木薯酒糟及其厌氧发酵液作为外加碳源强化城市生活污水生物营养盐去除研究

目的：针对目前城市污水处理中普遍存在的进水碳源不足引起的脱氮除磷效率不高的问题,而大量具有很高碳氮比（C/N）和可生物降解有机成分的食品工业废水亟需处理的现状,本文考察了木薯酒精厂废水（木薯酒糟及其厌氧发酵液）分别作为外加碳源资源化利用的可行性。
　　创新点：对比考察了木薯酒糟及其厌氧发酵液分别作为碳源对活性污泥系统脱氮除磷的影响,为处理低C/N比城市污水寻求廉价优质的外加碳源提供理论依据。
　　方法：通过运行三组平行的厌氧/缺氧/好氧序批式活性污泥反应器（SBR）,以乙酸钠作为对比,考察木薯酒糟及其厌氧发酵液作为碳源对活性污泥系统碳、氮、磷变化规律的影响,并通过硝酸盐利用速率（NUR）和厌氧-缺氧/好氧批次试验对污泥特性进行分析。
　　结论：（1）在整个试验过程中,与乙酸钠作为碳源相比,木薯酒糟及其厌氧发酵液在相同的运行条件下取得了更高的总氮（ TN ）去除率,分别为(72.4±3.2)%和(73.2±2.6)%,高于乙酸钠的(62.6±3.5)%。NUR 试验结果表明,木薯酒糟及其厌氧发酵液污泥的反硝化速率分别为5.49~5.99 g N/(kg MLVSS·h)和6.63~6.81 g N/(kg MLVSS·h),与其他研究中报道的食品工业废水的反硝化速率相当或略高。（2）以木薯酒糟及其厌氧发酵液作为碳源的系统发生了显著的反硝化聚磷现象,两体系中的反硝化聚磷菌分别占总聚磷菌的62.6%（86天）和61.8%（65天）。（3）以木薯酒糟上清液及其厌氧发酵液作为碳源的生物营养盐去除（SBR）系统均取得了良好稳定的脱氮除磷效果。在 BNR 工艺中投加木薯酒糟及其厌氧碱性发酵液作为外加碳源,不仅可以提高系统氮磷去除效果,还能解决这部分废水的处理问题,是一种很有潜力的替代碳源。     

碳源投加量对除磷脱氮的影响

为了提高氧化沟脱氮除磷的效果,提出了改良型氧化沟工艺,并且进行了碳源投加量对除磷脱氮的影响的试验验证.首先,给出了合肥市某污水处理厂的工程概况,并且提出了试验材料与方法.其次,分析了改良型氧化沟工艺在该污水处理厂运行效果,试验表明：（1）碳源投加量越大,释磷量越大;（2）在厌氧时污泥释磷越充分,曝气时吸磷量越大,在曝气180min后,80mg/L碳源污泥吸磷量明显小于160mg/L碳源污泥吸磷量;（3）在180min,C：N=5：1时,其硝酸盐含量和亚硝酸盐含量均小于C：N=3：1时的含量,碳源越充足,硝化反硝化效果越好,最终TN含量越小.     

Performance of biological phosphorus removal and characteristics of microbial community in the oxic-settling-anaerobic process by FISH analysis

Performance of biological phosphorus removal in the oxic-settling-anaerobic （OSA） process was investigated. Cell staining and fluorescent in situ hybridization （FISH） were used to analyze characteristics and microbial community of sludge. Experimental results showed that phosphorus removal efficiency was near 60% and the amount of biological phosphorus accumulation in aerobic sludge of the OSA system was up to 26.9 mg/g. Biological phosphorus removal efficiency was partially inhibited by carbon sources in the continuous OSA system. Contrasted to the OSA system, biological phosphorus removal efficiency was enhanced by 14% and the average total phosphorus （TP） contents of aerobic sludge were increased by 0.36 mg/g when sufficient carbon sources were supplied in batch experiments. Staining methods indicated that about 35% of microorganisms had typical characteristics of phosphorus accumulating organisms （PAOs）. FISH analysis demonstrated that PAOMIX-binding bacteria were predominant microbial communities in the OSA system, which accounted for around 28% of total bacteria.     

A/O工艺与分段进水两种生物脱氮工艺的比较研究

从脱氮率、工艺运行以及节能角度对A／O工艺与分段进水2种生物脱氮工艺进行比较．结果表明,当污泥回流比为50％的条件下,分段进水工艺能达到高于80％的总氮去除率,但是A／O工艺只能达到40％．在污泥回流比为100％、硝化液回流比为200％的条件下,A／O工艺能够达到78．32％的总氮去除率,但是SVI值将达到143mL／g．而达到同样甚至更高的总氮去除率（81．1％）,分段进水工艺的SVI值只有94．4mL／g．分段进水工艺中污泥膨胀得到很好的控制．分段进水工艺在适用性、脱氮率、运行稳定性方面优于A／O工艺．     

Effects of supplying silicon nutrient on utilization rate of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients by rice and its soil ecological mechanism in a hybrid rice double-cropping system

Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B - This study was conducted to reveal the effects of silicon (Si) application on nutrient utilization efficiency by rice and on soil nutrient availability...     

Effects of analogical processes on learning and misrepresentation

Although the facilitative effects of instructional analogies have been well-documented, research has ignored their potential role in the formation of domain-specific misconceptions. A model for predicting the likelihood of analogical misrepresentation is presented. The model assumes that two factors interact to influence the potential for misrepresentation: locus of generation (learner-generated or teacher-generated) and component analogical process (selection or mapping). The research reviewed provides support for the model's predictions that (a) selection difficulties increase the potential for misrepresentation under learner-generated conditions, and (b) mapping difficulties increase the potential for misrepresentation under teacher-generated conditions. Application of research findings with proportional analogies and analogical problem-solving to a systematic investigation of the effects of instructional and elaborative analogies is recommended.     

Effects of child-caregiver ratio on the interactions between caregivers and children in child-care centers: an experimental study

To investigate the effects of child-caregiver ratio on the quality of caregiver-child interaction in child-care centers, 217 caregivers (ages 18-56 years) from 64 child care centers were observed during two structured play episodes: one with a group of three children and one with a group of 5 children. As predicted, a child-caregiver ratio of 3:1 produced a significantly higher quality of caregiver-child interaction than a ratio of 5:1 and particularly for younger children. Significant and meaningful effects were found for both the interactive behaviors of the caregivers and the children's well-being and cooperation. Significant correlations with caregiver-child interaction during lunchtime and throughout the remainder of the morning confirmed the ecological validity of the caregiver-child interactions observed during structured play episodes.     

Effects of evaluativevs. co-constructive interactions on learning in physics

We conducted an experimental study to assess the effects of two physics-learning situations that differed in the type of teacher-student interactions that took place: evaluative or co-constructive. As found in various studies on physics teaching and social psychology, the results showed that co-constructive interactions generated a more effective learning context for students than evaluative ones did.     

Effects of external reward on paired associate learning in a group setting

A study was conducted to determine the effects of external reward in the form of prizes on the performance of college students in a paired-associate learning task in which subjects were asked to recall a real word associated with a nonsense word. Two groups, one of whom was offered a prize, received the S-R pairs with no aid (no mediators); and two groups, one of whom was offered a prize, received the S-R pairs with a sentence-pictorial aid mediator. Results of two-way ANOVA supported the hypothesis that the No Prize/Aided and No Prize/NonAided groups would exhibit performance of higher quality than the groups offered prizes. The dependent measure was number of correct responses over six trials.     

不同氮磷浓度对缢蛏养殖池塘中优势藻生长的影响

本实验以中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）、亚心型扁藻（Platymonas subcordiformis）2种缢蛏养殖中常见优势藻为实验对象,研究不同N、P浓度对2种藻生长的影响．结果表明：中肋骨条藻最适生长的N、P浓度范围为N：6mg／L-24mg／L和P：1mg／L-2mg／L,亚心型扁藻的最适N、P浓度范围为N：6mg／L-24mg／L和P：lmg,L_2mgn．~从实验结果来看,中肋骨条藻和亚心型扁藻对N、P的需求基本一致,N限制明显而P限制表现不显著．因此,通过调节N、P等主要营养盐的浓度将会有效地控制缢蛏养殖池塘中藻类生物量及种群结构变化,使藻相保持相对稳定,对于发展科学的缢蛏养殖池塘水质管理模式具有重要的意义．     

行业院校战略行为与外部政策的耦合问题研究

行业院校战略行为与外部政策之间的耦合关系主要经历了紧密耦合-依附性发展、选择性耦合-适应性发展、松散耦合-多元化发展三个阶段。从新制度主义视角出发,这种耦合关系的演变即是制度规制与创新、制度合法与技术效率、制度外化与内生等组织与制度之间逻辑关系不断衍化的过程。针对政府的过度规制制约行业院校的创新意志、合法性与合理性之间的博弈造成战略决策的摇摆、由外而内的制度化过程弱化行业院校之间的协同、强制与模仿机制下的特色"同形"等问题,文章提出在松散耦合机制下实现行业院校战略行为与外部政策的和谐共生。     

基于地下水生物除铁除锰装置的开放性实验教学实践

为了拓展华东交通大学给排水工程和环境工程专业开放性实验项目,充分利用校企合作的科研成果,将华东交通大学和宜春四海电子电控有限公司合作开发的地下水生物除铁除锰装置应用于给排水工程和环境工程专业2008级学生的实验教学中,把地下水生物除铁除锰装置实验项目纳入给排水工程和环境工程专业2008级学生的开放性实验,学生采用改性锰砂作为生物除铁除锰装置填料处理含铁锰地下水,取得了一些研究成果。项目调动了学生的主动学习的积极性,培养了其动手能力和团队协作能力,激发了学生的创新性思维,综合能力得到了提高。     

Effects of pH and Eh on release of nitrogen and phosphorus from sediments of West Lake

The effects of pH and Eh on release of nitrogen and phosphorus from sediments of West Lake under different conditions were investigated by simulation test. Results showed that the net flux of NH4+-N release from sediments increased with pH, but NO3--N showed negative-going release at all tested pH levels. The net flux of NH4+-N release from sediments was higher under anaerobic or aerobic condition of the overlying water, but only under aerobic condition would net release of NO3--N occur. It was also shown that phosphorus released was mainly in its inorganic form, higher pH and anaerobic conditions of overlying water greatly stimulated release of phosphorus. In situ measurement at several West Lake locations indicated that sediment resuspension induced by boat propeller stimulated nutrients release from sediment into overlying water.     

Effects of pH and Eh on release of nitrogen and phosphorus from sediments of West Lake

INTRODUCTIONAsasinkandaninnersourceofnutrients,sedimentsplayanimportantroleinlakeeutroph ication.TheeutrophicationstatusofWestLakeisstillcriticalinrecentyearsevenaftermostpollutionsourcesaroundWestLakehavebeencontrolled(Peietal.,1998) ,mainlythroughtherel…     

Effects of the dietary supplementation with fructooligosaccharides on the excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus in Miichthys miiuy fries

INTRODUCTION Aquaculture, one of fastest-growing food in-dustries, has increased worldwide at an average rate of 9.2% per year since 1970, compared with only 1.4% for capture fisheries and 2.8% for terrestrial farmed meat production system (FAO, 2002). Aquaculture has become the most advanced among agricultural fields. Simultaneously, due to intensive farming and lack of controlling guidelines, aquacul-ture’s impact on the environment has become of in-creasing concern. Excessive nutrie…     

Effects of class size and adaptive teaching competency on classroom processes and academic outcome

In many studies of class size effects, teacher characteristics are missing, even though many argue it is not class size that is important but teacher quality. In the present study teachers' effectiveness on the learning progress was assessed while teaching a unit with predefined learning objectives. To measure adaptive teaching competency a multi-method approach was employed (e.g., vignette and video test). There were 49 teachers and 898 students. Smaller classes led to higher academic learning progresses, better knowledge of students, and better classroom processes. Adaptive teacher competency remained relevant in smaller classes, that is, class size and teacher quality were independently important.     

PTSD与BDNF基因Val66Met多态性相互作用对青少年血脂的影响

为验证创伤后应激障碍(post-traumatic stress disorder,PTSD)和脑源性神经营养因子(brain derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)基因BDNF Val66Met多态性之间存在相互作用并影响血脂及相关指标的新假设,以2008年汶川地震灾区高中学生为研究对象,采用PTSD检查量表平民版(PTSD checklist-civilian version,PCL-C)评估PTSD症状,常规体格检查并计算体质指数(body mass index,BMI)和腰臀比(waist-hip ratio,WHR),常规方法测定血清总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC),甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG),低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C),血糖,聚合酶链反应-限制性酶切法(polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism,PCR-RFLP)分析BDNF Val66Met多态性,DNA测序验证。发现Val/Val基因型男性PTSD组TG显著高于对照组,PTSD组Val/Val基因型男性TG显著高于Met等位基因携带者。携带Met等位基因女性PTSD组BMI显著高于对照组。结果表明,PTSD与BDNF Val66Met多态性在不同性别青少年中存在不同的相互作用,并影响血脂及相关指标水平。本研究为深入探讨影响血脂及相关指标的因素及其机制提供了新线索,为脂蛋白异常血症、心血管疾病的精准医学防治或个性化防治提供了新的思路。     

pH对氟罗沙星与BSA之间结合常数的影响

采用毛细管区带电泳法,通过测定在不同pH值、不同牛血清白蛋白浓度的缓冲溶液条件下药物迁移时间的变化,计算出了pH分别为6.8、7.4和8.0时氟罗沙星与牛血清白蛋白相互作用的结合常数,其值分别为11.807×104、5.682×104、7.472×104mol/L。结果显示：当pH=6.8时结合常数值最大,当pH增大为7.4时,结合常数值显著下降。探讨pH对结合常数的影响规律,对于进一步阐明药物作用机理具有较强的理论意义。