影响东寨港红树林中光背团水虱分布的生态因子研究

作者于2012年6月对东寨港红树林保护区中光背团水虱(Sphraeroma retrolaevis)虫害区域的水质因子和光背团水虱的分布情况进行了调查研究。结果表明: 光背团水虱的水平分布与水温、盐度、pH值、COD值、OD值没有直接关系; 调查区内影响团水虱水平分布的主要水质因子是:总氮质量浓度为0.356～0.605 mg/L,总磷质量浓度为0.050～0.054 mg/L,浮游生物量为1.23～1.82 mg/L;网纹藤壶的生长与光背团水虱在垂直分布有直接关系,光背团水虱距离网纹藤壶越远,光背团水虱洞穴数量越少,其关系函数为y=6.15x²–9.17x+16.45,R²=0.9879。     

采用碳氮稳定同位素技术对黄海中南部鳗鱼食性的研究

根据2005年4～5月在黄海和长江口海域进行的春季底拖网调查，应用稳定同位素方法研究了黄海中南部鯷鱼（Engraulis　japonicus）及其可能摄食饵料的碳氮稳定同位素比值，结果表明：（1）黄海中南部鯷鱼的食物组成为不同粒径的浮游动物、太平洋磷虾（Euphausia pacifuca）和仔稚鱼，其中以粒径为500-900μm的浮游动物为主，贡献比例占61％～84％；仔稚鱼贡献比例占16％～21％，较传统胃含物方法分析的结果小；（2）黄海中部海域鯷鱼的碳氮稳定同位素比值平均值较南部海域高，原因可能与各海域的能量来源不同或存在微食物环有关，也可能与不同海域鯷鱼的能量转换途径不一样，即与食物链长短不一有关．     

危害我国红树林的团水虱的生物学特征

近些年来,团水虱(Sphaeroma spp.)在红树林生态系统中的持续爆发已成为天然和人工红树林遭受破坏的主要原因之一,在我国海南、广东和广西都有不同程度的发生.目前国内有关红树林湿地团水虱的生物学特征研究较少,而明确团水虱的生物学特征是研发其防控技术的重要依据.本研究通过文献查阅和实地调查,总结了团水虱危害中国红树林的现状,团水虱的种类、分布和生活史,以及繁殖和聚集的季节、繁殖方式、营养物质偏好等,以期为团水虱的防控提供理论和技术方面的支撑.     

采用碳氮稳定同位素技术对黄海中南部鳀鱼食性的研究

根据2005年4~5月在黄海和长江口海域进行的春季底拖网调查,应用稳定同位素方法研究了黄海中南部鳀鱼(Engraulis japonicus)及其可能摄食饵料的碳氮稳定同位素比值,结果表明:(1)黄海中南部鳀鱼的食物组成为不同粒径的浮游动物、太平洋磷虾(Euphausia pacifica)和仔稚鱼,其中以粒径为500~900μm的浮游动物为主,贡献比例占61%~84%;仔稚鱼贡献比例占16%~21%,较传统胃含物方法分析的结果小;(2)黄海中部海域鳀鱼的碳氮稳定同位素比值平均值较南部海域高,原因可能与各海域的能量来源不同或存在微食物环有关,也可能与不同海域鳀鱼的能量转换途径不一样,即与食物链长短不一有关.     

基于稳定同位素分析推定秋冬季南极半岛南极大磷虾营养变化

南极大磷虾（Euphausia superba）为南大洋生态系统中的关键种,也是南极生态系统食物网中的重要枢纽。该种秋冬季转换期的营养信息对于理解其知之甚少的越冬机制非常重要。但关于此方面的少数研究在时空变化上仍存在着差异。为此,我们调查了南极半岛秋季（4-5月）和冬季（6月）磷虾成体δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N值的个体、月份及区域性差异。我们的目标旨在检验该期间磷虾的营养变化以及磷虾与其在南极海洋生态系统中的摄食环境之间的关系。结果如下：（1）磷虾δ¹³C值与体长之间无显著关系,但δ¹⁵N值与体长之间则存在显著相关性;（2）秋季磷虾δ¹³C值呈现增长趋势,但冬初季节并无显著变化,此期间δ¹⁵N值无显著不同;（3）布兰斯菲尔德与南设得兰群岛之间的δ¹⁵N平均值显著不同。我们的数据表明南极半岛秋至初冬转换期间磷虾成体营养呈现个体、季节性及区域性变化。     

基于稳定同位素的六指马鲅(Polynemus sextarius)食性特征

利用稳定同位素方法对南海大鹏湾海域六指马鲅(Polynemus sextarius)及其食物的碳和氮稳定同位素比值(δ13C和δ15N值)进行分析,定量研究了不同食物对六指马鲅的贡献比率,研究结果表明:六指马鲅的δ13C值在–16.9‰—–16.1‰间,δ15N值的范围为14.0‰—15.4‰,δ13C和δ15N值的变化范围均较小,表明六指马鲅的食物来源较为单一。六指马鲅的食物主要由近缘新对虾(Metapenaeus affinis)、口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)、桡足类和蟹类组成,它们的营养位置分别为2.97±0.21、3.18±0.08、1.82±0.08和2.53±0.66,均低于六指马鲅的3.34±0.13。其中蟹类为六指马鲅的主要食物,平均贡献率为50.8%;其次为口虾蛄和近缘新对虾,平均贡献率分别为24.9%和17.0%;桡足类的平均贡献率最低,仅为7.3%。相关分析显示,六指马鲅的δ13C和δ15N值与其个体体长间均存在显著的正相关关系,说明不同大小的六指马鲅食物组成有差异。     

环境饵料丰度的季节变化对筼筜湖3种大型底栖动物食性的影响——来自稳定同位素的证据

测定了不同时期筼筜湖3种大型底栖动物(沙筛贝Mytilopsis sallei、日本大螯蜚Grandidierella japonica和腺带刺沙蚕Neanthes japonica)及其潜在食源的稳定同位素组成(δ13C和δ15 N),研究环境饵料丰度的季节变化对筼筜湖3种大型底栖动物食性的影响。结果显示,筼筜湖悬浮颗粒有机物(Particulate organic matter∶POM)的δ13C和δ15 N存在明显的季节变化。3月,受到输入筼筜湖的西海域海水大量陆源有机碎屑以及湖区周围的生活污水以及餐饮业输入的影响,筼筜湖POM的δ13 C和δ15 N明显贫化;而在9月,POM中δ13 C和δ15 N明显富集的内源性浮游植物的贡献增加。沙筛贝是典型的底栖滤食者,主要以POM为食,但它比POM富集的δ13 C值(3月和9月二者之间的Δδ13 C分别为2.9‰和1.6‰)表明它还摄入其他δ13 C相对富集的食物来源:石莼来源的有机碎屑可能是3月份沙筛贝δ13C富集的原因,而9月份则是由于再悬浮的底栖微藻对沙筛贝食源的贡献引起的。食碎屑的腺带刺沙蚕和日本大螯蜚在3月以石莼及其表面的附生生物为食,而9月份底栖微藻和浮游植物来源的POM是它们食源的主要贡献者。本研究的结果显示,筼筜湖3种大型底栖动物的δ15 N都出现明显的季节变化(Δδ15 N介于2.2‰~4.3‰),这是由于它们食源稳定同位素的季节性波动及其食性的季节变化引起的,而消费者食性的季节性变化则受到不同时期环境食物可利用性的影响。     

基于稳定性同位素的普里兹湾南极大磷虾不同发育阶段食性转变分析

As one of the most common and dominant species in the Southern Ocean, Antarctic krill(Euphausia superba)play a significant role in food web structure and the process of energy flow. The diet of Antarctic krill in the Prydz Bay during austral summer of 2012/2013 was investigated and the ontogenetic shift in krill diet was evaluated using the stable isotope method. The nitrogen stable isotope values(δ~(15) N) of adults((2.78±0.58)‰) were much higher than those of juveniles((1.69±0.70)‰), whereas the carbon stable isotope values(δ~(13) C) of adults(–(28.26±1.08)‰) were slightly lower than those of juveniles(–(27.48±1.35)‰). Particulate organic matter(POM)from 0, 25, and 50 m depth combined(0/25/50 m) represented phytoplankton food items. The results showed that phytoplankton food items in surface water and mesozooplankton were two essential food items for Antarctic krill in the Prydz Bay during summer. POM(0/25/50 m) contributes 56%–69% and 26%–34% to the diet of juvenile and adult krill, respectively, whereas mesozooplankton composes 13%–34% and 58%–71% of the diet of juvenile and adult krill, respectively. Thus, an ontogenetic diet shift from POM(0/25/50 m), which consists mainly of phytoplankton, to a higher trophic level diet containing mesozooplankton, was detected. The capacity for adults to consume more zooplankton food items may minimize their food competition with juveniles, which rely mostly on phytoplankton food items. This suggests "diet shift with ontogeny" which may somehow help krill keep their dietary energy budget balanced and well adapted to the Antarctic marine ecosystem as a dominant species.     

应用碳、氮稳定同位素研究北部湾带鱼(Trichiurus lepturus)食性及营养级

采用胃含物分析法及碳、氮稳定同位素法,对北部湾带鱼的饵料组成、营养级和摄食习性随肛长的变化进行研究。结果表明,北部湾带鱼的食物主要由中上层鱼类、头足类、底栖甲壳类以及浮游动物等43种饵料生物组成,以质量百分比为指标,优势饵料为蓝圆鲹、裘氏小沙丁鱼、少鳞犀鳕和尖吻小公鱼等鱼类以及中国枪乌贼(6.07%)等头足类。δ13C值随着生物栖息水层的深度而增加,饵料生物中的中上层鱼类蓝圆鲹和底栖鱼类粗纹分别具有最低和最高值。根据食物质量比例及δ15N计算的北部湾带鱼营养级平均值和周年平均值均为3.7。带鱼营养级在各月份之间周年变化及随肛长增加差异不显著。真空冷冻干燥与恒温烘干进行样品预处理δ13C差异不显著,而δ15N则差异极显著。     

轻元素稳定同位素的标准评述

标准物质在稳定同位素分析的质量保证体系以及分析数据的可比性方面起着关键性作用，因此标准物质的研制具有重要意义。本文评述了国际上在轻元素（氢、碳、氮、氧和硫）稳定同位素标准物质研制方面的最新进展。     

Feeding ecology of five commercial shark species of the Celtic Sea through stable isotope and trace metal analysis

In order to trace their feeding habits, stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios (delta15N and delta13C), as well as trace metal concentrations (Zn, Cd, Fe, Cu, Se and Hg) were analysed in the tissues of five commercial shark species from the Celtic Sea: the tope shark Galeorhinus galeus, the black-mouthed catshark Galeus melastomus, the starry smooth hound Mustelus asterias, the spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias and the lesser-spotted dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula. Our results were compared to previously described stomach contents and isotopic composition of potential preys. Isotopic ratio delta15N suggested that tope sharks fed at a higher trophic level (16.7 per thousand in the muscle) than the other species, reflecting its piscivorous diet. The lower values of spiny dogfish (11.6 per thousand in the muscle) might be explained, amongst other things, by either its migratory behaviour or its preference for preys from lower trophic levels. Cd and Hg were correlated with isotopic ratios delta13C and delta15N, and were shown to be diet-related whereas Zn, Fe and Cu seemed much more linked to species-specific metabolism. Although this multidisciplinary approach is revealed as a useful tool for the study of shark ecology, the lack of known trophic fractionation suggests that isotopic data be compared to traditional diet analyses.     

Feeding habits of Solea senegalensis in earthen ponds in Sado estuary

The senegale sole, Solea senegalensis Kaup, 1858, is a commercially valuable fish and it is beginning to be cultured in a semi-intensive way in fish farms in southern European countries. The present study was initiated to investigate the diet of S. senegalensis under semi-extensive conditions. The feeding habits of sole were studied in two earthen ponds of a fish farm in the Sado estuary. In one earthen pond, artificial fish ration was given. S. senegalensis feeds on few prey items, its diet is mainly composed of insect larvae (Chironomus salinarus) and polychaeta (Hediste diversicolor). The diet composition of this species suggests feeding specialization, by consuming mainly annelids and insect larvae and by avoiding other items, extremely abundant in the environment, such as gastropods. In the water reservoir where ration was given, some fish consumed simultaneously benthic organism together with ration. However, benthic organisms seem to be the most important component of S. senegalensis diet.     

基于18S rDNA条形码技术的珊瑚礁区塔形马蹄螺(Tectus pyramis)食性分析

塔形马蹄螺(Tectuspyramis)是一种暖水性较强的海洋贝类,也是一种重要的礁栖生物,研究其自然环境中的食物组成对于认识其生态功能具有重要意义,但由于缺少直接的食物组成信息,对其食性和生态功能定位尚不明确。本研究于2017年春季在南沙珊瑚礁区采集了塔形马蹄螺样品,以18S rDNA可变区(V4)序列为靶标,用高通量测序技术分析了其现场食物组成。共测得41个OTU,分属11个门类,包括节肢动物门(Arthropoda)、子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、丝足虫门(Cercozoa)、刺胞动物门(Cnidaria)、Stramenopiles(不等鞭毛类)、网粘菌门(Labyrinthulomycota)、软体动物门(Mollusca)、多孔动物门(Porifera)、甲藻门(Pyrrophyta)、捕虫霉亚门(Zoopagomycota)。与以往研究不同的是,本研究发现塔形马蹄螺消化道中存在大量沉积物碎屑,其中有孔虫、真菌、后生动物是最重要的类群,占食物序列组成的99.76%,它们主要存在于海洋沉积物、有机碎屑和礁石表生藻类基质(Epilithic algal matrix, EAM)中。研究结果揭示了塔形马蹄螺的食物主要来源于EAM中的小型生物和碎屑以及珊瑚礁石上的有害生物,推测塔形马蹄螺属于沉积物碎屑食性生物,可能在清除珊瑚表面藻类基质、促进珊瑚幼体附着过程中发挥一定的作用,对于维护珊瑚生态系统的健康和稳定具有积极意义。     

基于碳氮稳定同位素的西北印度洋鸢乌贼摄食习性研究

内壳是头足类重要的硬组织器官之一,鸢乌贼(Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis)内壳的生长具有不可逆性,是记录鸢乌贼整个生活史信息的良好载体。根据2019年3~5月中国灯光罩网渔船在西北印度洋生产调查期间采集的鸢乌贼样本,利用碳氮稳定同位素技术,研究了个体间的营养生态位关系、摄食习性等。结果表明,雌、雄鸢乌贼个体的内壳δ¹³C不存在显著性差异(P>0.05),而δ¹⁵N存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。营养生态位结果显示,雄性群体的生态位宽幅比雌性群体的要大。雌、雄个体的内壳生长对δ¹³C均没有显著影响(P>0.05),但雌、雄个体的内壳生长对δ¹⁵N均有显著影响(P<0.05), δ¹³C (1.28‰)和δ¹⁵N (3.46‰)值的变化表明鸢乌贼在生长过程中存在洄游现象,营养等级发生改变,且同时期的雌性个体较雄性个体捕食营养层级更高的食物。     

中国北方沿海3种养殖扇贝碳、氮稳定同位素的组成特征

应用元素分析和稳定同位素质谱联用技术(EA-IRMS)对中国北方不同养殖地区的虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)、栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)和海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)闭壳肌的碳、氮稳定同位素进行了测定,分析3种养殖扇贝的碳、氮稳定同位素组成特征。结果显示,青岛和獐子岛虾夷扇贝闭壳肌的?13C和?15N均差异性显著,长岛和旅顺栉孔扇贝闭壳肌的?15N差异性显著,莱州、牟平和旅顺海湾扇贝闭壳肌的?13C和?15N均差异性显著。闭壳肌的碳、氮稳定同位素组成能有效区分不同产地来源的3种养殖扇贝。     

青岛湾潮间带活体底栖有孔虫Ammonia aomoriensis (Asano,1951)壳体δ18O值的季节变化

近岸浅水底栖有孔虫是陆架海区古环境重建的重要手段,但是至今对其活体的研究非常缺乏。2014年6月至2015年5月对青岛湾潮间带活体底栖有孔虫Ammonia aomoriensis进行了连续12个月的采样,用虎红染色以确认活体。对壳径范围在200~550μm的活体壳体,以每增加50μm壳径为一组,进行δ18O测试。结果显示,A.aomoriensis壳体δ18O的月平均值的季节变化趋势与温度和盐度一致,与温度反相关,与盐度正相关,即青岛湾A.aomoriensis壳体δ18O值受温度和海水δ18O的影响,其壳体δ18O值表现出了很好的季节性波动。但是A.aomoriensis壳体δ18O的变化滞后于所测温度和盐度约2个月,其记录的是虫体在生长周期内在真实钙化温度下分馏所得的δ18O值。     

Diet of Littoraria scabra, while vertically migrating on mangrove trees: Gut content, fatty acid, and stable isotope analyses

The snail, Littoraria scabra, is a dominant grazer on tropical mangrove trees, and may play an important role in the food web dynamics of these ecosystems. Its daily vertical migration to avoid tidal submersion results in exposure to varying food types and abundances. A comprehensive diet analysis – gut contents, fatty acid profiles, and stable isotopes (δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C) – was conducted on snails migrating along mangrove trees and snails maintained in non-tidal mesocosms at Nananu-i-ra, Fiji Islands. In addition, fatty acid profiles and stable isotope signatures were obtained from surface scrapings of mangrove roots, trunks, branches, and leaves. Results from this multi-technique study indicate that L. scabra is mainly a generalist herbivore, which easily shifts diets depending on food availability, and which also has the ability to ingest and assimilate zooplankton. Ingestion of greater quantities of diverse foods (i.e., microalgae, foliose/corticated macrophytes, filamentous algae, mangrove tissues, zooplankton) takes place in the bottom areas of mangrove trees (roots and trunks) during low tides, while top areas (branches and leaves) provide limited food resources for snails feeding during high tides. However, snails preferentially assimilate microalgae and bacteria, regardless of their feeding habitat (different areas within mangrove trees and non-tidal mesocosms). The daily vertical movements of this snail result in variable feeding times, ingestion of different food types and amounts, and different assimilations. These findings also suggest that organic matter derived from mangrove tissues may not be readily transferred to higher trophic levels through this grazing pathway.     

美人鱼发光杆菌杀鱼亚种感染卵形鲳鲹的病理学观察

病原菌美人鱼发光杆菌杀鱼亚种(Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida)分离自发病的卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus), 本实验利用腹腔注射和浸泡的感染途径, 观察卵形鲳鲹发光杆菌病的病理变化。感染发病鱼呈现急性和慢性临床症状, 主要急性症状为鳃盖周围轻微出血, 腹腔积水和内脏器官多灶性坏死; 主要慢性症状为脾脏、肾脏和心脏内能观察到直径为0.5~1.0 mm 的白色粟米样结节; 利用光学显微镜和透射电镜观察的组织病理显示: 急性病理症状主要表现为鳃、肝和肾发生变性及凝固性坏死, 肾管微绒毛紊乱, 线粒体的嵴脱落, 脾淋巴细胞增生, 核染色质边集, 心肌细胞发生多灶性坏死,线粒体增生, 肠道的病变较轻微。慢性病理症状主要表现为鳃丝上皮细胞坏死, 脾淋巴细胞线粒体、高尔基体和内质网溶解, 肾小管上皮细胞的微绒毛脱落, 心肌纤维Z 带排列紊乱, 线粒体变性, 肝脏、肾脏、脾脏、心脏和肠道出现典型的肉芽肿病变。相比之下, 脾脏、肾脏和心脏的病变是所有器官中最严重的。