镰刀菌属真菌毒素的毒性研究进展

镰刀属真菌毒素是非常重要的一类真菌毒素,其种类繁多,污染率高,性质差异大,毒性也较强。本综述总结了较为常见的28种镰刀属真菌毒素(T-2毒素、HT-2毒素、蛇形毒素、新茄病镰刀菌烯醇、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、镰刀菌烯酮、玉米赤霉烯酮、伏马毒素B_1、B_2、B_3、串珠镰刀菌素、白僵菌素以及恩镰孢菌素等)近40年来体内、体外毒性研究资料,主要涵盖急性毒性、慢性毒性的致癌性、生长生殖毒性、致突变和基因毒性、免疫毒性、神经毒性、细胞毒性及血液毒性。同时对伏马毒素B_1、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及其他几种常见毒素间的协同毒性作用进行概述。体内毒性实验研究中主要采用口服和腹腔注射的给药方式;而最常用的实验动物为鸡、小鼠、大鼠和猪。体外毒性实验研究用细胞为:鼠伤寒沙门氏菌菌株、人类巨核红细胞祖细胞以及动物肾脏上皮细胞等。对此类真菌毒素毒性的总结,可进一步加深对毒素的认识,并为食品、饲料及中药安全性方面相关的法律法规制订提供重要依据。     

丙烯酰胺生殖和发育毒性及其生物标志物的研究进展

丙烯酰胺(acrylamide,AA)是含淀粉类食品经过120℃以上高温加热后产生的,有研究表明AA对机体有生殖毒性、发育毒性、神经毒性和基因毒性等,尤其是AA的生殖毒性和发育毒性逐渐引起了人们的广泛关注。在AA的生殖毒性和发育毒性研究中,任何反映生殖系统损伤的指标均可作为AA生殖毒性的生物标志物;同样,所有能反应发育毒性终点的指标均可作为AA发育毒性的生物标志物。随着越来越多的生物标志物的确定,其在安全性评价中也将发挥重要的作用。因此,生物标志物的研究对综合评价AA的生殖毒性和发育毒性有非常重要的意义。本文综述了国内外对AA的生殖毒性和发育毒性生物标志物的研究进展,为AA这两种毒性评价指标的选择提供参考。     

酿造原料及啤酒中镰刀菌毒素的研究进展

镰刀菌毒素是镰刀菌产生的次级代谢产物,能够通过感染酿造原料带入到啤酒中,从而时啤酒品质和人的健康造成威胁.为此,各国都制定了标准的检测方法和严格的限量标准.本文总结阐述了国内外有关啤酒酿造原辅料和成品啤酒中存在的镰刀菌毒素的性质、感染情况和检测方法等方面的研究进展,并对其在啤酒中的研究应用前景进行了展望.     

酿造原料及啤酒中镰刀菌毒素的研究进展

镰刀菌毒素是镰刀菌产生的次级代谢产物,能够通过感染酿造原料带入到啤酒中,从而对啤酒品质和人的健康造成威胁。为此,各国都制定了标准的检测方法和严格的限量标准。本文总结阐述了国内外有关啤酒酿造原辅料和成品啤酒中存在的镰刀菌毒素的性质、感染情况和检测方法等方面的研究进展,并对其在啤酒中的研究应用前景进行了展望。      

荧光适体传感器在食品中镰刀菌毒素检测的研究进展

随着经济社会的发展和人们生活水平的提高,由镰刀菌毒素污染导致的食品安全问题受到广泛关注。检测技术作为食品安全的技术保障,越来越受到人们的重视。 鉴于镰刀菌毒素危害性大且广泛存在,镰刀菌毒素分析和控制对于人及动物安全尤为重要。近年来,快速、高效的镰刀菌毒素检测方法已成为国内外学者研究的热点,其中荧光适体传感器检测技术快速发展,已在食品安全检测领域发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文着重介绍了荧光适体传感器在镰刀菌毒素检测中的应用进展,包括其基本特征、原理及其应用。最后,对荧光适体传感器应用于食品中镰刀菌毒素检测现阶段亟待解决的问题进行了梳理和展望。本文可为荧光适体传感器的研究和相关新技术的开发提供参考。     

丙烯酰胺生殖毒性和发育毒性效应性生物标志物研究

目的：研究丙烯酰胺对机体造成的生殖毒性和发育毒性,并找出丙烯酰胺生殖毒性和发育毒性的效应性生物标志物。方法：通过对SD雄鼠灌胃22.5、11.25、5.625mg/（kg·d）的丙烯酰胺溶液,分析对其睾丸和附睾的影响,还对精子畸形率和睾丸内抗氧化酶系统进行评价,通过研究丙烯酰胺在动物模型中产生的效应性生物标志物来评价其生殖毒性。采用饮水给予怀孕第6d的孕鼠20.0、10.0、5.0mg/（kg·d）的丙烯酰胺,在怀孕0、7、12、16、20d称量体重并每天监测其饮水消耗量,观察胎鼠身长、尾长和骨骼发育情况;对断乳后的幼鼠采用直接饮水接触丙烯酰胺,在3—6w每周处死部分幼鼠,对其脏器和血液进行分析,通过研究丙烯酰胺在动物模型中产生的效应性生物标志物来评价其发育毒性。结果：丙烯酰胺显著增加了SD大鼠精子畸形率,显著降低了SD大鼠睾丸内抗氧化酶的活性;同时,丙烯酰胺导致幼鼠尾长的发育异常,幼鼠的肝、肾、脾、甲状腺发生组织病变,骨骼畸形率显著增加。结论：精子畸形率、睾丸内抗氧化物酶能够反应丙烯酰胺的生殖毒性,可作为丙烯酰胺生殖毒性的效应生物标志物;幼鼠尾长、骨骼畸形、组织病理学改变可反应丙烯酰胺的发育毒性,可作为丙烯酰胺的发育毒性的效应生物标志物。     

禾谷镰刀菌脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇生物合成及其分子调控研究进展

禾谷镰刀菌是感染小麦、玉米等主要粮食作物的一种重要的病原真菌,在引发严重小麦赤霉病害的同时,可分泌产生脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）,污染食品后不易被清除,严重威胁人和动物的健康。禾谷镰刀菌产DON的生物合成路径及分子调控机制一直是国内外的研究热点、焦点和难点,也是防控DON的基础。本文综述了禾谷镰刀菌DON生物合成过程中涉及产毒基因簇TRI的各个基因、编码蛋白及其生物学功能,以及目前对禾谷镰刀菌中对呕吐毒素生物合成调控机制的研究进展。这些基础信息将直接为安全控制主要粮食及其制品中真菌毒素污染提供有价值的参考资料。     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的毒性及脱毒研究进展

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)是B型单端孢霉烯族毒素中分布最广的一种,广泛存在于受污染的谷物及饲料中,对人和动物危害很大。本文总结了DON的毒性,包括急、慢性毒性、致癌、致畸、致突变以及细胞毒性等。概述了DON的脱毒方法,包括热处理、辐照和吸附等物理方法,臭氧和化学药物处理等化学方法,以及微生物处理及基因工程等生物方法。同时,分析了当前研究中存在的问题,并对未来的发展趋势进行了展望。      

镰刀菌毒素和改性蒙脱石吸附剂对全价饲粮发酵参数的影响

研究镰刀菌毒素和改性蒙脱石吸附剂(Calibrin-A,CA)对全价饲粮发酵pH、OM、NH_3-N和乳酸的影响。实验分为6个处理,对照组(Contr.)为基础饲粮,实验1组(25 Myco.)和实验2组(50 Myco.)分别用25%和50%的发霉玉米和发霉玉米蛋白粉代替基础饲粮中的玉米和玉米蛋白粉,实验3组(Contr.+CA)、实验4组(25 Myco.+CA)和5组(50 Myco.+CA)组分别在基础饲粮、实验1组和实验2组的基础上添加0.2%CA。采用复合菌种(乳酸菌、酵母菌、枯草芽孢杆菌分别为6.33×106、1.05×106、8.94×106cfu/g)对全价饲粮进行固态发酵,发酵开始前所有处理饲粮水分调节至50%。结果表明:1)本实验条件下,饲粮pH和OM含量随发酵时间显著下降(P0.05),而NH_3-N和乳酸水平随发酵时间显著升高(P0.001)。2)饲粮(0 d)的pH和NH_3-N水平均随镰刀菌毒素水平升高显著降低(P0.001)。发酵末期(18 d)对照组pH和NH_3-N显著低于两个毒素组(P0.001),乳酸含量则随毒素水平升高显著降低(P0.001)。发酵全程平均的pH和乳酸含量随毒素水平升高显著降低(P0.001);对照组发酵全程的平均OM显著低于50%毒素组(P=0.044)。对照组发酵全程的平均NH_3-N显著低于两个毒素组(P0.001)。3)添加CA的全程平均pH显著低于不添加CA组(P=0.018)。4)镰刀菌毒素和CA对发酵12 d(P=0.027)的乳酸具有显著的交互作用。5)pH与OM、OM与NH_3-N、NH_3-N和乳酸呈显著正相关(P0.05),而pH与NH_3-N、pH与乳酸、OM与乳酸呈显著负相关(P0.05)。本实验条件下镰刀菌毒素及其水平显著影响全价饲粮发酵参数pH、OM、NH_3-N和乳酸水平,添加CA显著影响发酵全程的平均pH,且镰刀菌毒素和CA对乳酸(12 d)具有显著的交互作用。     

镰刀菌毒素与黄曲霉菌毒素的联合毒性研究—DON、NIV和AFB_1的UDS试验

用非程序ＤＮＡ合成（ＵＤＳ）试验以研究镰刀菌毒素的脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（ＤＯＮ）、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（ＮＩＶ）和黄曲霉毒素（ＡＦＢ１）的联合毒性。结果表明，这三种毒素均可造成ＤＮＡ损伤；ＤＯＮ和ＮＩＶ及ＮＩＶ与ＡＦＢ１对ＤＮＡ损伤有交互作用，产生增毒影响。     

Updated survey of Fusarium species and toxins in Finnish cereal grains

The aim of the project was to produce updated information during 2005–14 on the Fusarium species found in Finnish cereal grains, and the toxins produced by them, as the last comprehensive survey study of Fusarium species and their toxins in Finland was carried out at the turn of the 1960s and the 1970s. Another aim was to use the latest molecular and chemical methods to investigate the occurrence and correlation of Fusarium species and their mycotoxins in Finland. The most common Fusarium species found in Finland in the FinMyco project 2005 and 2006 were F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. poae, F. sporotrichioides and F. langsethiae. F. avenaceum was the most dominant species in barley, spring wheat and oat samples. The occurrence of F. culmorum and F. graminearum was high in oats and barley. Infection by Fusarium fungi was the lowest in winter cereal grains. The incidence of Fusarium species in 2005 was much higher than in 2006 due to weather conditions. F. langsethiae has become much more common in Finland since 2001. F. graminearum has also risen in the order of importance. A highly significant correlation was found between Fusarium graminearum DNA and deoxynivalenol (DON) levels in Finnish oats, barley and wheat. When comparing the FinMyco data in 2005–06 with the results of the Finnish safety monitoring programme for 2005–14, spring cereals were noted as being more susceptible to infection by Fusarium fungi and the formation of toxins. The contents of T-2 and HT-2 toxins and the frequency of exceptionally high DON concentrations all increased in Finland during 2005–14. Beauvericin (BEA), enniatins (ENNs) and moniliformin (MON) were also very common contaminants of Finnish grains in 2005–06. Climate change is leading to warmer weather, and this may indicate more changes in Finnish Fusarium mycobiota and toxin contents and profiles in the near future.     

Removal of common Fusarium toxins in vitro by strains of Lactobacillus and Propionibacterium

This study was conducted to examine the ability of selected strains of Lactobacillus and Propionibacterium to remove common Fusarium toxins, trichothecenes, from liquid media. The trichothecenes studied were deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON), nivalenol (NIV), fusarenon (FX), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), T-2 toxin (T-2) and HT-2 toxin (HT-2). The Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG (LGG), Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain LC-705 (LC-705) and Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp. shermanii JS (PJS) were incubated in PBS buffer containing 20 µg toxin ml -1 for 1h at 37°C, and after centrifugation the concentration of the toxins was measured in the supernatant fraction. Both viable and heat-killed forms of LGG and PJS were more efficient than LC-705 in removing the toxins from the liquid media. LGG and PJS removed four of the seven tested toxins (the removal varying from 18 to 93%) and LC-705 two toxins (10-64%). Of the toxins, 3-AcDON was not removed by any of the bacteria; HT-2 was removed by the non-viable LGG and also slightly by non-viable LC-705; DAS was removed by all three bacteria tested. Binding is postulated as the possible mechanism of the removal, since no difference was observed between the ability of viable and heat-killed bacteria in removing the trichothecenes, and no degradation products of the toxins were detected by gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. It is concluded that significant differences exist in the ability of the bacteria to bind trichothecenes in vitro.     

Contamination of barley seeds with Fusarium species and their toxins in Spain: an integrated approach

Fusarium is a globally distributed fungal genus that includes different species pathogenic to cereals among others crops. Some of these Fusarium species can also produce toxic compounds towards animals and humans. In this work, the presence of the most important Fusarium toxins was determined in barley seeds from Spain, sampled according to European Union requirements. The results obtained were compared with the presence of mycotoxigenic species considered responsible for their synthesis by using species-specific polymerase chain reaction protocols. Fumonisins B₁ and B₂, zearalenone, trichothecenes type A (T-2 and HT-2) and trichothecenes type B (deoxynivalenol and nivalenol) were analysed by using high-performance liquid chromatography. Deoxynivalenol and zearalenone were detected in 72% and 38% of the barley samples, respectively, at levels below European Union limits in all cases. However, the co-occurrence of both toxins in 34% of the samples suggested that synergistic activity of these two mycotoxins should be evaluated. Nivalenol and HT-2/T-2 were detected at low levels in 17% and 10% of the samples, respectively. Fumonisins occurred in 34% of the samples at levels up to 300?µg/kg. This suggested that they might represent a risk in Spanish barley, and to our knowledge, this is the first report on the presence of fumonisins in barley in this country. The species-specific polymerase chain reaction assays to detect mycotoxin-producing Fusarium species showed a very consistent correlation between F. verticillioides detection and fumonisin contamination as well as F. graminearum presence and zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and nivalenol contamination in barley samples. The approach used in this study provided information of mycotoxin contamination of barley together with the identification of the fungal species responsible for their production. Detection of the species with the current polymerase chain reaction assay strategy may be considered predictive of the potential mycotoxin risk in this matrix.     

镰孢菌毒素的主要类型及其收获前后的生物防控方法

镰孢菌毒素是镰孢菌属真菌产生的多种有毒性的次级代谢产物的总称,在自然界中分布极为广泛,是常见的污染粮食和饲料的真菌毒素种类,严重威胁人畜健康.近年来镰孢菌毒素污染粮食和饲料的问题日益严重,已成为普遍关注的食品安全和饲料安全热点问题之一.由于农产品收获后的物理、化学脱毒方法存在着脱毒不彻底、营养成分流失以及化学试剂残留对...     

粮食中新兴真菌毒素的污染现状及毒理学研究进展

产毒真菌污染粮食等农产品产生有毒有害的次级代谢产物,称真菌毒素,严重威胁食用和饲用产品的质量安全。较为常见的真菌毒素包括黄曲霉毒素、镰刀菌毒素脱氧雪腐镰刀烯醇、玉米赤霉烯酮等,国内外针对这些主要污染毒素制定了相应的限量标准。近年来,随着真菌毒素研究的发展和检测技术的更新,一些新型真菌毒素不断被发现。将目前尚未被列入常规风险筛查和监管、也尚无相关限量标准的真菌毒素种类,称谓新兴毒素（Emerging toxins）。目前检出频次高、污染较为严重的新兴毒素主要由镰刀菌属（Fusarium spp.）和链格孢属（Alternaria spp.）等产毒真菌产生。这些新兴真菌毒素通常与主要毒素复合污染,本文将依据现有的风险调查报告与数据,综述粮食中常见新兴镰刀菌和链格孢毒素的污染现状和毒理学研究进展,为真菌毒素的全面风险评估和管控技术研发提供依据。     

绿茶、乌龙茶和红茶提取物对2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸诱导的斑马鱼胚胎形态发育毒害的影响

目的 研究绿茶提取物(green tea extract,GTE)、乌龙茶提取物(oolong tea extract,OTE)和红茶提取物(black tea extract,BTE)对2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid,2,4-D)导致的斑马鱼胚胎发育毒害的影响。方法 用50 mg/L 2,4-D分别联合6.25、12.50和25.00 mg/L GTE,6.25、12.50和25.00 mg/L OTE以及50、100和150 mg/L BTE处理斑马鱼胚胎至96 hpf(hours post fertilization),体视显微镜观察斑马鱼胚胎发育并统计孵化率、死亡率、畸形率,测定斑马鱼心跳次数、体长、卵黄和心包面积。结果 各处理组斑马鱼胚胎孵化正常。除2,4-D + BTE处理组随BTE浓度提高死亡率升高,其他处理组没有发生显著死亡。GTE降低2,4-D导致的斑马鱼胚胎畸变率,提高2,4-D导致的心跳下降和体长缩短,缩小2,4-D导致的卵黄和心包面积;相反,BTE加重2,4-D导致的斑马鱼胚胎形态发育毒害;而OTE对2,4-D导致的斑马鱼胚胎发育毒害无明显影响。结论 GTE、OTE和BTE对2,4-D导致的斑马鱼胚胎发育毒害分别具有拮抗作用、无作用和协同作用。     

Occurrence of Fusarium T-2 and HT-2 toxins in oats from cultivar studies in Germany and degradation of the toxins during grain cleaning treatment and food processing

For the Fusarium trichothecene mycotoxins T-2 and HT-2, a combined (T-2 + HT-2) temporary tolerable daily intake (tTDI) of 0.06 µg kg^?1 body weight day^?1 was proposed at the European level in 2001 (Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food). In the near future, maximum levels for these trichothecenes will be regulated by the European Commission as announced in EU (VO) 1881/2006. For the implementation of these maximum levels, more data on occurrence and behaviour of T-2 and HT-2 toxins in primary agricultural products as well as during cleaning treatment and food processing are needed. In the current work, we determined the T-2/HT-2 concentrations in four oat cultivars (Aragon, Dominik, Ivory, Pergamon) from ten different agricultural sites in Germany, grown in cultivar studies in 2007. The grains were de-hulled, oat meal was prepared, and bread with 20% oat meal and 80% wheat flour was baked. In the cereal-processing chain, samples were taken at various steps and subsequently analysed for their T-2/HT-2 content. We employed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and an immunological screening method (enzyme-linked immunoabsorbant assay (ELISA)) for T-2/HT-2 determination. Detection limits were between 1 and 10 µg kg^?1 in different matrices. T-2/HT-2 concentrations determined by ELISA in oat samples from ten different agricultural sites in Germany were between 9 and 623 µg kg^?1. The median and 90th percentile were 48 and 191 µg kg^?1 T-2/HT-2, respectively. One site showed six times higher T-2/HT-2 levels than the other sites, where concentrations ranged from 322 to 623 µg kg^?1. In 80% of the samples the cultivars Pergamon and Ivory had the lowest concentration of T-2 and HT-2 toxins. Using LC-MS for T-2/HT-2 determination, cleaning of the raw material did not lead to significant reductions of T-2 and HT-2 levels, whereas de-hulling led to a reduction of over 90%. Boiling of oat meal produced from cleaned raw material to yield ‘porridge’ resulted in varying T-2/HT-2 levels in experimental replicates. No major reduction of T-2/HT-2 levels in cooked porridge was obtained. Standardized baking experiments using 20% oat meal showed that T-2 and HT-2 toxins are relatively stable during the baking process, probably due to their temperature stability.