微波烧结粗晶低钴YG硬质合金存在的脱碳问题及其改进

采用常规微波烧结法制备WC-Co硬质合金时,表层区域出现严重的脱碳现象,导致表层和中心区域的组织显著不同,即产生核壳结构,对合金的力学性能造成不利影响。本文作者以WC粉和Co粉为原料粉末,采用微波烧结法制备88%WC-12%Co(YG12)和94%WC-6%Co(YG6)硬质合金,在混料时添加炭黑,避免合金中脱碳相的生成。检验表明:当炭黑添加量(质量分数)接近0.2%时,YG12和YG6的抗弯强度(TRS)分别达到3 109和2 642 MPa;硬度(HRA)分别为88.7和89.8。此时,合金表面和中心区域具有一致的显微组织结构,没有发现脱碳相η(W3Co3C)。但当炭黑添加量超过0.2%时,大量析出的石墨相对合金的力学性能,尤其对硬度产生不利影响,当炭黑添加量为0.4%时,YG12和YG6的抗弯强度分别只有2 465 MPa和2 213 MPa。     

碳含量对微波烧结亚微米硬质合金组织与性能的影响

采用微波烧结工艺制备WC-Co亚微米级硬质合金。由于微波烧结硬质合金脱碳现象严重,采用添加活性炭的方式加以改善。实验采用的总配碳量质量分数为8.84%、9.28%、9.71%、10.14%。结果表明:总配碳量为9.28%～9.71%时,微波烧结硬质合金组织性能较理想。微波烧结与常规烧结WC-Co亚微米硬质合金相比烧结温度低,保温时间短,实现了瞬时烧结,WC晶粒尺寸在烧结过程中长大不明显。微波烧结试样硬度平均值为91.8 HRA,最高为94.5HRA,均高于常规烧结结果(89.5 HRA、90.7 HRA)。但是强度、密度较常规烧结低。     

微波烧结YG12硬质合金脱碳的控制

通过在混合料中增加炭黑和在填料中添加炭黑两种方法,来抑制微波烧结YG12硬质合金在微波烧结过程中出现的脱碳现象,从而提高微波烧结硬质合金的性能.结果表明:在混合料中添加炭黑可以抑制合金的脱碳行为,当炭黑添加量为0.4％(质量分数)时,合金的抗弯强度较理想,合金抗弯强度可达2 250 MPa;而通过在填料中添加炭黑有效抑...     

低压烧结对硬质合金组织和性能的影响

通过配制不同粒度的WC粉末,分别在低压和真空条件下烧结制备WC-6Co硬质合金,采用扫描电镜分析、光学金相检测、显微硬度试验、钴磁检测、矫顽磁力检测和抗弯强度检测等方法,对比研究了低压烧结和真空烧结制备的硬质合金的显微组织和性能。结果表明,与真空烧结相比,低压烧结有效地降低了合金的孔隙度,增大了合金的密度,提高了合金的综合性能;低压烧结对合金的组织和性能的影响程度与原料WC粒度有关,低压烧结对粗颗粒WC为原料的合金的综合性能提高不明显。     

SPS原位反应快速制备WC-6Co硬质合金的研究

应用放电等离子烧结（SPS）技术，利用WO3、Co3O4和C粉的混合粉末原位还原、化合反应快速制备WC6Co硬质合金。分析了烧结温度与压力对合金致密度、显微组织和性能的影响．结果表明：应用SPS技术，利用原位反应合成的短流程工艺路线，在烧结温度与压力分别为1270℃和90MIa的条件下能够快速制备出相对密度达99％、洛氏硬度（HRA）≥93、维氏硬度（HV）≥1900且成相良好、显微组织均匀的WC-Co硬质合金。     

高熵合金CoCrFeNiTiAl粘结WC硬质合金的制备与研究北大核心

通过放电等离子烧结成功制备了高熵合金CoCrFeNiTiAl作为粘结相的WC基硬质合金。研究了WC-CoCrFeNiTiAl材料的致密化行为、相组成、显微组织和力学性能,并与WC-Co材料进行了对比。在1200℃烧结后,获得的WC-CoCrFeNiTiAl试样显微组织致密。在室温下,WC-10%CoCrFeNiTiAl试样的硬度为20.06 GPa,比WC-10%Co试样高出18.1%。在600/800℃温度下,WC-CoCrFeNiTiAl试样表现出优异的抗软化性能,硬度比WC-Co高40.6%~46.5%。WC-CoCrFeNiTiAl硬质合金在800℃以内良好的抗高温软化性能主要归因于CoCrFeNiTiAl固溶体的扩散缓慢现象。     

烧结方法对WC-Co硬质合金性能的影响

以原位还原碳化反应法制备的超细WC-Co复合粉为原料,分别采用放电等离子烧结、低压烧结和真空烧结工艺获得块体硬质合金,系统研究烧结方法对合金的显微组织、密度及力学性能的影响。结果表明:放电等离子烧结的合金中,主相为WC和Co,有少量η相(Co6W6C),低压烧结和真空烧结获得的合金中物相为WC和Co;所用3种不同的烧结方法均能获得细晶块体硬质合金,其中放电等离子烧结的晶粒最细为0.35μm;低压烧结合金具有优异的综合性能,HV30为15 121 MPa,断裂韧性为13.6 MPa.m1/2,横向断裂强度为4 210 MPa。     

微波多模腔快速烧结WC-8%Co硬质合金

采用多模腔微波烧结工艺制备了WC-8%Co硬质合金,烧结周期为1～1.5h,研究了微波烧结工艺对合金组织结构与性能的影响。结果表明:微波烧结WC-8%Co硬质合金所需时间短,在1400℃的烧结温度下保温0min时密度就能达到14.71g/cm3,HRA可达90.3,烧结样品的显微组织结构均匀,样品中心和边缘区域WC晶粒尺寸分布一致,没有发现显著差异,随着烧结保温时间的增加和烧结温度的提高WC晶粒尺寸长大不明显。     

纳米晶硬质合金的制备及组织性能研究

以纳米WC粉、超细钴粉为原料,通过滚动球磨制备纳米晶WC-Co混合料,经成形和压力烧结制备出纳米晶硬质合金,研究了球磨时间和烧结温度对纳米晶WC-Co硬质合金组织结构和性能的影响.结果表明:长时间滚动球磨和配合合适的烧结温度可以实现合金组织均匀细小和双高性能,当球磨时间为82 h,在1390℃烧结的纳米晶硬质合金在性能...     

超细WC-Co硬质合金的微波烧结研究

采用微波烧结工艺制备了WC-Co超细硬质合金,并研究了烧结工艺对烧结样品性能的影响。结果表明:微波烧结与真空烧结WC-Co超细硬质合金相比烧结温度更低,保温时间更短,在1300℃的烧结温度下瞬时保温(0min),密度就可达到14.27g/cm3,而且在烧结温度1350℃保温0min时硬度HRA达到94.0,并且样品WC晶粒尺寸在烧结过程中长大不明显,随着烧结温度的提高和保温时间的增加WC晶粒尺寸的变化不大。     

Metal injection moulding of nickel-based superalloy CM247LC*

Metal injection moulding (MIM) is a promising new production technology for small- to medium-sized parts with high complexity for high-temperature applications like aero engines or turbochargers. This study concerns the feasibility of manufacturing parts from nickel-based superalloy CM247LC via MIM. CM247LC poses a serious challenge for MIM processing. Because of its high aluminium content, the strength potential is very high, but the sintering capability is severely restricted. Differential scanning calorimetry and dilatometry measurements as well as ThermoCalc simulations are used to optimise the sintering step of the MIM process route. Carbon, nitrogen and oxygen contents of the powder and the as-sintered specimens are measured to evaluate the pick-up of impurities during processing. The microstructure of the as-sintered specimens is characterised with respect to residual porosity, grain size, carbide content and γ′ precipitation size and morphology. Ways to further improve the microstructure and strength will be discussed.     

粉末冶金钢烧结过程控制和分析

烧结过程控制对粉末冶金整个工艺过程起着至关重要的作用,控制不好,将导致烧结后的零件在尺寸和性能上不稳定或达不到产品设计要求,并可能还会出现氧化、脱碳、渗碳、崩裂和积碳等工业中常见的问题。随着对粉末冶金产品的性能和成本控制要求不断提高,金属Cr因其价格低并具有很好的强化效果,成为粉末冶金工业开拓的重点方向。但是金属Cr容易氧化,对烧结气氛要求较高,因此对烧结工艺提出了挑战。随着烧结炉技术的发展和氮基保护气体广泛使用,在网带炉中烧结含Cr成分的零件已经成为现实。利用热电偶、氧分压和CO分析仪等设备组成的分析系统,评估了以氮氢混合气体作为保护气氛的网带烧结炉的实际烧结情况,分析了几种烧结过程中常见的缺陷及其原因,并提出了相应的改善措施,同时也总结了含Cr材料所需的烧结条件及其控制。     

RH真空精炼过程的动态模拟

建立了描述RH真空精炼装置内钢液动态脱碳（脱气）模型。对RH真空精炼时的脱碳、脱氧、脱氮和脱氢过程进行了动态模拟研究，考察了浸渍管直径、循环流量、吹氩量、氧含量和真空度对脱碳和脱气过程的影响。动态脱碳（脱气）模型考虑了反应机理，认为脱碳是通过上升管中Ar气泡表面、真空室中钢液的自由表面和真空室钢液内部脱碳反应生成的CO气泡表面进行的，并且考虑了精炼处理时的抽真空制度。该模型能全面描述RH精炼过程中不同时刻钢液中碳、氧、氮和氢的含量，能较好预测实际过程，可用于RH真空精炼过程的优化和新工艺开发。     

Mathematical model for nitrogen control in oxygen steelmaking

A mathematical model was developed to quantify the effects of different operational parameters on the nitrogen content of steel produced during oxygen steelmaking. The model predicts nitrogen removal by the CO produced during decarburization and how the final nitrogen content is affected by different process variables. These variables include the type of coolants used (scrap, direct reduced iron (DRI), etc.), the sulfur content of the metal, combined gas blowing practices, and the nitrogen content in the hot metal, scrap and oxygen blown. The model is a mixed control model that incorporates mass transfer and chemical kinetics. It requires a single parameter that reflects the surface area and mass-transfer coefficient that is determined from the rate of decarburization. The model also computes the rate of decarburization and the change in surface active elements, such as sulfur and oxygen, that affect the rate of the nitrogen reaction. Nitrogenization of steel in the converter is also predicted with the model. The computed results are in good agreement with plant data and observations.     

纯钼烧结规律研究

系统研究了在1 000～1 900℃温度范围采用H2气氛中频感应加热烧结纯钼坯过程中不同温度阶段O含量、微观形貌、孔隙、密度、抗弯强度的变化规律。结果表明:随烧结温度提高钼坯O含量逐渐降低,最终降至30mg/kg左右。钼坯密度随温度升高呈增大趋势,致密化的本质是微观形态烧结变化的结果。致密进程可分为4个阶段,各阶段微观晶粒及孔隙作用机制不一致。抗弯强度与致密进程紧密联系但两者随温度变化趋势有所不同。     

RH强制脱碳与自然脱碳工艺生产IF钢精炼效果分析

西昌钢钒厂由于转炉热量不足而以转炉—LF精炼—RH精炼—连铸工艺生产IF钢,为探究RH强制脱碳与自然脱碳工艺生产IF钢精炼效果,采用生产数据统计、氧氮分析、夹杂物自动扫描、扫描电镜和能谱分析等手段,对不同脱碳工艺对顶渣氧化性以及钢的洁净度影响进行了详细研究。结果表明:（1）与自然脱碳工艺炉次相比,采用强制脱碳工艺的炉次在转炉结束与RH进站钢中的平均[O]含量更低;（2）两种工艺脱碳结束钢中的[O]含量基本在同一水平;（3）强制脱碳工艺的炉次在RH结束时渣中平均T.Fe的质量分数降低了1.3%。在能满足RH脱碳效果的前提下,尽量提高转炉终点钢液碳含量、降低钢液氧含量,后续在RH精炼时采用强制吹氧脱碳工艺,适当增大吹氧量来弥补钢中氧,可显著降低IF钢顶渣氧化性。自然脱碳工艺与强制脱碳工艺控制热轧板T.O含量均比较理想;与自然脱碳工艺相比,强制脱碳工艺可有效降低IF钢[N]含量,这与强制脱碳工艺真空室内碳氧反应更剧烈所导致的CO气泡更多和气液反应面积更大有关。脱碳工艺对IF钢热轧板中夹杂物类型、尺寸及数量没有明显影响,夹杂物主要由Al₂O₃夹杂、Al₂O₃–TiO_x夹杂与其他类夹杂物组成,以夹杂物的等效圆直径表示夹杂物尺寸,以上三类夹杂物平均尺寸分别为4.5、4.4和6.5 μm,且钢中尺寸在8 μm以下的夹杂物数量占比高于75%。在RH精炼过程中,尽量降低RH脱碳结束钢中[O]含量,有利于提高钢液洁净度。      

Behavior of carbon,oxygen, and sulfur during hydrogen blowing of liquid steel

The decarburization of liquid steel during hydrogen blowing has been studied. The decarburization is caused by the interaction of carbon with oxygen dissolved in the metal. As the melt is blown with hydrogen, the decarburization is enhanced owing to hydrogen bubbles, which increase the effect of mixing of a metal bath and substantially increase the melt-gas phase interface. As a result, the rate and completeness of decarburization increase significantly. It is experimentally shown that hydrogen blowing of a melt substantially decreases the sulfur concentration in the metal because of the interaction of hydrogen with sulfur.     

Vacuum treatment of steel in a two-position unit in the oxygen-converter shop

Degassing and deep decarburization of steel in a two-position vacuum-treatment unit in the oxygen-converter shop at OAO Magnitogorskii Metallurgicheskii Kombinat is described. That unit went into operation in February 2010. To fulfill orders for pipe steel with specified hydrogen content (no more than 3 ppm in the final steel) and nitrogen content (no more than 0.006%), the minimum vacuum-degassing time is determined, the influence of additions of slag-forming materials and ferroalloys after vacuum degassing on the hydrogen content in the steel is assessed, and the potential of the new vacuum-treatment unit for deep decarburization of steel in natural and forced conditions is demonstrated.     

Effect of atmosphere on sintering of Alumix 431D powder

Abstract

Dilatometry and differential scanning calorimetry analyses were used to study the sintering response of Al based powder mixture produced by ECKA Granules, designated as Alumix 431D. Sintering was carried out in atmospheres of pure nitrogen, nitrogen–hydrogen mixture (95∶5 by volume) and argon. The atmosphere influences the amount of shrinkage but not the sintering mechanisms. These are similar for all gases; typical liquid phase sintering mechanisms seem to be mainly responsible for the sintering behaviour. As expected, however, nitrogen is the most effective sintering atmosphere in terms of densification. Metallographic examinations are in accord with the results of thermal analyses.     

真空开关用WCu10触头材料制备工艺的研究

用真空烧结及熔渗的方法制备了真空开关用WCu10触头材料,对两种烧结工艺制得的触头材料组织及性能进行了比较,分析、讨论了烧结工艺对材料的组织、性能的影响。结果表明,用真空高温烧结及真空熔渗工艺制备出的WCu10触头材料具有良好的综合性能,其组织均匀、致密,氧、氮含量极低,符合真空开关的使用条件,并通过了真空负荷开关的型式试验。