基于配对误差补偿方法的拼接光栅压缩池理论研究

利用傅里叶光学方法，研究了一个基于配对误差补偿方法的单程拼接光栅压缩池系统，得到远场时域关于系统拼接误差的积分表达式，揭示了配对误差补偿方案下系统的群延迟、脉冲前沿倾斜、剩余啁啾效应对叠加后远场时域的影响规律.数值模拟表明：随着带宽增加，配对补偿法将导致脉冲远场时域展宽；对一个利用配对误差补偿的单程拼接光栅压缩池系统进行计算，得到该方案下各种拼接误差的容限；同时考虑所有误差的情况下得到系统的允许带宽曲线. 关键词： 拼接光栅压缩池 配对补偿 相干叠加 远场     

单程拼接光栅压缩池系统中光栅缝隙的衍射效应

利用傅里叶光学方法，建立了一个基于远场的高斯光束数学模型.该模型能够分析单程拼接光栅压缩池系统中拼接光栅的缝隙对远场时空特性的影响.数值模拟得到了不同系统参数时远场时空特性关于缝隙宽度的变化曲线.揭示了光栅缝隙对远场的影响规律：对于双光栅拼接的压缩池系统，若只是压缩池中第二块光栅为拼接光栅，则光栅缝隙导致远场时域略微变窄；若压缩池中的两块光栅都是拼接光栅，则缝隙导致远场时域展宽或者变窄，依赖于入射脉冲的傅里叶变换极限型脉宽大小；光栅缝隙对于远场强度分布的影响是导致中央主峰能量下降，并且出现两个子峰，子峰的峰值随缝宽的增大而增大.     

有像差情况下的全息光栅拼接研究EI北大核心CSCD

激光约束核聚变系统需要大口径脉冲压缩光栅。全息光栅拼接法是制造大口径光栅的重要手段。针对有像差的全息曝光系统,提出了一种拼缝处光栅对准拼接方法。为研究像差对光栅拼接特性的影响,用随机波面进行了光栅模拟拼接,计算了远场衍射能量分布与拼接误差的关系。实验拼接了(150+150)×200 mm2口径光栅,其拼接均方根误差值为0.034λ,峰-峰误差值为0.110λ。利用光栅±1级衍射波面,计算得到了曝光系统像差,并模拟了拼缝处最小拼接误差,其均方根误差值为0.016λ,峰-峰误差值为0.105λ。结果表明,拼接误差与理论模拟结果相近。该误差不会造成远场衍射光斑能量明显下降。由此证明了该方法的可行性。     

有像差情况下的全息光栅拼接研究

激光约束核聚变系统需要大口径脉冲压缩光栅。全息光栅拼接法是制造大口径光栅的重要手段。针对有像差的全息曝光系统,提出了一种拼缝处光栅对准拼接方法。为研究像差对光栅拼接特性的影响,用随机波面进行了光栅模拟拼接,计算了远场衍射能量分布与拼接误差的关系。实验拼接了(150+150)×200 mm2口径光栅,其拼接均方根误差值为0.034λ,峰-峰误差值为0.110λ。利用光栅±1级衍射波面,计算得到了曝光系统像差,并模拟了拼缝处最小拼接误差,其均方根误差值为0.016λ,峰-峰误差值为0.105λ。结果表明,拼接误差与理论模拟结果相近。该误差不会造成远场衍射光斑能量明显下降。由此证明了该方法的可行性。     

阵列光栅压缩器的空域特性

 引入角度偏差、位移偏差作为拼接光栅系统的物理参数，定义了拼接光栅的孔径函数，利用傅里叶角谱理论研究了高斯脉冲入射拼接光栅压缩器后的远场分布特性。研究表明：出射脉冲仍然是高斯型脉冲，但包络中心发生偏移，偏移量由角度偏差量和光束口径决定;位移偏差引入的相位随着拼接光栅压缩器传递，其对远场焦斑的影响，取决于每片子光栅的非整数倍光栅常数的横向位移偏差和纵向位移偏差的综合作用。通过数值计算得到了各维偏差对阵列光栅压缩器空域特性的影响,计算表明:光栅面外角度偏差(俯仰左右)和条纹平行度偏差都必须控制在1 mrad以内，在此范围内，应将位移偏差控制在52 nm以内。     

大面积拼接光栅的远场衍射分析

针对大面积光栅制作过程易出现的拼接偏差问题,基于标量衍射理论推导拼接光栅远场衍射的光强分布,计算分析几种常见拼接误差对拼接光栅性能的影响,以确定光栅拼接过程的误差容限.研究表明:拼接光栅的远场衍射光场随纵向和横向平移误差的变化呈周期性,且这两种平移误差带来的影响可相互补偿;而拼接光栅的旋转误差对远场衍射光场分布的影响较严重,当旋转误差增大到9.5875×10－5度时,衍射光场的峰值光强降为0.9,且两光栅各自峰值出现的方向成9.5875×10－5度.     

拼接光栅缝隙对激光脉冲光强分布的影响

以拼接光栅作为色散元件的激光脉冲压缩器中,要求脉冲压缩光栅表面光强分布均匀、能量输出效率高。利用菲涅耳-基尔霍夫衍射原理对脉冲压缩光栅表面光强和远场光强分布进行了研究。计算了拼接光栅缝隙宽度对光栅表面光强变化量和远场光强极大值的影响。在利特罗角附近入射时发现激光脉冲光强分布与拼接光栅缝隙宽度相关,得出了光栅拼接缝隙宽度应控制在0.5 mm以内。适当提高缝隙衍射效率能够改善光强分布均匀性和提高光能量输出,提出了对拼接缝隙采用两次重复曝光以提高其衍射效率的方法。     

拼接光栅的偏差对光束空间特性的影响

用拼接小尺寸多层介质膜衍射介质膜衍射光栅的办法制作大口径的高破坏阈值光栅成为解决拍瓦激光系统输出能量的关键技术———光栅拼接技术。拼接的每个光栅都存在五维自由度的偏差,对激光脉冲的空间特性和时间特性产生影响。用夫琅禾费衍射的方法分析了拼接光栅的偏差对光束空间特性的影响,建立了偏差和远场强度分布之间的函数关系并用数值方法进行模拟,得出角度偏差对光束远场分布的影响可以忽略,而位移偏差:光栅间拼缝和前后位移偏差是影响光束远场分布的关键因素。     

三类构型激光脉冲压缩器光栅拼接误差容限比较

建立了包含拼接光栅的三类典型构型(双程Z型、X型及菱型)激光脉冲压缩器的理论模型. 利用光线追迹法计算压缩器引入的相位变化,结合傅里叶变换的方法仿真分析并比较了各压缩器相应的光栅拼接误差容限. 以远场焦斑峰值能量下降到理想值的0.9倍为限确定了三类压缩器光栅拼接误差容限,明确了不同构型激光脉冲压缩器对拼接误差的敏感程度. 这对脉冲压缩器的选型和设计具有指导意义. 关键词： 光栅拼接 脉冲压缩 误差容限 光线追迹     

拼接光栅机械形变对远场光强的影响

分析了将多块较小的光栅使用机械拼接的方式制成超大面积光栅,能解决大面积光栅目前无法整块生产的情况,在实际拼接中光栅会出现很微量的应力变形。根据拼接光栅通常的形变特点,采用标量衍射理论建立了光栅形变的理论模型,并就两块光栅拼接的情况进行了计算和分析,发现形变同拼接误差一样,会对光栅的远场光强产生负面影响,微小的变形量都对远场光强造成破坏,因此对衍射光场的影响不可忽略;获得了光栅机械形变的容限;最后给出了预防形变的措施:可着重减小y方向上约束,并使用多层介质膜光栅降低光栅对能量的吸收。     

拼接光栅压缩器的时域特性

在拼接光栅和拼接光栅压缩器的设计中,子光栅调节偏差不可避免,各维偏差与拼接光栅的时间特性之间的关系很关键。通过脉冲压缩理论分析得到各维偏差和聚焦脉冲时间宽度展宽之间的解析关系,从数值计算结果分析,面平行左右偏差对脉冲的时间宽度影响较大,必须控制在21.08μrad内;条纹密度差异对脉冲宽度的影响很显著,相对条纹密度的比值应控制在10-5以内;从消除角色散的角度分析,面平行俯仰偏差和条纹平行度偏差可以相互补偿,条纹密度差异和面平行左右偏差也可以相互补偿。     

Investigation of the effect of a variety of pulse errors on spin I=1 quadrupolar alignment echo spectroscopy

We report on an analysis of a well known three-pulse sequence for generating and detecting spin I=1 quadrupolar order when various pulse errors are taken into account. In the situation of a single quadrupolar frequency, such as the case found in a single crystal, we studied the potential leakage of single and/or double quantum coherence when a pulse flip error, finite pulse width effect, RF transient or a resonance offset is present. Our analysis demonstrates that the four-step phase cycling scheme studied is robust in suppressing unwanted double and single quantum coherence as well as Zeeman order that arise from the experimental artifacts, allowing for an unbiased measurement of the quadrupolar alignment relaxation time, T(1Q). This work also reports on distortions in quadrupolar alignment echo spectra in the presence of experimental artifacts in the situation of a powdered sample, by simulation. Using our simulation tool, it is demonstrated that the spectral distortions associated with the pulse artifacts may be minimized, to some extent, by optimally choosing the time between the first two pulses. We highlight experimental results acquired on perdeuterated hexamethylbenzene and polyethylene that demonstrate the efficacy of the phase cycling scheme for suppressing unwanted quantum coherence when measuring T(1Q). It is suggested that one employ two separate pulse sequences when measuring T(1Q) to properly analyze the short time behavior of quadrupolar alignment relaxation data.     

“神龙一号”加速器聚焦磁场准直

 “神龙一号”是一台正在建造中的脉冲强流加速器。这台加速器的主体由72个直线感应加速腔和18个用于测试和真空泵接口的多功能腔组成。为获得高品质的电子束流，减小发射度的增加，抑制corkscrew的增长，聚焦磁场的磁轴准直精度要求很高。在使用激光跟踪仪对机械轴进行准直的前提下，脉冲悬丝技术被应用于准直加速段聚焦磁场，并在磁轴准直测试的同时对磁场固有倾斜偏差（tilt）进行初步校正。介绍和讨论了测试方法，测试精度以及测试结果。     

Dynamics of molecular alignment steered by a few-cycle terahertz laser pulse

The field-free alignment of molecule ClCN is investigated by using a terahertz few-cycle pulse (THz FCP) based on the time-dependent density matrix theory. It is shown that a high degree of molecular alignment can be obtained by changing the matching number of the THz FCPs in the adiabatic regime and the non-adiabatic regime. The matching number can affect both the maximum value of the alignment and the time at which it is achieved. It is also found that a higher degree of alignment can be achieved by using the THz FCP at lower intensity and there exists an optimal threshold of molecular alignment with the increase of the field amplitude. Also found is the frequency sensitive region in which the degree of maximum alignment can be enhanced greatly by modulating the center frequencies of different THz FCPs. The investigation demonstrates that comparing with a THz single-cycle pulse, a better result of the field-free alignment can be created by a THz FCP at a constant rotational temperature of molecule.     

Compact curved-grating stretcher for laser pulse amplification

A compact pulse stretcher using curved diffraction gratings is presented. It introduces positive group-delay dispersion and can operate in conjunction with a standard grating-pair compressor in chirped-pulse amplification systems. It presents several advantages over other systems proposed: It has no degrees of freedom and so is not highly sensitive to alignment errors, it is easy to align, it has a compact and robust design, and it uses standard optics. The frequency-dependent delay, dispersions up to third order, and the design parameters of the stretcher-compressor system that will yield good matching are analyzed. Examples of design specifications for a 40-fs pulse with a central wavelength of lambda=800 nm are given.     

Temperature and density measurements in a non-axisymmetric,continuously operating fusion experiment using a heavy ion beam probe

Two-dimensional electron temperature and density data have been obtained in the midplane of the non-axisymmetric magnetic confinement device ELMO Bumpy Torus (EBT) through the use of a heavy ion beam probe. This beam probe differs from others operated on toroidal or open magnetic geometries in its combination of complete computer control with the steady-state nature of EBT which allows, under normal operating conditions, for extensive calibration of the system in situ, minimizing both alignment and acquisition errors, along with the use of synchronous detection to dramatically improve the quality of the detected signal over what is typically possible in fast pulse devices. These techniques are important and applicable to long pulse devices where the beam probe may be an ideal diagnostic to measure, for example, parameters of the edge plasma. While the EBT beam probe was implemented to obtain profiles of plasma space potential, we have found that it can also be used effectively to measure the temperature and density profiles in the midplane between magnetic field coils. The data obtained support the contention that the formation of a hollow temperature profile in the T-Mode sufficiently inverts the plasma pressure such that stability of the core plasma would be expected even without diamagnetic effects from the hot electron rings which have previously been considered essential     

上海软X射线自由电子激光束流准直

上海软X射线自由电子激光装置（SXFEL）对束流发射度增长的幅度有着较为严格的限制,传统的光学准直已经不能满足其要求。采用基于束流的准直方法可以实现更为精密的准直,使得直线加速器的准直误差进一步降低,以满足自由电子激光装置的要求。通过对不同条件下束流位置检测器（BPM）测得的数据采用最小二乘法算法进行计算分析,可以计算得到四极磁铁和BPM的准直误差,进而进行束流准直和轨道校正。基于以上原理,计算了各种元件误差对轨道和发射度造成的影响,同时基于Matlab平台设计了控制软件,模拟结果表明轨道偏离量可减少一个数量级。     

Nonadiabatic alignment of asymmetric top molecules: field-free alignment of iodobenzene

Nonadiabatic laser alignment of an asymmetric top molecule is studied using the combination of a quantum dynamical theory and time-resolved photofragment imaging experiments. In particular, the degree of alignment of iodobenzene, induced by an intense, linearly polarized picosecond laser pulse, is calculated and measured. Pronounced alignment is obtained under field-free conditions.     

Angular distributions of CH3I fragment ions under the irradiation of single pulse and trains of ultrashort laser pulses

The angular distribution of CH₃I is investigated experimentally using a single Fourier transform-limited laser pulse and a pulse train, where a 90-fs 800-nm linearly polarized laser field with a moderate intensity of 2.8×10¹³ W/cm² is used. The dynamic alignment is demonstrated in a single pulse experiment. Moreover, a pulse train is used to optimize the molecular alignment, and the alignment degree is almost identical to that with the single pulse. The results are analysed by using chirped femtosecond laser pulses, and it demonstrates that the structure of pulse train rather than its effective duration is crucial to the molecular alignment.     

压印光刻中的两步对正技术

压印光刻中套刻需要粗、精两级对正.实验采用一对斜纹结构光栅作为对正标记.利用物镜组观察光栅标记图像的边界特征进行粗对正,其准确度在精对正信号的捕捉范围内；利用光电接收器件阵列组合接收光栅莫尔信号，在莫尔信号的线区进行精对正.由于线性区的斜率大, 精对正过程中得到相应x,y方向的对正误差信号灵敏度高,利用高灵敏度对正误差信号作为控制系统的驱动信号,对承片台进行驱动定位,实现精对正.最终使X,Y方向上的重复对正准确度分别达到了± 21 nm(± 3σ)和±24 nm(± 3σ).