Replacing fossil oil with fresh oil – with what and for what?

Industrial chemicals and materials are currently derived mainly from fossil‐based raw materials, which are declining in availability, increasing in price and are a major source of undesirable greenhouse gas emissions. Plant oils have the potential to provide functionally equivalent, renewable and environmentally friendly replacements for these finite fossil‐based raw materials, provided that their composition can be matched to end‐use requirements, and that they can be produced on sufficient scale to meet current and growing industrial demands. Replacement of 40% of the fossil oil used in the chemical industry with renewable plant oils, whilst ensuring that growing demand for food oils is also met, will require a trebling of global plant oil production from current levels of around 139 MT to over 400 MT annually. Realisation of this potential will rely on application of plant biotechnology to (i) tailor plant oils to have high purity (preferably >90%) of single desirable fatty acids, (ii) introduce unusual fatty acids that have specialty end‐use functionalities and (iii) increase plant oil production capacity by increased oil content in current oil crops, and conversion of other high biomass crops into oil accumulating crops. This review outlines recent progress and future challenges in each of these areas. Practical applications: The research reviewed in this paper aims to develop metabolic engineering technologies to radically increase the yield and alter the fatty acid composition of plant oils and enable the development of new and more productive oil crops that can serve as renewable sources of industrial feedstocks currently provided by non‐renewable and polluting fossil‐based resources. As a result of recent and anticipated research developments we can expect to see significant enhancements in quality and productivity of oil crops over the coming decades. This should generate the technologies needed to support increasing plant oil production into the future, hopefully of sufficient magnitude to provide a major supply of renewable plant oils for the industrial economy without encroaching on the higher priority demand for food oils. Achievement of this goal will make a significant contribution to moving to a sustainable carbon‐neutral industrial society with lower emissions of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and reduced environmental impact as a result.     

Heavy oil refining and transportation: effect on the feasibility of increasing domestic heavy oil production

As part of a programme to assess the feasibility of increasing domestic heavy oil production from US reservoirs, a study of the crude oil transportation system and petroleum refining industry has been initiated to determine their ability to accommodate additional domestic heavy oil. This paper summarizes refining trends and potential limitations in the production/transportation/refining network that may influence the expansion of domestic heavy oil production outside the current heavy oil producing areas. Although the number of refineries has decreased over the past decade, the remaining large refineries have been able to stabilize charge capacity and increase refinery throughput. A few refineries have been designed to economically process select heavy oils and obtain acceptable yields of products. However, refiners seek more light sweet crude oil and less sour or heavy crude to meet the requirements of clean fuels as mandated by the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. Transport of heavy oil poses significant problems in that there are limited heated pipelines, and transport of heavy oil to distant refineries adds to the cost of heavy oil production. Addition of significantly more heavy oil, either domestic or imported, will substantially reduce refinery efficiency and throughput affecting yields and margins. This will not change without significant investment in refinery modification to be able to process heavy oil.     

采用湿式螺杆压缩机回收焦化放空瓦斯

本文全面介绍了采用湿式螺杆压缩机回收焦化放空瓦斯的新工艺。该回收工艺取代了通常采用的大型气柜外加往复式压缩机回收放空瓦斯工艺。经生产实践证明:该回收装置安全可靠,运转平稳,自动化水平较高,完全满足生产要求,可广泛应用在炼油厂回收放空瓦斯上。     

A review of air separation technologies and their integration with energy conversion processes

Cryogenic air separation technology has been successfully employed for many years to supply oxygen for the gasification of a wide range of hydrocarbon feedstocks to generate synthesis gas for the production of fuels, chemicals and other valuable products. Examples include the conversion of liquid and solid refinery waste streams into hydrogen for use within the refinery along with the coproduction of electricity, and the growing interest in gas-to-liquids (GTL) processes which convert natural gas into synthetic crude oil, waxes and fuels. Recently, increased attention has been focused on methods of integrating the oxygen production process with the downstream hydrocarbon processing units to reduce facility cost or increase efficiency. A review of traditional and developing processes to generate oxygen is presented, along with integration schemes to improve the economics of these facilities.     

炼厂制氢技术路线选择和成本分析

初步讨论炼厂制氢的必要性,对规模化的制氢技术进行了简要介绍。通过有代表性的天然气、渣油、水煤浆、干粉煤为制氢原料,分析讨论各原料制氢流程的最佳技术路线配置和典型物料平衡,并对4类原料选定的技术路线制氢成本进行技术经济分析,从成本角度初步探讨适宜炼厂制氢的原料和技术路线选择,结果表明,煤作为原料制氢不仅在技术上具有可行性,在经济性上也表现出越来越强的优势,以煤为原料的制氢装置在炼厂特别是重质油炼厂中将会得到广泛应用。     

天然气制合成油工艺现状及发展前景

天然气制合成油（GTL）正成为天然气高效利用的途径脱颖而出,近几年来一直是业内广泛关注的热点。GTL技术已经发展到第二代,与第一代技术相比,第二代GTL工艺在装置投资与生产成本等诸多方面都取得了重大突破,重点评述了国外多家公司已工业化和在开发中的第二代GTL工艺特点,分析了GTL的发展前景并对其在国内的发展提出两点建议。     

炼油厂液化气分离装置的精脱硫

为适应吉化公司及炼油厂生产的发展,特对该厂液化气分离装置进行了改造,改造后处理量由原6×10⁴ t·a^-1增加到10×10⁴ t·a^-1;产品纯度也由90.6%提高到≥95.5%,经济效益显著。     

常减压装置优化流程增产柴油实施措施

介绍在当前市场对柴油需求不断增长的前提下,通过对炼油厂常减压装置侧线产品的分析,提出常减压蒸馏装置流程的优化改造方案,将常四线油通过减二线中段回流并入减压塔的实施,在保证其他侧线产品质量合格的前提下,实现增产柴油的目的,同时通过后续工艺流程的优化调整,有助于提高常减压装置换热终温,降低装置加热炉燃料消耗,提高装置运行的...     

Study of Pre-Treatment of Oil Refinery Wastewater by EEF-Enhanced Micro-Electrolysis

Oil refinery wastewater is rich in organic pollutants and cannot be treated easily. This study involves the pre-treatment of oil refinery wastewater by external electric field (EEF)-enhanced micro-electrolysis technology. The anode was titanium net plated with ruthenium, the cathode was barbed wire, and the Fe/C/Al micro-electrolysis filler as particle electrode. The optimum conditions for EEF-enhanced micro-electrolysis were determined to be as initial pH of 3.0, 10 V EEF voltage, and 0.06 mol/L electrolyte concentrations by studying the influence of different experimental parameters. It was also found that EEF-enhanced micro-electrolysis had a higher efficiency than the traditional micro-electrolysis in the degradation of the organic pollutants present in the oil refinery wastewater. Continuous running results showed the removal rate of COD (chemical oxygen demand), ammonia nitrogen and oil of the effluent was stable, and the average value of the effluent B/C (biochemical oxygen demand/chemical oxygen demand) ratio was 0.454 ± 0.013. The values of EC (energy consumption) and ICE (instantaneous current efficiency) were 9.8 kWh/Kg COD and 340.5%, respectively, when the reaction time was 60 min in oil refinery wastewater pre-treatment by EEF-enhanced micro-electrolysis technology. GC/MS was used to analyze the organic compounds present in the wastewater before and after treatment. UV-visible absorption spectroscopy was used to analyze the degradation process of the organic compounds present in the oil refinery wastewater. The results of these analyses confirmed the technical feasibility of EEF-enhanced micro-electrolysis in the pre-treatment of the oil refining wastewater. Finally, the main mechanism involved in the treatment of refinery wastewater by EEF-enhanced micro-electrolysis technology has been discussed.     

Strategic planning optimization for natural gas to liquid transportation fuel (GTL) systems

A strategic planning optimization model is proposed for a network of natural gas to liquids (GTL) systems, and it is solved using a rolling horizon strategy. The model formulation determines the strategic and tactical decisions of the GTL supply chain over a long time horizon. The decisions to build new GTL refineries may be made over the span of 30 years and their operations cover the span of 60 years. Multiple capacities of GTL refineries (i.e., 1, 5, 10, 50, and 200 thousand barrels per day) that produce gasoline, diesel, and kerosene commensurate to the United States demand ratio may exist in the network. The parameter inputs include the locations, availabilities, and prices of natural gas in the United States discretized by county, the delivery locations of fuel products, and the transportation costs of every input and output of the refinery, defined for each time period. Formulated as a large-scale mixed-integer linear optimization (MILP) model, the problem is solved using a rolling horizon strategy for tractability. Case studies on the state of Pennsylvania are presented for different planning schemes and their impact on the economic performance of the GTL network is discussed.     

风电制氢作油品精制加氢氢源——生产高端绿色油品的思路

以风电制氢作油品精制加氢氢源为契机,化解风电并网的难题、替换出制氢干气集约利用并带动液化气集约利用、改善化工生产的原料和产品结构、生产绿色高端油品,助力石化企业实施绿色转型发展战略。     

JT-1G型加氢催化剂在甲醇装置的应用

介绍了西北化工研究院研制开发的JT-1G型加氢催化剂在中国石油天然气股份有限公司青海油田格尔木炼油厂甲醇装置的应用。为不断降低天然气制甲醇装置的生产成本,在不改变现有工艺流程的基础上,将甲醇装置富裕的氢气提供给炼油装置使用,将炼油装置的副产物炼油干气用于制取甲醇原料,从而提高甲醇的利润空间。JT-1G型加氢催化剂可将炼油厂炼油干气提氢后得到解吸气中的烯烃饱和并进行硫转化,以满足蒸汽转化催化剂及合成甲醇的要求,从而替代部分原料天然气,达到降低甲醇生产成本的目的。     

稀乙烯制乙苯和纯乙烯制乙苯装置成本和能耗对比

干气制乙苯技术能有效地利用乙烯资源,提高炼油厂效益、降低乙苯产品的生产成本,随着生产技术水平的提高和市场需求的不断增加,干气制乙苯装置逐渐增多,本文对比了广州石化干气制乙苯装置和苯乙烯装置乙苯单元的生产成本和能耗。     

2012年我国石油化工行业进展及展望

综述了我国石化行业2012年在高油价和经济减速条件下取得的一系列进展。一是石化产业全年运行缓中趋稳,产值、产量和效益均有增长,但增幅同比下落。二是建设世界一流石化产业,原油加工量和乙烯产量继续保持世界第二,化学品生产总量可与美国比伯仲,合成树脂生产位列前茅,合成橡胶生产位列世界之首。三是产业转型与升级,现代煤化工顺利融入石油化工生产体系,石化介入生物质化工成功试产生物航空煤油,石化产品高端化升级取得新进展。四是石化技术进步,采用自主产权的技术建成一批工业化装置,包括柴油液相循环加氢装置、生产欧Ⅴ汽油的新一代S-Zorb装置、80万吨/年大乙烯装置、S-MTO装置、FCC再生烟气SCR脱硝装置等;自主开发的超重油轻质化技术、百万吨级芳烃联合装置技术、合成气制乙二醇成套技术已具备工业化条件,沸腾床重质渣油加氢等技术进入工业验证阶段,一批专用化学品和化工新材料在内的石化产品差异化生产技术正在加紧攻关。文章总结了高油价和低增速条件下中国特色石化运行模式所起的作用,包括炼油高油价下坚持降本增效,资源分配“保、压”得当;化工把控在役石化产能与调节产品结构,积极实施差异化战略来应对市场需求不振和同质化竞争。同时,也对2012年存在的问题进行了思考。分析了2013年情况,进入2013年,随着世界经济形势逐步向好,国际油价走势受美国经济数据提振保持高位振荡,我国宏观经济预计继续保持稳健发展,国内化工市场需求总体回暖,我国炼油产业预计仍处于景气周期。对2013年我国石化行业总体运行提出了趋稳向好的较乐观展望,同时预期在加快汽柴油质量升级、石化产品高端化升级、推进化工原料的煤炭替代、创建“煤油化”一体化新模式、加速向能源化工产业转型和建设世界一流石化建设等方面取得实质性的新进展。     

Manufacture of hydrogen

The demand for hydrogen is ever growing, with major applications in refinery use and as component in synthesis gas for manufacture of methanol, ammonia and GTL products. Fuel cell applications represent an emerging market, and a hydrogen economy with a hydrogen fuelled automotive sector could result in a large demand for hydrogen. Recent developments in hydrogen manufacture by steam reforming focusing on energy efficiency and steam reformer development are presented together with challenges for the future integration with fuel cell applications and issues surrounding CO₂ sequestration.     

亚太地区炼油能力过剩及其对我国的影响

近几年亚太地区炼油能力出现了阶段性过剩，预计这一情况将持续到2003年左右。由此使亚太地区主要油品的供需格局发生了如下变化：主要油品总量的供需缺口缩小，汽油由净进口转向净出口，中间馏分油走向自足（但石脑油、燃料油仍有较大缺口），主要油品的贸易流向出现了新变化，这一情况也使亚太地区的炼油毛利下降，明显低于欧美同行，部分国家炼厂开工率下降。因此，我们必须积极采取措施以应对亚太地区炼油能力过剩对我国的影响。     

Dynamic modeling of an industrial diesel hydroprocessing plant by the method of continuous lumping

Diesel hydroprocessing is an important refinery process which consists of hydrodesulfurization to remove the undesired sulfur from the oil feedstock followed by hydrocracking and fractionation to obtain diesel with desired properties. Due to the new emission standards to improve the air quality, there is an increasing demand for the production of ultra low sulfur diesel fuel. This paper is addressing the development of a reliable dynamic process model which can be used for real-time optimization and control purposes to improve the process conditions of existing plants to meet the low-sulfur demand. The overall plant model consists of a hydrodesulfurization (HDS) model for the first two reactor beds followed by a hydrocracking (HC) model for the last cracking bed. The models are dynamic, non-isothermal, pseudo-homogeneous plug flow reactor models. Reaction kinetics are modeled using the method of continuous lumping which treats the reaction medium as a continuum of species whose reactivities depend on the true boiling point of the mixture. The key modeling parameters are estimated using industrial data. Steady-state and dynamic model predictions of the reactor bed temperatures, sulfur removal, and diesel production match closely the plant data.     

JT-4型焦化催化干气加氢催化剂在制氢装置上的应用

为解决干气不平衡问题,制氢装置在加氢反应器中使用西北化工研究院开发的JT-4型焦化催化干气加氢催化剂,以满足干气制氢的需要。使用结果表明,焦化干气经JT-4型催化剂加氢转化后,完全满足制氢工艺要求,解决了全厂干气不平衡问题,大幅度降低了制氢成本。     

降低炼油加工损失技术经济分析

石化企业炼油加工损失包括生产装置加工损失、气体损失和油品输转损失。通过损失结构的细分,结合企业实际情况,重点关注气体、污油、装置现场和产品出厂管理,采取一定的改进措施,以达到降低炼油企业加工损失的目的。     

过滤分离技术在能源、水及环境领域的应用及发展

19世纪末到20世纪的工业革命期间,随着电力、石油、汽车等工业的发展,人类对能源的使用和消耗以指数速度迅速增长。能源开采、生产及使用等行为导致全球气候变暖、资源匮乏,人类的健康和生存受到威胁。保护环境、节省资源、开发新能源便成为现代工业发展以及人类生产生活的核心,而提高效率、减少污染,再生、再利用及持续性发展则成为发展的主要驱动力。过滤分离作为一种低能耗技术过程,近年来其应用领域在能源、资源及环境方面得到深广的发展,而其自身产品技术则同时得到日新月异的发展。其发展趋势体现在高能效、低能耗、自动、连续、更高的分离精度,更广的温度压力适用范围,更长的使用寿命以及更低的对环境的影响。本文围绕环境、资源、能源等方面现在及未来的应用需求,重点介绍欧美近年来过滤分离在如页岩天然气开采中的采出水处理,生物柴油、生物甲烷等可再生能源,水处理,工业废气、汽车尾气及室内空气过滤等方面的新技术新产品,以及传统过滤分离技术的新应用,并对过程计算模拟的发展应用及过滤分离基础理论研究状况做了简略介绍。