alfalfa

The current study was conducted to identify random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers linked to genes controlling somatic embryogenesis in alfalfa. Segregation analyses of the somatic embryogenesis trait and the RAPD markers in an F₁ population of 83 plants, derived from a cross between embryogenic A70-34 and non-embryogenic Arrow36 alfalfa plants, identified a polymorphic band that is associated with somatic embryogenesis. Based on the assumptions that somatic embryogenesis in alfalfa is controlled by two dominant genes with complementary effects and that the genotypes of A70-34 and Arrow36 are AAaaBbbb and aaaabbbb, respectively, the segregation data for the marker and the somatic embryogenesis trait in the F₁s indicate that the marker is linked to the A locus. The maximum recombination fraction estimated for the linkage between the marker and the gene is 36.3%.     

烟草SCAR标记技术的建立

目的:通过烟草随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)标记技术建立烟草特征序列扩增区域(SCAR)标记技术,用于烟草品种鉴定。方法:对12个烟草品种的复烤叶片DNA进行RAPD分析,得到2个RAPD特异片段S1和S2,通过切胶回收,连接pUCm-T载体克隆转化,片段测序,设计特异性引物S1-1/S1-2和S2-1/S2-2,对SCAR-PCR扩增退火温度进行优化。结果:2个RAPD标记成功地转化为稳定快捷的SCAR标记,可将红花大金元和NC102等2个品种从12个烟草品种中快捷准确地鉴别出来。结论:SCAR标记可作为准确稳定的DNA水平的烟草品种鉴定方法,可对种植、复烤和配方品种的烟叶或叶片进行鉴别。     

Molecular Detection and Exploration of Diversity Among Fungal Consortium Involved in Phosphate Solubilization

Abstract

Phosphorous (P) that upholds life become unattainable as most of them become unavailable due to the formation of insoluble complexes with cations such as Ca²⁺, Al³⁺ and Fe³⁺ forming a complex calcium phosphate (Ca₃(PO₄)₂), aluminum phosphate (AlPO) and ferrous phosphate (FePO) that results in the decrease of soluble P to a greater extent. There are several reports stating that several rhizospheric fungal species play an important role in solubilizing these insoluble phosphates into a soluble form by the excretion of enzymes like phosphatase, phytase enzymes, and organic acids. In view of this, so we have collected twenty fungal isolates having probable phosphate solubilizing efficiency from different regions of Lucknow, India. Their morphological and biochemical characteristics were tested. Among all, six efficient fungal isolates were further checked at molecular level by using 18S rRNA universal primers and by RAPD means. A dendrogram indicated 40-90% homology i.e., highest similarity was found in between species of Aspergillus flavus and A. biplanus with 33.8% similarity while minimum similarity was observed among A. flavus and Fusarium oxysporum. These findings suggest RAPD proves as, a reliable molecular tool that helps in strain specific discrimination.